The Korean Zainichi , or Zainichi , are the Korea NS living the Japan, and going down from the Koreans come to Japan to work during the period of Japanese occupation of Korea, or off-set during the Second world war, or taken refuge after 1945. They currently form the minority group most important of Japan. Strictly speaking, the term designates only the permanent residents of Japan who preserved their Korean nationality (old not-divided Korea) or South Korean, without including the Koreans having acquired Japanese nationality.

The Japanese term Zainichi also means which remains in Japan . For example, the Zainichi-Gaikokujin (在日外国人) are the " foreigners living in Japon" , and the Zainichi-Beigun (在日米軍) members of the American Forces in Japan. However, " Zainichi" is usually used to indicate only Korean Zainichi, significantly more present in the Japanese company.

Statistics

According to the Office of the immigration of Japan, there is 613  791 Zainichi in 2003. This figure included permanent inhabitants, visitors longitudinally stay, students, but not naturalized Koreans Japanese.

  • Many inhabitants of Japan of origin coréenne : 901  284

  • permanent Inhabitants and particulières  categories;: 515  570
  • Korean naturalisés : 284  840
  • Visitors in stay of long durée : 82  666
  • Student Korean in Japons : 18  208
source:

History

Origins

The origin of the diaspora of the Koreans Zainichi Koreans goes back to the beginning of the 20th century, under the domination of the Empire of Japan. In 1910, the Koreans become prone Japanese Empire (Traité of San Francisco). Spoliations of ground and the confiscations of the Japanese of the Années 1910 cause an economic wave of emigration in the Années 1920. Many inhabitants of Jeju-C migrate to Japan to flee discriminations in Korea.

During the Second world war

Between 1939 and 1945, the shortage of Main-d'oeuvre caused by the mobilization during the Second world war leads to a series of official policies aiming to the Korean recruitment to make them work in Japan and evolving to a obligatory Conscription of 5  400  000 Koreans of which approximately 670  000 deportees in Japan, including in the Prefecture of Karafuto (current Russian Sakhaline, currently ). On these 670  000, approximately 60  000 died between 1939 and 1945, because of the ill treatments and of the inhuman work conditions. Increasing coercion and the defeats pushed with a mobilization of the Japanese civilians for the effort of war, extended to Korea in 1944. The Koreans off-set in Japan were assigned to the factories, with the mines, most of the time under appalling conditions. If the majority are repatriated after the war, some remain in Japan, in particular the 43  000 of Karafuto, occupied by the Soviet Union right before the rendering of Japan; one refused repatriation to them on the Japanese archipelago or the Korean peninsula, and they remained imprisoned in Sakhaline, stateless people. Their descendants are the Korean of Sakhaline. The conscript Koreans represent 13,3  % of Zainichi of first generation, according to a study.

The loss of Japanese nationality

At the end of the Second world war, there was approximately 2,4 million Koreans in Japan, of which 93  % came from the South of the peninsula. The majority was repatriated in the half Southern of Korea, and alone 650  000 remained in Japan in 1946.

The Japanese defeat left Zainichis in an ambiguous position as for their nationality. The ordinance of census from abroad (外国人登録令, Gaikokujin-tōroku-rei ) of the May 2nd 1947, the class like foreign nationality. They are temporarily recorded like nationality Choson (in Japanese: Chōsen , 朝鮮), the old name of plain Korea. In 1948, the North and the South of Korea declare their independence individually, making of Choson a disappeared State. The government of South Korea requested from the supreme Commander allied forces, which occupied Japan then, the change of the nationality of Zainichis Korean in Daehan Minguk (대한민국, Japanese: Daikan Minkoku , 大韓民國), the official name of the new nation. Since 1950, Zainichis are authorized to modify their nationality thus.

The occupation of Japan by the Allies is completed the April 28th 1952 with the Traité of San Francisco, by which Japan gives up any territorial claim formally on the Korean peninsula, which involves the loss of Japanese nationality for Zainichi.

The division of Korea leads to the division of the Koreans in Japan. Mindan, or Union of the Korean residents in Japan , is founded in 1946 to support the South Korean mode, is opposed to Chōren (League of the Koreans of Japan), the main organization of Koreans, socialist ideology . After the riots of May 1st 1952, the pro-Korea organization of North is prohibited, but is reformed under diveres names and becomes the General association of the Koreans residing at Japan, or Chongryon , in 1955. It remains socialist, and on positions pro-North, and profits from the financial support of the government North-Korean;

  • a campaign of the end of the year 1950 aimed at persuading Zainichis to emigrate in North Korea, described like a Paradise on Earth. Approximately 90  000 Zainichis and their Japanese wives left for North Korea before this emigration decreases then stops completely, as the appalling conditions of life in North Korea appear more and more clearly.

Zainichis pro-Korea of North which preserves their Choson nationality are called “North-Korean of Japan” by Anglo-Saxon authors like Sonia Ryang. This term is technically incorrect, and has something of misleading. These Zainichis, in their great majority, settled in Japan before the creation of the State of North Korea, and are moreover in great majority originating in the south of the Korea. Only their ideological choice justifies this name. Until the end of the Years 1970, Chongryon is the independent group of Zainichis, and politically remains significant in modern Japan. However, the important variation of democracy and standard of living between the two Corées made Mindan, the pro-Korea group of the South, most important and less politically discussed of both. 65  % of Zainichis are affiliated in Mindan. The number of children educated in the Chongryon schools quickly dropped, and generally Zainichis choose to send their children in the Japanese schools. Certain Chongryon schools close because of the lack of resources, and the viability in the long term of the system is doubtful. Mindan also traditionally manages a school system for the children of its members, although it as was never extended and organized as its equivalent of Chongryon, and it is currently close to disappearing.

Returns in Korea

Repatriations of Zainichis towards the Korea were initially led by the Croix-Rouge of Japan before receiving the official support of the government at the beginning of 1956. In 1959, the North Korea launches a programme of repatriations in 1959. The Japanese government was very favorable there, seeing a means there of reducing the number of workers in period of recession, but also of getting rid of an ethnic minority considered as Communist, even subversive. At the beginning being unaware of of these repatriations, the US government did not oppose it. The ambassador of the United States would have thus said, according to his Australian counterpart, that “ the Koreans formed a miserable group, with many Communists and as many criminals ”.

Although 97% of Zainichi are originating in the southern half of the Korean peninsula, those more often choose North than the South. However, with the news of the difficult living conditions to the North and the standardization of the relationship between Japan and South Korea (1965), the number of Koreans choosing the North Korea drastiquement decreased, although there are volunteers until 1984 On the whole, 93  340 people emigrated of Japan towards the North Korea thanks to this program of repatriation, including approximately 6000 Japanese following their Korean wife. Approximately hundred among them have then fled North Korea, whose Kang Chol-Hwan celebrates it, which published a book on its experiment, the Aquariums of Pyongyang . Repatriations gave place to very many work in Japan. A documentary film on a family whose wire were repatriated whereas the parents and the girl remained in Japan, Dear Pyongyang , thus gained the price of the jury of the Festival of film of Sundance of 2006.

Some Zainichis also went to South Korea, either to study, or to be established there. One can quote the example of the writer Lee Yangji who studied with the National university of Seoul to the beginning of the year 1980.

Integration in the Japanese company

The census of the residents

Right to vote and possibility of work in the public office

Korean schools

Tsūmei (Japanese pseudonym)

Polemics around Chongryon

See too

Articles of Wikipédia

External bonds

Sources

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