Utopian socialism

The expression Utopian socialism recovers several current of the Socialisme. It is due to Friedrich Engels ( Utopian socialism and Scientific socialism , 1880). Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels qualifies their theory of Scientific socialism, and oppose it to the " Socialism utopique" who would not be, according to them, methodical and rigorous in the analysis of the capitalist company. This distinction finds its origin in the German Ideology and in the criticism of Stirner by Marx.

In its historical direction, the Utopian socialism indicates the doctrines of the first European Socialists of the beginning of the 19th century (who preceded Marx and Engels) such Robert Owen in Great Britain, Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, Etienne Cabet and Philippe Buchez in France. This current is influenced by the Humanisme and often the social Christianisme. It is registered at the origin from the point of view of Progrès and faith in the Man and the technique.

For political science, the term of utopian socialism includes all the attempts at ex-nihilo creation of companies or microphone-companies of nature communist or socialist, former or posterior at the historical period of apogee of the utopian socialism (1820-1870).

The utopian socialism is characterized by the will to set up model ideal communities according to various models, certain controls by very constraining payments, others more libertarian; some Communist, of other leaving a greater part to the individual Property.

The utopian socialism is especially characterized by its method of transformation of the company which, as a whole, does not rest on a political revolution, nor on an action reformist impelled by the State, but on creation, by the initiative of citizens, of a socialist against-company within the system Capitaliste. It is the multiplication of the socialist communities which must gradually replace the capitalist company.

Hundreds of experiments of creation of socialist communities falling under the filiation of the utopian socialism can be raised through the history. Until now, they were carried out on scale limited (of the communities of a few hundreds of people to more). And on generally limited durations, their perenniality being ensured by any central or political authority.

History

The utopian socialism draws its roots of different the Utopie S social written during the centuries, whose most famous, but not the first is that of Thomas More.

One classifies often classically and a little quickly the whole of the first Socialists among the utopian Socialists. Among them:

Saint-Simon (1760-1835), followed by the branch Socialists of the Saint-Simonian represented by Saint-Amand Bazard. Saint-Simon also influenced the Socialisme reformist and capitalism Positiviste.
Robert Owen (1771-1837) with the the United Kingdom, contractor considered as the first into practice to put its ideas with the creation of a community of work, in Great Britain and in the United States, in the years 1810-1820. He is regarded as the pioneer of the movement Syndical and Coopératif in Great Britain.
Charles Fourier (1772-1837), theorists of the Phalanstery S.
Etienne Cabet (1788-1856), promoter of the Icarie.

The utopian socialism declined after 1870 when the Marxisme was essential like the major ideology of socialism. It however continued through:

the co-operative Movement,
and of many Community experiments to which one must attach the " libres" mediums; libertarians, more or less durable, more or less organized around work, of personal blooming (Meetings of Contadour of Jean Giono), of values morals (the the Communities of Arch, etc many but often transitory communities Hippie S (1967 in the United States) and inherited the movement of May 1968 constitute the recent form of the old utopian socialism.

Today, the utopian socialism does not exist any more as an asserted theory, except perhaps implicitly by the group “Utopia”, new current internal with the Socialist party French. Also, the analytical step and certain proposals can point out sometimes certain features of the thought ecologist.

Utopian socialism before 1800

Theorists of the Utopia

Many authors, since antiquity, imagined ideal worlds and ideal cities, whose social organization can sometimes be regarded as " socialiste".

See the article Utopia .

Experiments former to 1800

Some make go up the first socialist experiments with various movements, often of religious origin, going back to the Middle Ages. Among them, one can quote:

XIVe century: the Franciscain S Fratelli (France).
1420-1437: Jerusalem news of Jean Huss (Bohemia).
1515-1525: movement of Thomas Müntzer (Germany) followed into 1534-1535 of the Anabaptists of Münster (Westphalia).
1609-1768: Mission Jesuit of Paraguay.
1640-1660: the Diggers (levelling) (England).
fine XVIIe century: the republic of pirates of the island of Libertalia (perhaps a myth going back to 1728).

Experiments of the traditional utopian Socialists

Saint-Simon and the " phalanstère" of Ménilmontant

The disciples of the Count of Saint-Simon (1760-1835, French) formed:

the Phalanstery of Ménilmontant (dates?), composed of Saint-Simonian S (Childish). Closed by the police force.

Robert Owen and model factories (years 1820)

The industrialist philanthropist Robert Owen (1771-1837, British), in addition founder of the co-operatives and the trade unions into Large-Betagne, founded two communities:

New Lanark in Great Britain (1813-1828). Model factory which meets a great success and is visited by many international visitors.
New Harmony (Indiana) (the United States) (1824-1829): field of 20.000 acres bought to a sect. The community counts 900 members in 1825. It attracts many personalities and visitors. But failure because spontaneous return to the private life. Thus New Harmony becomes a city like the others.

The disciples of Robert Owen will found many communities in Great Britain and in the United States.

Into Large-Betagne

the Community of Orbiston (close to Glasgow, Scotland) (1827-1829). Created by Abraham Combe (disciple of Robert Owen). The Community of 300 workmen and craftsmen. Economic success. Publication of a newspaper.
the Community of Exeter (Downlands Devon, the United Kingdom) (1826).
Co-operative of Rahaline (Ireland) (1831).
the Community of Manca Fen (Great Britain) (1838).
Co-operative of Quennswood (Great Britain) (1839). Field of 500 arpents rented and immense mégalomaniaque building (unfinished) for only 60 members, therefore too expensive.
the Community of Pant Knell (Great Britain) (1840, dull).
the Community of Garnwyd or Leeds Redemption Society (Great Britain) (1847).

In North America

New Harmony (Indiana) causes at least two dissidences on the same site:

Macluria (1826): scission of 80 Méthodiste S attached to their faith.
Feiba-Pelevi (1826).

In the tread of New Harmony, several other utopian communities owéniennes will appear in North America in second half of the years 1820:

Yellow Springs (Ohio) (1825). Approximately 100 families on a field of 720 acres (HTTP: /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Springs).
Blue Spring (Indiana) (1826). 27 families on a field of 320 acres.
Friendly association for mutual interest (FAMI) - Kendall (Ohio) (1826). 50 colonists.
FAMI-Valley Forges (Pennsylvania) (1826).
(New York) (1826).
the Community of Nashoba (Nashoba commune) (Tennessee) (1826-1830). Field of 2.000 acres acquired by the Wright sisters (Scottish). For émanciper women and the blacks (returns in Africa) ().
the Community Maxwell (Canada) (1828-1829). The dead Community born because of a fire.

In 1843, three new utopian communities will appear in this same line (but probably stimulated by the vogue of the phalansteries fourierists):

Equality (Wisconsin) (1843). The Community of Hunt.
Promisewell (Society off One-mentions) (Pennsylvania) (1843).
Goose Lays (Pennsylvania) (1843). Dissidence of Promisewell.

Charles Fourier and the phalansteries (years 1830-1840)

French Charles Fourier (1772-1837), theorist of the phalanges or Phalanstery S, inspired by very many achievements in Europe as in America, especially in the years 1840.

In France

1832-1835 : Colony of Cop-on-Vesgre (close to Rambouillet). Fourierist. It is based by an appointed rich person (Donkey-Dulary) on a surface of 500 ha. Too much expensive, it is dissolved and the deputy refunds all the expenses (). The future republican minister Pierre-Frederic Dorian passed there.
years 1830: attempt at phalanstery to the Castle of Madron (Montastruc, Haute-Garonne), initiated by the pharmacist Jean Journet.
1841-1846: Colony of Saint-Nicolas-the-Cîteaux (in the Abbey of Cîteaux, Burgundy). Fourierist. It is founded in a monastery bought by Mrs Gatti de Gamond and the richissime has Young. It counts 167 members in 1843. It offers to its members much leisures.
1846: Agricultural union of Saint-Denis of Sig in Algeria. Created by the lawyer fourierist Jules Duval. It counts colonial officers, liberal professions, tradesmen. It counts 363 members in 1850 then “is standardized” little by little.
Phalanstery of Boussac (Digs) (1843 or 1847). Created by the Christian Socialist Pierre Leroux, with in particular George Sand and the feminist Pauline Roland. Towards 80 members.
1849-1970: Phalanstery of Own way (Aisne). Fourierist. Created by the industrialist Jean-Baptiste Godin. It is only the real success of phalanstery in France. It counts 2.000 members at the end 19th century. It was closed only in 1970, testifying to an exceptional longevity.
the phalanstery of the French inventor Charles Sauria (dates?).
about 1865-1885: Rural house of experimentation member so called phalanstery of children with Ry (Seine-Maritime) (Seine-Lower), created by the doctor Adolphe Jouanne (fourierist apparently) ().

In the rest of Europe

Phalanstery of Scâeni (Romania) (1834-1835). Fourierist. The Community of 400 families on grounds lent by a young person Boyard. But community repressed by the army in 1835. The young person boyard is off-set.
Phalanstery of Petrachevski (close to Saint-Petersbourg, Russia) (1845 or 1847). Founded by the Petrachevski lawyer for his 40 serfs. But those do not want any and destroy the phalanstery. The writer Fedor Dostoïevski was member of the Petrachevski circle.
Common of Sleptsov (Russia) (1860). Fourierist.

In Latin America

Phalanstery of Oliveira (Palmitar, Brazil) (1841). Fourierist. Founded by the French doctor Benoït Jules Walls.
industrial Union of Sahy or current Sahi Sai (Palmitar, Bay of Babitonga, Brazil) (1841-1845). Created by scission of the phalanstery of Oliveira.
an experiment in Guatemala (1843), an experiment in Venezuela (1844).
Topolobampo-Pacific City (State of Sinaloa, Mexico) (1886-1895). Mégalomaniaque plan of construction of a city new fourierist. In 1893, it counts 464 inhabitants of 11 nationalities (but much coming from the United States). The Mexican government encourages it initially, then is wary about it ().

In North America

About fifty phalansteries (or phalanx in English) will be launched to the United States in the years 1841-1858 (according to Michel Anthony). Jean-Baptiste Godin would have counted it about thirty over the period 1840-1853. Three more known are:

Brook farm (Massachussets) (1841-1846/47). Founded by the unitarian reverend George Ripley. The Community of 115 members. mixed Style “Fourier O transcendantalist S” according to Michel Anthony. Intense cultural life (the writers Nathaniel Hawthorne, Margaret Fuller and Marianne Dwight live there), very famous at its time, but destroyed by a fire (HTTP: /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brook_farm). Later, community of Fruitlands (dates?) the continuation of Brook farm will want to be.
North américan phalanx (New Jersey) (1843-years 1930). Founded by Albert Brisbane (the principal American fourierist, founder of the New York Fourier Society. A record of longevity. In fact, it is about a true phalanstery of 1843 to 1855. From 1855 at the end of the years 1930, it functions with half like a hotel and half like a community ().
the Meeting (phalanstery) (Texas). (1853-1875). Founded, with the support of Jean-Baptiste Godin, by the French fourierist Victor Considering. Large farm of 1.000 then 5.000 hectares. Dissolved in 1875 and absorptive by the town of Dallas ().

The principal North-American phalansteries (with a point in 1843-1844) indexed by the historians are:

State of New York: Jefferson county industrial association (1843, 400 members), Morehouse union (1843), North Bloomfield association (1843), Clarckson association-Port Richmond Phalanx (1844, 400 members), Sodus (Bay) Phalanx (1844, 300 members), Minxwill Association (1844), Skaneateles (1843-1846) (maximum of 150 members), Unitary Household (or Unitarian Home or Unity Home) (1858-1860). Fourierist and libertarian. A hundred members of which Stephen Pearl Andrews, the writer Marie Howland (born Stevens), the lawyer Lyman W. Box, the feminist Victoria Woodhull.
New Jersey: Raritan Bay Union (1853) (HTTP: /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raritan_Bay_Union).
Massachussets:
Pennsylvania: Sylvania Phalanx (1843), Leraysville Phalanx (1844), Social reform unity (1842)
Ohio: Ohio Phalanx (ex-American phalanx) (1844), Clermont (ex-Cinicinnati) phalanx (1844), Trumbell phalanx (1844), Meadow Home (Ohio) (1844) (libertarian Fouriériste), Columbia phalanx (1845), Utopia or Trialville (1847-towards 1860) (where the future anarchist Josiah Warren will be present).
Michigan: Alphadelphia phalanx (and Wastenaw phalanx) (1844, 400 members).
Indiana: The Barn phalanx (1844), Philadelphia industrial association (1845), Fourier phalanx (1858).
Illinois: Office county phalanx (1843), Canton phalanx (1845), Integral phalanx and Sangamon phalanx (1845).
Wisconsin: Wisconsin phalanx (1844-1850) (community of 32 families. Balance succeeded between family individualism and Community spirit), Spring farm phalanx and Pigeon to rivet Fourier colony (1846).
Iowa: Iowa pioneer phalanx (1844).
Ontario (?) : Ontario Union (or Manchester Union) (1844).
Kansas Co-operative farm (Silkville, Kansas) (1869-1892). Financed by the rich person French fourierist Ernest Valenton de Boissière.

Etienne Cabet and Icaries (1848-1855)

Etienne Cabet (1788-1856, French) preached the d'" realization; Icaries". Eight “Icaries” will be created in the United States by the partisans of Cabet left France in 1848, of which:

Icarie on the river banks Red to the Texas (1848), created by Etienne Cabet.
then Icarie with Nauvoo on a bank of the Missouri (Illinois) (1849). The volunteers will follow one another by waves during second half of the nineteenth century. One counts 526 of them in July 1855 (of which a hundred children), right before a first scission and the departure of Cabet.
Icarie of Corning (Iowa) (1852-1898). The greatest group of colonists arrived in 1858 with the intention to live with the Community mode. It is in this city that Icariens remained longest in the United States, remaining until 1898. The Icariens Young people, reject the authoritative aspect of Cabet to become libertarian (Michel Anthony).

Other first socialist experiments

It is possible that these experiments took as a starting point Robert Owen or Charles Fourier, but that remains to be confirmed.

Experiments in France

1835-1838 : Veracious and social trade (precursory of the Co-operative S and the Equitable trade) of the district of the Russet-red Cross with Lyon (high place of the utopian socialism and the mutualism), created by the trader Michel Marie Derrion (). Experiment parallel with the fourierism but apparently directly not influenced by him.
1850: Socialist test of colony with Saint-Just (Haute-Loire).

Experiments in Great Britain

The Concordium (Alcott House) (Great Britain) (1838).
Communitarium de Moreville (Great Britain) (1843).

Experiments in Latin America

New Australia (Paraguay) (1893). Large farm created by 250 Australian, supported by the government of Paraguay.
Colony Cosme (Paraguay) (1894-1904). Created by scission of New Australia. The dissolved Community of 60 members in 1904.
universal Republic of the harmony (Mexico, 1869). Created during the two months of insurrection of Lopez Chavez, then crushed.

Utopian socialist experiments period 1870-1950

For this period, during which the Marxisme becomes the majority ideology and structuring socialist movement, the utopian socialism finds its expression through the communities Libertaire S (the term is due to Joseph Déjacque, resulting from the utopian socialism).

On the plan of the ideas, two major changes occur:

Certain tendencies " autoritaires" utopian socialism, sometimes consisting in imposing very precise operating processes to the members of the communities, disappears definitively with the profit from the idea from individual freedom (in reaction probably to the very structured character of the Marxist organizations). It results from it in particular from the experiments with regard to manners.
the faith in material progress is often called into question to the profit of a return to a life considered to be more natural and simpler. From where first attempts of ecological life , Vegetarianism, Naturism. this under the influence in particular of American Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) in the United States and of the count Lev Tolstoï (1828-1910) in Europe.

Free mediums and libertarian communities in France

1892-1894. Common the anarchist of the Montreuil-on-Seine. Dependant on the movement of the Popular Universities, it and is dismantled by the police force about 1894. She asserts “communist anarchist” and would have been supported by Elisee Reclus.
1895. Not succeeded attempt at Colony naturienne in the Cantal.
1896. Jean Maitron evokes the call to the constitution of an experimental Anarchistic Company appeared in number 45 of Social the .
1898. Free project of Colony of fraternal solidarity on about fifty hectares to Méry-on-Oise, supported by the Father Peinard .
1899. Attempt at Colony with Saint-Symphorien-in Ozon (Isere) by Georges Butaud (1868-1926).
1902-1907. The free Medium of Be worth or the clearing of Be worth (the Essômes-on-Marne, Aisne). It would be the “first free medium” anarchistic French, and only the nontransitory one (according to Tony Legendre). It is animated by Georges Butaud. It will on the whole count a score or about thirty volunteers. Its influence will be large. It is supported by famous anarchists: Elisee Recluse, Jehan Grin, Lucien Descaves, Maurice Donnay, etc Dissolved in 1907.
1902-1908: Anarchistic colony or the Parisian Community around Albert Libertad then newspaper Anarchy , related to a community called Nature for all, then Company of Popular Holidays - the sun ray (Châtelaillon-Beach into Charente-Lower). “It is a place of production, a vacation resort and a first form of Camping on a “libertarian beach. ” (Michel Antony).
1903-1909: The Test of Aiglemont (the Ardennes), communist libertarian. Role of the son of communard, Jean-Charles-Fortunate Henry (and thus brother of Emile Henry). The colony counted a small score of colonists. Supported by the Federation of the socialist workers of the Ardennes, the local CGT, of the known anarchists (Matha, Paul Robin, Sebastien Faure, Victor Serge), also Anatole France. Great radiation.
1904: Free medium with the High-Rivers (the Ardennes). It lasts only 2 months.
1904: Free project of Medium of Provence.
1904-1917. the Hive (school) of Sebastien Faure with Rambouillet is an educational and interdependent free medium. (to be developed a little)
1905. Libertarian communist free medium of Gisly (Somme, towards Amiens). A handle of colonists.
1905. Communist colony of Chaudefonds (Aisne) (to be checked)
1905-1914. Free medium related to anarchy in Paris and Romainville.
1906-1907. Free medium of Ciorfoli (Cognocoli-Monticchi, Corsica). Founded by a dozen colonists (7 men, 3 women and 2 children). Advised by Fortunate Henry. Accommodated on the grounds of the Socialist Louis Costa.
1906-1907: Colony of Rize (the Rhone, towards Lyon). Co-operative. But cleavage enters the old ones and the libertarians.
1906-1908: Libertarian colony of Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer. Style rather anarchist-individualist. Presence of Andre Lorulot (Végétarien and Naturiste) which popularizes the experiment.
1908-1911: Phalanstery of Close-of-Brown (High-Vienna, towards Limoges). Anarchist in fact.
About 1910-1912: Free medium of Pavillons-sous-Bois (Seine-Saint-Denis). Animated by the Rimbault brothers. Count among its members Octave Garnier (future ally of Jules Bonnot).
1910: Communist city of Bezons (Seine-et-Oise) founded by Ernest Giault in a building which it has.
1910-1911: The Mutual aid (Paris). Co-operative related to the co-operative anarchist-trade unionist Member of the C.G.T. the Cinema of the people.
1911-1912 and 1914 (even until the years 1950?) : Free medium of Bascon (Aisne, close to Castle-Thierry). It is the 3rd attempt of the couple Georges Butaud and Sophie Zaïkowska. “Naturiste and Végétalien becomes Colonie” (1914-1931). Then Colony Vegetarian of holidays. In 1920 a “Cooperative society for the setting in state of the waste lands is added” 109 (10 to 20 people). Visit many visitors (of which the dancer Isadora Duncan).
1912: Anarchistic colony of Choisy-the-King (the Valley-of-Marne), known as the red Nest, related to the Band in Bonnot.
1912-1914? : Project of colony of Communism practices the Libertarian with Épinay-sur-Orge (the Essonne). It is still evoked in 1914.
1913-1914: Medium free of the Magpie to the quay of the Magpie with Saint-Maur-of-Ditches (the Seine, current the Valley-of-Marne) undoubtedly also called the Phalanstery of Saint-Maur. It is the 5th attempt at Georges Butaud and Sophie Zaïkowska who publish the anarchistic Life . “For the throw, Butaud had founded the Company of the free Mediums of the suburbs of Paris. The unit is vast enough for the Parisian periphery: building of 6.000 m ², country cottages independent, ground including/understanding garden, orchard and wood…” (Michel Antony).
1913: projects of Free Medium to Boulogne-Billancourt, Saint-Ouen, of Colony of education and action Communists (the nest) in Paris in the XX° district, in bond with the Company of the free Mediums of the suburbs of Paris.
About 1913 or 1920: Free medium with Vèdre (dpt?).
1922: New project of Georges Butaud, undoubtedly the Community végétalienne (?), in Corsica.
Of 1922 to 1932: The Integral (Puch-with Agenais, Lot-et-Garonne), animated by Victor Coissac. Qualified “Colony semi-libertarian” and of “patriarchal Communism”.
1923-1949: Co-operative Ground Released (the Pine, close to Luynes, Indre-et-Loire), on nearly 10 ha. It is animated by Louis Rimbault, old of Bascon and the Bande in Bonnot. Spirit Végétalien, Non-violence, the Return to the ground. The newspaper Néo-naturien supports it but not Végétalien . “This life respectful of nature seems to us a strong anticipation of a will consequent ecologist. Opened on outside, it receives very many visitors: more than 300 the first year, still 200 in 1929. In 1926 the co-operative adheres to the APA - Country Association Anarchistic. During the Second world war, it shelters refugees and is often ridges some with the threats of the petainists and FFI. Libérée ground dies out the same year as the death of its founder, in November 1949. ” (Michel Antony).
Years 1920: “Cave of Zarathoustra” (Tourrettes-on-Wolf, close to Fatty). Individualistic and élitiste company.
1923: Hearth végétalien of Paris created by Georges Butaud and Foyer végétalien of Nice (1924). They are not real free medium.
Years 1920 or 1930: The Big family (Chaumont, Haute-Loire) wants to be a “communist village” modern.
1931-1953: the Colony of Bascon is transformed into Colony vegetarian of holidays.
Years 1930: Colony of Liefra, related to the Integral. She preaches “libertarian collectivism”.
End years 1940: The Community (Pouligny, Yonne) of Emile Bachelet, old of the Band in Bonnot. The semi-autarkical, car-productive Community (honey, vegetables, electricity). Experiment reported by Michel Ragon.
During the Second world war: small community in Ardeche around the Guibard family.
1947-1961: Colonia of Aymare-Colony of Aymare (Goudon-Le-Vigan, Batch). Created by Spanish libertarians exiled in France. Large farm of 120 ha bought about 1939 in thanks to the funds of the SIA - International solidarity antifascist, and of CNT. Self-management and self-sufficiency (kitchen garden, breeding, gatherings), a radio libertarian. Given up by the CNT in 1961.
Years 1970: Arts center and of anarchistic holiday in Normandy, which publishes the newspaper ICO - Working Information and Correspondences (about 1972-1974) then the Black Lantern (1974 to 1978).

The libertarian utopian Communities in Great Britain

The influence of Tolstoï will be large at the end of the XIXe century, in particular in Fellowship association off the New Life bringing together non-violent artists, anarchists, and Christians (churches of Fraternity, Brotherhood Trust).

The two principal British experiments end XIXe century (especially influenced by Kropotkine and Robert Owen) are:

Clousden Hill Free (Communist and Co-operative Colony) (towards Newcastle, Forest Hall, Nortumberland) (1895-1902). Self-sufficing agrarian Communism, about thirty members of various nationalities (English, Danish, German, Czech). It would be the true “first common British anarchist” (Bevir Mark).
the Community (colony) of Norton Hall (Sheffield, Derbyshire) (1896-1900). Gardening. Influence of the poet ecologist Edward Carpenter.

The British communities tolstoïennes are numerous:

Croydon Brotherhood (Fraternity): 1st experiment tolstoïenne launched by the Fund of Fraternity (Brotherhood Trust) (1894).
Purleigh colony (Essex) (1896). Maximum of 90 members (farmers and craftsmen). " Since 1899, this colony makes it possible Kenworthy to publish its newspaper New Order which becomes the principal body of the utopism tolstoïen in British Isles. "
Essex: Arshingdon Colony (Essex) and Wickford colony (Essex).
Hampshire: Blackburn Brotherhood (towards Leeds) (workshop of electricity), Christchurch colony, Brotherhood Workshop (1897, Leeds).
Whiteway colony (Costwold, Gloucestershire) (1898): autarkical objective of culture, but which also saw contribution of the members who will work in the factories external at the community. Still exist in 1928.
Swadlicote (towards the Burton-one-Trent). Coal mine self-managed, bought thanks to Bruce Wallace and J. Theodore Harris.
Whiteway colony (1898. Always exist?). Ideology anarchistic, non-violent, vegetarian, unions free.
free Medium of Starnthwaite, (1898).
In the years 1920-1930, the movement declines. There will remain only micro communities then, in the years 1950, of the “international camps”.

The libertarian Communities in the rest of Europe

Co-operative Citadella (Casement bolt, Italy) (1887). Anarchist. Founded by Rossi (cf community of Cecilia in Brazil). Co-operative model, modern, on 100 hectares. Success ().
Colony Blaricum (Netherlands) (1898-1903). Anarchists tolstoïens. But community destroyed by its neighbors in 1903.
the Community of Walden (Pas-Bas) (1898). Anarchist.
Colony of International Fraternity (about 1900?). The rural, Christian and pacifist Community libertarian.
Ascona (Lake Maggiore, Italy). The famous Community.
Russia (end years 1880): creation of transitory “tolstoïennes communes”.

The libertarian Communities in Latin America

Colony Cécilia (Parana, Brazil) (1890-1894). Founded by Italian anarchists (Rossi, resulting from the Citadella co-operative in Ialie). Start with 40 members out of 300 hectares. But closed by the Brazilian government.
Cosmos (Brazil) (1900). The anarchistic Community created close to the sites of the old phalansteries of Oliveira and Sahy.

socialist Metropolis of Occident (Mexico) (1881). Anarchist.
socialist Republic of Low-California (Mexico) (1911). Anarchistic attempt.

The libertarian Communities in North America

Fountain Grove (towards Santa Rosa, California) (1875-1934). Libertarian, sexual freedom.
Ruskin Colony (Tennessee) (1894-1899). Enough libertarian ().
The Roycroft Movement (East Aurora, State of New York) (1895). Created by Elbert Hubbard. Co-operative more than libertarian colonies ().
Home Colony (Washington) (about 1900). About fifty families. Anarchistic individualistic style. But radiation through publications: The Discontent , The demonstrator ().
Coopolis (where?) (end of the XIX° century). Anarchist-Christian woman.
the Free initiative (Paterson, New Jersey?) (end XIXe century).
Golden delicious Life (Minnesota) (1902 to 1903). A handle of anarchistic Communists.
Home (towards Burley, where?) (1899-1940). Anarchizing collective. Nearly 200 members about 1910).
Colony To shoe of Stelton (Stelton, New Jersey) (1915). Intellectual anarchists. The school To shoe, very famous, lasts until 1953. It takes as a starting point the Center To shoe (libertarian mediums of the yiddishland) founded in New York in 1911 (() and ()).
Sunrise Co-operative farm community (Saginaw Valley, Michigan, 1933-1938). Dependant on the movement Yiddish, and in particular to Freie Arbeiter Stimme. Integrate Jewish, Italian, Spanish anarchists and some autochtones.
School off Living room (Rockland County, New York) (1934-1935). Founded by Ralph Borsodi () and Mildred Loomis. Anarchism and ideas of green revolution (1940), Organic farming. Approximately 20 families. “On the political plan, autonomy and the antione is there to establish the link with the libertarian tradition of the XIXe century. The wave ecologist and libertarian of the sixties is in germ in these initiatives”. (Michel Anthony). Borsodi invents, with disciples of Gandhi, the concept of Community Land trust ().

Utopian socialism and communities hippie (1966-1975)

Filiations with the utopian socialism

The movement Hippie born in 1966 in San Francisco repésente the last spectacular resurgence of the utopian socialism. For the hippie, it is a question of fleeing the company Capitaliste to build a against-company Libertaire and Community based on the equality, fraternity and freedom. " Ronald Creagh, which worked on these libertarian “laboratories of the Utopia” in the United States, replaces the Community movement in a history much longer which starts with the communities of inspiration owenists or fourierists. For him, there would have been two phases of flowering of the communities, one before 1860, the other after 1960."

The movement hippie will assert its filiation with the utopian socialism: Patrick Rambaud, one of the pillars of Current, actor and observer of the movement French soixante-huitard, recognizes it: " The communities were not born in years 1960 in the United States in France and 70 in France. Ca existed at the XIXe century with Fourier, Cabet which leave to Florida to found the Icarie, and even the pirates of XVIe century! " In the United States, in 1967, the material life of the district hippie of San Francisco (Haight-Ashbury) is ensured by a group baptized the Diggers, in reference to a utopian communist movement of the 17th century. The bonds are sometimes even structural between utopian socialist communities and hippies with the example of Joan Baez, which would have been high in Shoeing it Colony de Stelton (New Jersey). The texts of Charles Fourier preaching the sexual release are republished in 1967.

The communities hippies

For certain specialists in the movement hippie, " the communities are the expression par excellence movement: its infrastructure, the social anchoring without which it would quickly have been tiny room to a simple fashion as extravagant as transitory. The communities are its signature with the bottom of the history of the XXe siècle"

The movement will be certainly varied: " Upon the departure, to the United States as in France, in the years 1971-1972, the Community movement leaves in all the directions, mislaying its own observers and Zealoies: country communities (more radical) and urban communities for Right R.P. and A. Galien; communities of combat (directed towards political testimony, way Larzac) and communities of ruptures (more concerned about reinvent the life, with the Indian if it is needed) for Henri Gougaud; communities of work (medieval model of the companions), religious communities (Lanza del Vasto and its community of the Arch were a little quickly annexed by the mystical freaks: they disappeared, the Arch still exists). "

The movement will be as spectacular as transitory:

In France: " 1971, 1972 and 1973 will be the great years of the communities in France. There would be a half-thousand of it, with points to 50.000 communards the summer for a permanent population of 5 with 10 000 hippies, zonards, freaks and other marginal confirmed in their choice of another société."
the vastest experiment European will be that of the free commune of Christiania (Denmark), in Copenhagen (created in September 1971 and still existing in 2007).

Utopian socialism today

In spite of the failure of the movement resulting from May 1968, the moderation of the projects of the socialist parties in the name of realism (opposite of the Utopia), diffusion of the idea that the economic liberalism would be " incontournable" , the utopian socialism did not die.

The spirit of the utopian socialism, is the idea that the social change can come from initiatives citizens, of the base, while fitting within the capitalist company to reduce it, to inflect it and in the long term to replace it, perdure. And the contemporary solutions are the heiresses of the Community experiments and co-operative of the XIXe century.

Utopian socialism perdure through:

the interdependent economy , attached to economic and social experiments new the such Systèmes of local exchanges (SALT), the Réseau of reciprocal exchanges of knowledge, (RERS), etc
part of the social economy (Association S, mutual S, Coopérative S, foundation S) term gathering as well real socialist attempts (peites co-operative, etc) that large organization playing the game of the Capitalism).
new forms of community : movements alternate S, the movement of the squat S, experiments of Self-management, Communautarisme of places of life, écovillage, etc
the attempt to build an alternative to capitalism in the world exchanges: the Altermondialisme, the Equitable trade.

References

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