XVIe century

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Years 1500 | Years 1510 | Years 1520 | Years 1530 | Years 1540
Years 1550 | Years 1560 | Years 1570 | Years 1580 | Years 1590

See also: List of the centuries, Roman numerals ---- The century begins on January 1st 1501 and finishes the December 31st 1600. Historically, it is often considered that it begins on October 12th 1492 with the discovery of America with Christophe Colomb. For the France, one considers that it begins with the advent of the king François 1st in 1515 and that it finishes with the assassination of the king Henri IV in 1610. Certain historians name it the Beautiful XVIe Siècle.

Events

Europe

Continuation of the Rebirth in Europe in the wake of the artistic Rebirth which took its source in Italy

Italy

  • Rebirth in Italy, qualified for the 16th century of Cinquecento

France

Spain

  • Conquest and colonization of the America; installation of the Spanish Empire
  • Century of Gold: apogee of the Spain, first power political, military and economic European. Cultural radiation: language, literature, painting,…

Germany

  • Emergence of the Protestantism or reformed worship: 95 theses of Luther (1517).
  • War of the peasants

Netherlands

  • Conquest completed by the Habsbourgs of the Gueldre, Utrecht and the Plank.
  • Beginnings of the revolt generalized in the seventeen provinces which was going to result from the independence of the United Provinces at the 17th century.
  • War Eighty Year old (1568 - 1648)

Scandinavia

  • Arrived of the stockbreeders of reindeers in Lapland. They use dismountable tents ( kåta ), with reinforcements of birch covered with gray felt.

Ottoman Empire :

  • Reign of Selim Ier the Terrible one which annexes many territories (Lebanon, Syria, Egypt,…)
  • Apogee of the Empire under Soliman the Magnificent the, conquest of Hungary, head offices of Vienna and alliance with Barberousse.

America

  • First black slaves in America. Beginning of the 16th century at the beginning of the 19th century, 7,5 million slaves approximately will be taken by Europeans on the coasts of Western Africa (3,7 million towards the the Antilles, 2,5 towards the Brésil, 950  000 towards the Spanish America, 350  000 towards Anglo-Saxon America). During the 16th century, 900  000 Africans will be off-set towards the America. This trade is the fact mainly of the Portuguese and the Spaniards who buy slaves primarily with Elmina then later in Angola.

Mexico

Africa

Western Africa

  • 15th, 16th and 17th century, the diaspora of the warriors Songhai on banks of the Niger towards the south, gave rise to a new nation Djerma.

  • Creation of the kingdom of the Baguirmi in the North-East of the Chari composed of Négrides (Massed, Sara, Boulala) mingled with nomads Peul S and Arab S:

    • At the beginning of the century, in the south-east of the Lake Chad, a foreigner originating in the Kenga named Bernim (Berni-Bessé or Doukkengué) releases a tribe peule of the supervision of the Boulala. With their assistance, it subjects the surrounding chefferies and founds the kingdom of Baguirmi, with Massénia like capital.

  • the Peul S of the Senegal appear in the Fouta-Djalon.

  • Fine of the unit of the people Ouolof (Senegal) which are divided into several states: Kingdom of Oualo, Djolof, Kingdom of Cayor, Baol and “republic” Lébou of the Cap Verde.
  • With the Senegal, the Sérères are divided into two kingdoms, Sine and Saloum, whose kings are based on a feudality of knights. To the East, the chiefs Sarakolé and Mandingue direct small States. In the North of Senegal, the Moors (Trarza and Brazna) definitively replaced the Berbères. They dominate the mouth and razzient the black populations.
  • people of language Mandé essaiment all around old the Empire of Mali: Malinké in the high valley of the Niger, Soussou and Dialonké on the plate of the Fouta-Djalon.

  • Foundation of Bamako at the end of the century.

  • the Yoruba move their capital of Ife to Oyo. They will dominate some time the Dahomey and the Bénin (port of Badagri and Oporto Novo).

    • the capacity of the Royaume of Oyo belongs to a senate the notable ones ( Ogboni ) which could put an end to the functions Alafin by prescribing the suicide to him. The cities had a broad autonomy.
    • the Yoruba are among the first victims of the draft organized by the Portuguese. Subjected and razziés by their neighbors to and 17th century, they manage to be organized and victoriously fight Dahoméens on which they will impose tribute during more than one century.

central Africa

  • the kingdom Kouba, located at the confluence of the Kasaï and the Sankuru (Democratic republic of Congo), is at the beginning of the century in contact with the kingdom Kongo and the Portuguese. The Bouchongo, which composes the major part of the population, would have emigrated towards the east at the end of the century.

  • Formation of the Empire Luba, under the authority of their mythical king, Kongolo, between the river Kasaï and the Lake Tanganyika. The Luba people are born from the secession of a clan of the ethnos group Songye.
  • the Royaume Lunda (East Angola) is founded by warrior-hunters coming from Luba (Katanga).
  • the Tyo control since the end of the 14th century the Malebo Pool, located at the principal point of rupture of load of the Congo before its mouth. They play the part of intermediary between the river trade of the basin of Congo and the ports of the coast.
  • the development of the culture of the cane with sugar with Sao Tome gives rise to a current of draft négrière starting from the coasts of the Gabon.
  • the southernmost part of the Uganda, between the lakes Albert, Kioga, Victoria and Edouard, is the seat of four kingdoms (Bouganda, Bounyoro, Toro (Uganda) and Ankole) whose foundation is former to the 16th century. Bounyoro-Kitouara, most powerful before the 16th century, declines as from the 17th century, because of the expansion of Bouganda.

Southern Africa

  • Installation of the Sotho in the Transvaal. They push back or massacre the San (Bochimans).
  • the Nguni occupy the coastal plain of the Natal.
  • the Swazi form a kingdom close to the Tonga.
  • the Xhosa push back the Koï-Koïn (Hottentots) beyond the river Keï.

Asia

  • During and 17th centuries constitutes the Mongolian literary traditional. The Mongolian chroniclers most remarkable of the time are Sanang-Sétchén, author of Erdeniyin tovtch (the invaluable stone setting) and Louvsan-Dandzan, author of Altan tovtch (the gold setting).

Significant characters

Political men and women

Writer S

major Figures

See also

  • lists:
    • French Writers born with the {{S|XVI|E}}
    • Italian Writers born with the {{S|XVI|E}}

  • the category:

    • French Writer of the {{S|XVI|E}}

Philosopher S, humanistic

See: Philosophical of the {{S|XVI|E}}

Architect S

See also: Architects of the {{S|XVI|E}}

Painters

major Figures

See also

  • French Painters of the {{S|XVI|E}}
  • Italian Painters of the {{S|XVI|E}}

Musician S

  • Monteverdi,

  • Janequin.

See also:

  • French Type-setters of the {{S|XVI|E}}
  • Type-setters of the Rebirth

Scientists

Navigator S

etc to see below (explorations).

Monk

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

  • In, discovered Philippines

Exploration S

Navigation

Geography, Cartography

  • Many cartographic statements of the explorers

  • School of cartography of Dieppe, directed by Pierre Desceliers
  • the First cartographic projections according to Mercator (1512 - 1594).

Techniques with the service of art

Printing works

  • Appearance in Mongolia of printing works using of the matrices of wood, technique undoubtedly of origin Tibetan but used by the Ouïgour S and other people of Central Asia

Agriculture

  • Expansion of agriculture in Hungary:

    • Increase in sown surfaces. The scythe replaces the sickle.
    • the large boroughs of the plain occupied by the Turks specialize in the intensive breeding of the bovines, exported towards royal Hungary, Vienna and the Germany (close to 100  000 animals per annum).

Other techniques

  • Invention of the pencil of black lead thanks to the graphite discovery in Cumberland in 1564. The pencil is introduced in France under Louis XIII.

  • optical First Microscope at the end of the 16th century or at the 17th century.
  • First Thermometer, the Thermoscope of Galileo, invented in 1597.

Art S and Culture

  • Apogee of the artistic Rebirth in the whole of Europe

  • the Italian Rebirth, already started at the previous century, carries at the 16th century the name of Cinquecento
  • the Rebirth arrives to France only at the 16th century.
See French Rebirth

Literature

  • See Literature of the {{mini XVIe}} century

Architecture

  • See Architecture of the Rebirth

Painting

Principal representatives: Leonard de Vinci, Raphaël, Michel Angel, Véronèse, Titien, François Clouet

Music

Theater

  • See {{S|XVI|E}} with the theater

See too

External bond

  • village manners at the end of the {{S|XVI|E}}
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Beats-smg: XVI omžios Be-X-old: 16 стагодзьдзе Fiu-vro: 16. aastagasada Nds-nl: 16th eeuw Simple: 16th century

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