Wallis-and-Futuna - SpeedyLook encyclopedia

History

5000 years ago (3000 av. J. - C), of the inhabitants of the littoral of the China of the South, farmers of millet and of rice, start to cross the strait to settle in Taiwan. Towards 2000 before J. - C., of the migrations take place of Taiwan towards the Filipino . New migrations start soon of Philippines towards Célèbes and Timor and from there, towards the other islands of the archipelago Indonesia N. Towards 1500 av. J. - C., another movement carries out Filipino in New Guinea and beyond that, towards the islands of the Pacifique. The Austronésiens are undoubtedly the first navigators of the history of humanity.

Policy

The political life of Wallis and Futuna was dominated a long time by the RPR gaullist, incarnated on the spot by the late members of Parliament Benjamin Brial and Sosefo Makape Papilio. 1989 will have to be waited until to see the left with the Radical left party being again carried to the capacity on the spot, with the election of the deputy Kamilo Gata (deceased in 2005). The political power turns over however in 1997 to the camp gaullist with the election of Victor Brial (nephew of Benjamin) to the head of the territorial Parliament. This last is beaten in June 2007, against any waiting, by the Socialist Albert Likuvalu.

The former president of the territorial Parliament, Emeni Simete, was member of UMP (dissenting since), just as the two members of Parliament of the Territory and the economic council and social. It is Pesamino Taputai, of the UDF MoDem is the current president of the territorial Parliament.

Today, one can say that the political life to Wallis-and-Futuna is dominated by the local representatives of the UMP and the PS even if other formations like the UDF MoDem or FN were already represented. In 2002, the shortly after the first turn of the presidential elections, the National front made its appearance with Wallis-and-Futuna, with the candidate Gaston Lutui.

However, as for the remainder of the overseas French communities, the practical policy with Wallis-and-Futuna corresponds more to a confrontation of local personalities that to a confrontation of the political ideologies. In the facts, the political programs are hardly proposed, the debates are secondary, the electoral campaigns being organized at the rate/rhythm of coloured festivals, of evenings of palaver usual and multiple gifts to the potentials voters.

The configuration of the companies Wallisian and futunienne is such, that it is a question above all of voting for the most capable candidate to bring benefit to the family, to the clan, the village, the district, the kingdom or the island, but to in no case with the Territory as a whole.

The place of the habit is omnipresent and is reflected on the local political life.

The territorial elections, for renewal of the Territorial Parliament, will take place on April 1st, 2007. 26 candidates are in string for 20 seats with the hemicycle of Havelu.

Institutions

Wallis-and-Futuna consist of three traditional Monarchie S: Uvéa (in Wallis), Hello and Sigave (in Futuna), whose King S control with elected councils and the representative of the French State, which carries the title of higher administrator. Penal and the judicial civil matter power is held by single the County court which is qualified for all the territory and whose seat is with the prefecture of Subdued-Utu (in Wallis).

Contrary to the metropolis, the overseas departments and the other communities of overseas, the territory is not administratively divided into common. In Futuna, two kingdoms (with which return the judicial offices of the departmental districts and sub-prefectures, administrative of the town halls and part of attributions of the general advices) coexist and gather villages. In Wallis, 3 usual districts (also managing the administrative offices of the town halls and gathering several villages) exist under the authority of the same king (with whom returns the presidency of the civil judicial offices).

Also, in the territorial plan, the islands are divided into three territorial districts recovering exactly each of the three kingdoms: the territorial district of Wallis (for the kingdom of Uvéa), largest and most populated of the three, territorial districts of Hello (which includes/understands also the uninhabited island of Alofi) and that of Sigave, smallest, in Futuna. Each one enjoys the legal entity with a clean Budget managed by a council of district made up of the chiefs usual and chaired by the king.

The Wallisian kingdom of Uvéa and the two kingdoms futuniens of Sigave and Hello are not hereditary monarchies but aristocratic: they are the noble families, the aliki , which elect or relieve the kings.

The usual capacity important but however is decentralized enough, the local kings having to negotiate with the chiefs of village, and to answer at the requests of the alikis which elect them and whose moral authority is also pressed on the population, while negotiating with the representative of the State to obtain the budgets of development of the territory.

In Wallis, the king of Uvéa (carrying the title of lavelua ) is the chief of the usual hierarchy . He is assisted of a Prime Minister ( kivalu ) and by 5 ministers. He still names, on a proposal from the population, 3 chiefs of district ( faipule ) who have authority on the 21 chiefs of village recognized by the population. The chiefs of village, who can raise the drudgeries of General interest, are voted by plebiscite or relieved during general meetings of village ( fono ) which take place Sunday in a common Case ( fale fono ).
In Futuna, each of the two kings (the Tuigaifo with Hello and the Tuisigave with Sigave) also have ministers, playing the part of spokespersons in the councils, but they have an authority limited directly on the chiefs of village appointed by the princely families which can dislocate their king easily.

The kings lay out to cover their expenses of an annual equipment of the Republic which compensates also the royal ministers and the usual chiefs for districts and villages.

However, the definition and the delimitation of the villages are not as strict as the common Frenchwomen, the territory being rather delimited in an abstract way by the kingdoms (and districts with Wallis) and the common law, including for the royal or public field, and the Private property inalienable pertaining makes some jointly at the villages with a right of use granted to the household heads.

The archipelago reached the statute of overseas territory in 1961. The law of the July 29th 1961 “guarantees to the populations of the territory the free exercise of their Religion, as well as the respect of their Croyance S and their habits as long as they are not contrary with the general principles of the right”.

Since the constitutional revision of 2003, which gives up the concept of Overseas territory, Wallis-and-Futuna is a Collectivité of overseas having a rather broad autonomy within the French Republic, a political system clean and original, and close to that into force in the Pays of overseas of New Caledonia, where the French right côtoie the local common law.

In the administrative plan, the archipelagoes are divided into five electoral constituencies, taking again the cutting of the 3 kingdoms and the three usual districts of the Wallisian kingdom of Uvéa, which elect by the vote for all 20 representatives with the territorial Assemblée of Wallis-and-Futuna which then indicate among them a standing committee made up of 2 representatives of Wallis and 2 representatives of Futuna (for each one of its kingdoms). However, the territorial Parliament has a role limited civil law management of the territorial budget, her decisions requiring the approval of the higher administrator representing France.

In addition, the territorial Parliament must approve the 3 members of the territorial Council named by the higher administrator (who chairs this council), the 3 other members of the council being the traditional kings (all vice-presidents of the council). In practice, this council has only one advisory role on the local management exerted especially by the chiefs of village, in the usual hierarchy, and the higher administrator.

The territory is represented with the National Assembly by a deputy (elected with the Vote for all) (currently Albert Likuvalu) and with the Sénat by a senator (elected indirectly by the local representatives sitting at the territorial Parliament, the territorial Council or within the usual hierarchy of the chiefs of districts and villages), currently Robert Laufoaulu.

On the educational level, the territory has the statute of Vice-vice-chancellorship. However, primary school education is completely conceded by the State, within the framework of a public service mission, with the catholic Diocèse of Wallis-and-Futuna through a convention where the State finances the whole of the loads related to this teaching (teachers and operation), the schools being built on the Community public domain of the villages according to the common law and control of the kings who defines the land use. To note the existence of the University of Wallis® which enjoys the particular status of the community overseas from the L711 Article of the code of education

Jurisprudence

Administrative court of Subdued-Utu, March 12th, 2007, n° 06-01, Halagahu (conclusions Briseul with the AJDA n°22/2007, June 18th, 2007, pp. 1184-1189): article 3 of the law of July 29th, 1961, “ which causes in particular to prohibit any interference of the institutions of the Republic in the work of the usual institutions, does not give competence to any administrative authority, which it acts in the name of the State or of the territory, to know usual questions, in particular while intervening in the designation of the usual and traditional authorities by acts which, contrary under the terms which they employ, are not restricted to note the achievement of usual procedures of nomination or dismissal, in which case they would be superfluous, but comprise by themselves such an effect and involve moreover consequences of a pecuniary nature since it condition the benefit of various allowances charged to the budgets of the State, the territory, and the territorial district ”

Political crisis of 2005

In 2005, the territory makes speak about him following a political crisis taking place with Wallis. After more than 46 years of reign, the king of Uvéa Tomasi Kulimoetoke II causes a crisis which threatens to plunge its kingdom in chaos Insurrection nel. The crisis begins when its grandson is condemned for Homicide because it had killed a Piéton whereas it led in a state of Ivresse and had taken refuge with the royal Palais. The king had initially resisted at the requests of arrest of his grandson and requested from France to leave the territory. However, this requirement was not taste of all because the economy of the territory depends on the French assistances and the administration employs many people.

In answer, rebellious chiefs of village decide to establish a new king with the approval of the higher administrator. But, in the approach of the ceremony, envisaged the September 25th, the institutional conflict failed to turn to the confrontation. The partisans of the king occupy the Aéroport and build stoppings by means of trunks of Cocotier S. the situation arranges themselves finally thanks to the intervention of a Médiateur French which recognizes the authority of the king. The ceremony of establishment is then cancelled.

In June 2006, the tensions can be still made feel within the local population with some specific incidents in the district of north, Hihifo. Palaver of reconciliation is always in hand between the two chefferies.

March 12th, 2007, the Administrative court of Mata' utu examined about fifty recourse which had been presented by the cheffery of Uvea to cancel the orders of the prefect of Xavier de Fürst, then representing State at the time of the events of 2005. The prefect of the time had amongst other things emitted several decrees recognizing the renovating usual chiefs.

The Administrative court finally cancelled the decisions taken by Mr. Fürst and condemned the State to pour allowances with the territorial District of Uvea (what corresponds to the usual entity of the kingdom of Uvea) and with the members of the cheffery of Lavelua.

Geography

These islands with the ic relief Volcano and the very cut out coasts, protected by a belt from Reef, are difficult access. The climate is hot and wet (tropical).

Wallis and Futuna are two groups of islands, geological history and very different aspect:

the islands of Wallis, in the North-East, made up of a principal island, Uvéa (which extend on 96 km ²), and several small islands coral, is an old volcano which started to be inserted, thus letting appear a coral reef and a Lagon open on the ocean by four master keys of which only is navigable. Its culminating point, the mount Excentric, is relatively low (151 meters). Although deprived of Brook X, the island is punctuated of Lac S of crater of which largest is the Lake Lalolalo, of approximately 400 meters, and who constitute invaluable reserves of Fresh water for the island.
the islands of Horne, in south-west, made up of two principal islands, the island of Futuna (which extends on 64 km ²) and its immediate neighbor, the island of Alofi (smaller, with the more broken relief, higher and not comprising a coral reef), are open on the Pacific Ocean. Indeed, their existence is related to a more recent volcanicity. Their culminating point, the Puke mount on Futuna, is with approximately 524 meters. Crossed brooks bringing of fresh water, they are on the other hand girdled reefs.

Economy

The very poor population does not have mainly access to the cash economy (70% of the credits), and nearly 70% of the others working for the Public administration local. Less: 1000 credits work in semi-public or private companies (in particular the Artisanat of the Nacre intended for the Exportation and resulting from the fishing of Coquillage S).

Since 1976, public employment was considerably increased, passing from less than 400 public employment for 4000 credits with more: 1070 on: 1800 employment. So more than 300 new young people leave the education system each year, it hardly has there more than 15 new created jobs. Also this important Chômage is compensated by the Community system of division which is the only satisfaction of the elementary needs for equipment since the acquisition of a property is not practiced on these islands where the property is primarily collective. Thus, most of the activity is not monétisée.

The islands are in fact rather poor: they suffer from natural resources limited, in particular out of fresh water for Futuna, which also explains why the island close to Alofi is not inhabited. This deficiency allows only one rural economy primarily centered on artisanal fishing lagonaire and the food Agriculture océanienne for the local needs. The islands as suffer from their distance and their insulation from the market potentials, regional environment being stripped even more as they. An example of delay of Futuna is that the Télévision arrived there only on December 24th, 1994.

The dangerosity and the difficulties of maritime access to the islands, related to their dangerous natural environment, the absence of deep water port combined with the distance of the commercial main roads with the richer countries like the Australia and the New Zealand, the quasi-absence of exportable products (which oblige the cargo liners Fret to set out again with vacuum and contribute to increase the cost of the Importation S of manufactured goods) or even the insufficiency of air links which would facilitate the tourist development force these islands with a difficult development and requiring a constant contribution of public capital.

Demography

In 2003, the population is of: 14967 inhabitants, of which: 10088 in Wallis (67,4%) and: 4879 in Futuna (32,6%), in rise of 5,7% since the preceding census in 1996 (+5,9% with Wallis and +5,1% with Futuna). The island of Alofi, close to Futuna, is not inhabited.

The majority of the inhabitants are of Polynesian origin (97,3%). One counts also some inhabitants of European origin. Almost the whole is of confession catholic.

Emigration

Many inhabitants left the islands so that there are more Wallisians and of Futuniens with Noumea (New Caledonia) (: 16000 people) that on the islands. Some also reside in Metropolitan France and French Polynésie.

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