XVIIe century

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Years 1600 | Years 1610 | Years 1620 | Years 1630 | Years 1640
Years 1650 | Years 1660 | Years 1670 | Years 1680 | Years 1690

See also: List of the centuries, Roman numerals ---- The century begins on January 1st 1601 and finishes the December 31st 1700.

In France, the historians make begin the 17th century with the assassination of the king Henri IV in 1610 and make it finish with the death of Louis XIV in 1715.

Events

Europe

France

  • Rise to power of the royal Absolutism under Louis XIII and apogee under Louis XIV.

the last war carried out against the king of France by the Large ones of the kingdom.

  • Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685).

  • climatic Cooling:

the descent of the glaciers in the the Alps destroys medieval hamlets (until 1850). Maximum glacial in 1600 - 1601, 1643 - 1644, 1679 - 1680.

Central Europe

  • War Thirty Year old: a succession of religious conflicts then political which tore the Central Europe (Saint Worsens, Germany and Austria) of 1618 with 1648. It ended in the signature of the Traités of Westphalia (1648).

War of Devolution

She opposes France to Spain, England, Holland and Sweden of 1667 to 1668. She ended in the signature of the treaty of Aachen.

Netherlands

Asia

  • intellectual Movement Silhak in Korea (Period Chosŏn).

Africa

  • During the century, 2,75 million Africans will be off-set towards America.

  • 15 000 slaves per annum are exported about the Brésil of Luanda and Benguéla in Angola during and the 18th century. The French operate especially on the coasts sénégalaises and of the Ivory Coast, while the English share the monopoly of the draft to the Bénin with the French and the Portuguese and on the Côte of Gold with the Dutchmen.

Sudan

  • During the century, the Zarma settle in the Zarmaganda under the control of their guide which would carry the title of Mali Bero.

  • the kingdoms of the Sudan Chad IEN have courses many. The possible applicants with the throne are disbudded or plugged. The wars are accompanied by raids of slaves.

  • During the century, a great number of Peul convert with the Islam.

  • trade of the Diakhanké (“people of Dia”, on the Niger) prosperous of 1600 approximately until the middle of the 19th century, between Ségou and Sikasso in the east, the course higher of the Gambia and the Senegal than the west and the Fouta-Djalon in the south. They transport towards the coast of the slaves, the gold bought with the Bambouk, of cotton fabrics manufactured in their own villages, of the ivory and the wax, which they exchange with the usual products of the draft with Europeans. They also take part in the trade interafricain: they provide to the Sénégambie nuts of cola, shea butter, iron and fabrics; towards Niger, it bring back mainly salt and other fabrics.

  • the company of the Senegal and the Gambia (commercial Dieppois and Rouennais) obtains the monopoly of the draft and founds the counters of Saint-Louis of Senegal and the island of Gorée.

  • Power of the kingdom Fon of Allada to the Benign current.

  • Apogee of the art of the bronze of the Benign and the brass of Ifé (lost wax) between 1575 and 1650.

  • power of the Baguirmi, Moslem territory which preserved pre-Islamic habits, continuous to grow during the century.

  • At the beginning of the century, the cities Haoussa dominated on the one hand by the Songhaï, on the other hand by the Kebbi, manages to reconquer their independence. Their action is supported by the decline of Songhaï occupied by the Hispano-Morrocans. Refractories with Islam, these cities are released from the supervision of Kebbi and push back the attacks of the Bornou.

  • At the beginning of the century, Abyssins invade the Sennar which becomes vassal Christian empire. The dynasty Kayra is essential on the Darfur with the detriment of the Toundjour with the Moslem Souleiman Solong.

central and Eastern Africa

  • At the beginning of the century, the kingdom Louba (Katanga) reached its apogee under the reign of Kumouimba Ngombé. With its death, bloody fights of succession weaken the central capacity. Ilounga Kabalé (death towards 1850), which seized the power after having assassinated his/her Ndaï brother has Mujinga, passes the major part of its reign to repress revolts and plots.

  • the Masaï, people “nilo-ethiopic” pastors and warriors originating in the Lake Turkana, are inserted towards the south by the “Rift Valley” which they overflow by raids.

  • At the beginning of the century, the sovereign Tutsi Rouganzou II Ndori extends its kingdom towards the west of the Ruanda occupied by Hutu.

Madagascar

  • Towards the end of the 16th century or at the beginning of, the sovereign Maroserana settles with Bengui, between the river Mangoky and the river Sakalava. It founds the Sakalava dynasty which reigns in the west and the north of the island.

  • Its successor Andriandahifotsy, who reigns in the middle of the century, founds the kingdom of the Menabe and its capital Maneva, close to Mahabo.
  • On the southern littoral of Madagascar is several kingdoms and several people which play a secondary part: the Antambahoaka, the Antemoro, the Antaisaka, the Antanosi, the Antandroy, the Mahafali and the Vezo.
  • In the center, extends two powerful people: the Betsiléo, between the Ménabe and the Antemoro; the Mérina, between the Betsimisaraka and the Ménabe.
  • the first kingdom betsiléo is that of Lalangina, rested by the king Rahasananarivo around the town of Mitogoa. Driven out by his/her son, Rahasananarivo founds the kingdom of Arindrano in the south of Lalangina.
  • At the beginning of the century, the king of the Mérina Ralambo, wire of Andriamanato, extends the power of the Hova towards north and victoriously pushes back the Sihanaka and the Bezanozano. Ralambo organizes its conquests and gives to its country the name of Imerina Ambaniandro. After a long reign, his/her son Andrianjaka succeeds and extends his field to him towards north where it founds the town of Tananarive, near marshes which will be transformed into rice plantations.
  • His/her son Andriantsitakatrandriana, then its grandson Andriantsimitoviaminandriandehibe emphasizes the area from where the agricultural main resources from the kingdom are drawn.

Significant characters

See:

  • List of personalities of the {{S|XVII|E}}

  • Personality of the {{S|XVII|E}}

Politicians

  • Louis XIII, king de France (1601 - 1643)

  • the cardinal of Richelieu (Paris, 1585 - id., 1642) (Armand-Jean of Plessis, known as Richelieu), statesman French.
  • Louis XIV, symbol of the Absolutism in France (Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer, 1638 - Versailles, 1715).
  • cardinal Mazarin made famous under the feather of Dumas
  • Colbert and Louvois ministers of Louis XIV
  • Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, large lawyer of the States of Holland, incarnates the rebellions Dutchwomen after the death of William of Orange. Contribute durably to the construction of the political reinforcement of the United Provinces and to the peace negotiations with the Spain (1609-1621).
  • Johan de Witt, mathematician and large boarder of Holland to the General states, leading head of the Republic of the United Provinces of 1653 with 1672. Carry out face the Anglo-Dutch Guerres then that against France.
  • Guillaume III, stathouder of five of the seven provinces Dutchwomen then instigator of the Glorious English revolution. He carries out the invasion Dutchwoman of 1688 - 1689 which crowned it king-consort of England and Scotland at the sides of Marie Stuart, his wife.

Writers and men of theater

See:

  • French Writers born with the {{S|XVII|E}}
  • Italian Writers born with the {{S|XVII|E}}

Philosophers

  • Hugo Grotius ( Hugo de Groot ), political and theological philosopher Dutch

  • Marine Mersenne, friend very close to Descartes, is firmly opposed to the Christian Kabbale in its Questions about the Genesis (1623)

See: Philosophical of the {{S|XVII|E}}

Linguist S

Grammairien S:

Architects

See: Architects of the {{S|XVII|E}}

Scientists

Painters

Italian

  • See: Italian Painters of the {{S|XVII|E}}

French :

Dutch :

Spanish

  • Velázquez

Musicians

  • Type-setters of the period baroque (and first half of)

  • French Type-setters of the {{S|XVII|E}}

Monk

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

See:

  • Inventions with the {{S|XVII|E}},
  • French Inventions with the {{S|XVII|E}}

Astronomy

  • 1608 : Invention of the Telescope of approach (enlargement 3 times) in Holland towards 1608; the invention of the telescope is difficult to allot, because several people sought to obtain the patent from it: Hans Lippershey, Jacques Metius and Sacharias Jansen.

  • 1609 : first and second Laws of Kepler on the trajectories of the planets
  • 1609: Improvement of the telescope by Galileo (enlargement 6 times), which was the first to use it to observe celestial objects; one then speaks about Telescope.

Physics

Mathematics

Explorations

  • Explorations with the {{S|XVII|E}}

Medicine

  • Invention of the Forceps.

  • First medical Thermometer in 1626.

Transport

  • 1602 : first Rail S, in mines of the area of Newcastle.

  • 1620: underwater first of the modern time.
  • 1620: first Taxi S.

Arts and culture

Literature

  • Literature of the {{S|XVII|E}}

Structure

  • Two styles coexist in Europe:

    • Baroque art in Central Europe,
    • Classic art in France.

Painting

Representatives: Charles Le Brun, Georges of the Tower, Nicolas Chick

Music

Economy & company

Asia

  • the company Japan ease solidifies under the control of the State: the Bushi (aristocracy), relates to only 7% of the population, with at the head some big families having of very great strongholds ( Daimyô ). At the base, the Samurais “are nourished” of the daimyô by a rice pay. Their hereditary role is purely soldier. The military order is cemented by privileges and a code of value ( bushido ). The peasants (83% of the population) live in villages having a certain autonomy. They are divided as owners ( honhyakusho ) with their hereditary servants ( fudaï ) and into tenants of feudal ( shanin ). The rare cities (10% of the population) shelter the craftsmen ( shokunin ) and the merchants ( shanin ).

Europe

Germanic Roman Holy roman Empire

  • Improvement of the living conditions of the peasants to the {{S mini|XVI|E}} 17th century. In the hereditary countries of the house of the Habsbourg, one witnesses a heaviness of the drudgery, except for the the Tyrol, where it does not exist. The peasants are moreover compels with the “rustic” tax due to the king for the needs for the war. One takes however certain measurements to protect them: in the part of the ground entrusted to the peasants into censive ( Rustikalland ) a system of long beams of long life appears, guaranteeing the pleasure of tenure. Great fields are formed or increase, either by the purchase of smaller properties or good of crown, or by the conquest of the waste lands. Thus the “domanial ground is formed” ( Dominikalland ), of which a part, development by the drudgeries of the peasants, becomes the reserve. The lords make obligation with the tenants to yield the surpluses of their products only to the castle. They resell them on the market, which gets cash to them. They also enjoy the alcohol monopoly des for the taverns, the breweries and the mills. They often develop rural industries on their fields: weaving, factories of paper, sugar refineries, brickyards. The three-year rotation spreads. The culture of the Corn and the Tabac is introduced. The Viticulture is maintained until the Guerre Thirty Year old, during which the Bavaria, enemy of Habsbourg, prohibited the Austrian wine imports and develops the beer consumption.

France

In 1602 is founded, under the impulse of Henri IV, the national Manufacture of the Goblins.

The king Louis XIV takes measures aiming at unifying the right in France:

  • the ordinance of 1673 on the ground trade founds the Code of the trade.
  • the Édit of Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer of 1679 makes compulsory a teaching of the French Droit in faculties of Droit, and creates “French law professors” in the Université S of the kingdom.

Louis XIV lance with Jean-Baptiste Colbert a policy aiming at developing the trade (Mercenary attitude). It founds several great royal manufactures: national Manufacture of Sevres (Porcelain), Manufacture of Beauvais (Tapestry), Company of the Ices (become Saint-Gobain).

Poland

  • the rural economy is characterized by the domination of the great property between the hands of the king, the Église and the Noblesse of the tycoons. The cities have only unimportant real estates, because the middle-class lost the right to acquire grounds at the beginning of the 16th century to find it only at the 18th century. Part of the ground belongs to the minor nobility ( szlachta ) which exploits it in small properties. The great fields joining together of tens, even hundreds of villages are in the east, while in Large-Poland they are reduced to only one village. One attends a movement of crumbling of the fields by heritage or debt, but the movement reverses concentration carries it by generosities of the king or the enrichment of some. Thus in the district of Puławy close to Lublin, the number of the owners of more than 500 manses (unit meeting the needs for a family), which was of 13% to the 15th century, passes to 30% in the middle of reaching 42% at the 18th century. Part of the great fields forms a reserve seigneuriale ( folwarki ) exploited by the drudgeries of the peasants. An important part of the country population is employed directly by the noble ones for their service. The cultures develop, especially in Lithuania, with the detriment of the pastures. The three-year rotation spreads, but the fallow remains on approximately half of the grounds. The culture of corn progresses considerably and it becomes in the west a product of export. The breeding is important: horses for the army or transport, bovines for the ploughings, and not for the meat, which remains rare on the table of the peasant.

  • the cities know one boom at the 16th century, which will decline with the wars of the next century. The inequalities are accentuated between the patriciat commercial rich person and the people, composed of servants, operations and beggars. The number of noble increases downtown. The period is marked by conflicts between the patriciat and the plebs for questions of taxes or public authority; the Masters of the council wish to lengthen to the maximum the electoral mandates, while the craftsmen want a rotation fast.

  • the Polish company of the Counter-Reformation invents a specific form of art, the Baroque sarmate. The noble ones claim to go down from the Sarmates, which would have dominated the Slaves and give rise to the szlachta . A whole fashion invades clothing, the haircut (the shaved cranium, with a braid), the daily life, the ritual funeral ones (portraits painted on the coffins). A new literary kind celebrates the important facts of these Sarmates.

To also see

  • the sport with the {{S|XVII|E}}

  • Chronology of the catholic explorers
  • Missions of 1622 at the end of the {{S|XVIII|E}}
  • Actresses and actors of the {{S|XVIII|E}}
  • List of the battles of the {{S|XVII|E}}
  • List of the epidemics of plague
  • 18th century, the century posterior at the 17th century
  • French history to the {{S|XVII|E}}
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Beats-smg: XVII omžios Be-X-old: 17 стагодзьдзе Fiu-vro: 17. aastagasada Nds-nl: 17th eeuw Simple: 17th century

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