Transport

The transport, of Latin trans , beyond, and portare , to carry, is the fact of carrying something, or somebody, of a place to another.

Definitions

It is necessary to return to the etymology.

• To transport

" Transport" (the substantive) and " transporter" (the verb), come from the Latin trans and portare , trans meaning " through " and portare " porter". Same suffix: to comprise, bring, support, pay, defer,…

To transport implies the concept of Véhicule and transportation route (the road, the channel.). The transportation routes belong to the Infrastructure S of transport, like the works of art (bridges, tunnels.) and the buildings (stations, carparks…) associated.

By assimilation, actions of displacements and conduction were called " transports" , like the transport of electicity, which is carried out on networks of electric cables, gas, of oil, through conduits, the '' pipes-lines ''.

These particular concepts are below defined.

• To move

" Déplacer" indicate a change of place (" of " of Latin: " except de" , " starting from " and " platea " " broad street, place publique" , but the existence of a vehicle does not imply. For example, a pedestrian moves, or, a person can move an object. There is concept of transport, only remote, even if a Huissier " transporte".

• To lead

On its side, " conduire" comes from Latin cum (deformed in " con" in French), who means " avec" and ducere , which means " to give the way, diriger". Same etymology: Duke ( dux, ducis : that which leads or which shows the way, like the " Duc" in French and Duce , in Italian), aqueduct (which leads water), pipeline (which condut oil… and by assimilation, oil-bearing oils), to lead (to drive a vehicle, or to lead the electric current), to translate ( trans and ducere : to lead to through); and let us not stop to allure, reduce, induce, deduce,…. conduction, transduction,… and all substantives associated with the verbs.

Thus, even if turning " transporter" is used for the electric current, it is necessary well to include/understand " conduire" or " fournir" for the electricity and " approvisionner" for gas and the fuels.

• To transmit

With regard to the " transport" of Information S and the Telecommunication S, it is to better use the word " transmettre" , i.e. " to put at disposition" with through (of a network of low currents). There too, the concept of transport is abusive, but familiar.

Latin, seems more precise than modern usual French, who has equivalent various concepts in only one.

The article which follows concerns consequently, not only transport per , but also what leads (pipelines, gas pipelines, electric cables), transmits (high tension currents or low currents such as the signals, messages, information.), provides and supplies (gas, electricity, water, oils,….)

Transport

History

Three times can be arbitrarily described, on the basis of motorization:

1. transport by the man: before the Domestication, it is the man who transports the goods. The terms used in this case are the " port" , the " portage" … It " tire" , it " pousse" and it propels (a wheelbarrow, a bicycle, a rickshaw…) since he invents the Roue.
2. animal haulage: starting from domestication, the animal becomes the system of " portage" (pack), of propulsion or traction, a " charge" , or of a " véhicule" (tanks, carts, carriages, carioles, carriers, cars…). If the vehicle is drawn by a horse, it is about a vehicle Hippomobile
3. the motorization: the motorization is the result of the invention of the boiler with vapor and the Steam engine (Denis Papin), then of the Locomotive, the Automobile… since the vapor is used to drive a vehicle; at the same time, various types of Carburant S are invented or used, to improve the power as of the engines, to make later them more economic: the gas, gasoline and oil in the Engine spark-ignition used on the vehicles Automobile S, the electricity of the Battery and the nuclear pile or Combustible battery to provide electricity through Turbine S or directly with a Winding (electrical motor), finally already or in the future, of the Hydrogen, and the Water, for examples.

Object of transport

The objects of transport are multiple, for example:

Goods transport, of goods and people like socio-economic activity

This type of transport is subdivided in Transport of people and Goods transport. The transport of people, like goods transport, can be carried out on own account, when it does not have as an aim to transport others with a lucrative aim, nor its goods. It is called " transport for account of autrui" , or " public" transport; , since these are not any more the own goods which are transported. The transport of anybody can be " individuel" or " collectif" , in the case of the public transport
Toutes these categories of transport combine between them, and contribute to the description of one of the trades of transport: for example the public transport of people (autocarists), or her individual transport (taxi); goods transport for hire or reward (road haulage operator) or goods transport on own account (" louageur") … The natural persons, like the moral persons or the states (through their public services) can carry on these regulated activities of conveyers.

Transport of people and equipment, from the civil point of view (help)

The Fireman S, the rescuers at sea, the Civil security, the gendarmerie and others still, transport people and equipment, with an aim of bringing Secours

Transport of personnel, weapons and ammunition, with a military aim

All the weapons (Army, Air force, marine, gendarmerie) have means of transport, to transport their personnel, their weapons and their ammunition. In addition to their own means, the Service of the train and the Génie intervene in the Logistique (transport, storage) to store, transport and destroy, improve or constuire of the infrastructures.

Goods transport

See also: Goods transport, Road transport of goods

The transport of Marchandise S is a regulated activity.

Definition

The natural person or morals who transports goods is called road haulage operator. He uses:

• Of the means of transport called of the vehicles (vehicles Automobile S, Train S, Aircraft S, Ship S,….)
• Of the Infrastructure S, made up themselves:
• of the transportation routes (Road S, railways, channels, River S,…) that it borrows and who define the means of transport:
• Terrestrial: Road transport and rail-bound Transport
• Maritime
• By water ways (river transport or by channels)
• Aaérospatial (Air transport and space Transport)
• Transport combined, or multimode or multi-modal
• of installations (carparks, port S, Airport S,…) intended to tranship the goods or the vehicles, to maintain the vehicles or to park them, lodge finally the drivers of the vehicles, and works of art, intended to make them cross natural obstacles (Bridge S, Viaduct S, Tunnel S, lock S…)

Regulation

The contract of goods transport

The Contract of carriage of goods is a commercial contract. It is materialized by a document named differently according to the means of transport.

• In Road transport of goods, the document legally appoints Freight bill (the conveyer is a " voiturier"), (in the past or usually receipt of delivery, delivery order,…) and International Consignment Note for transborder transport. The latter are governed, for a certain number of countries, not Geneva Convention (also called Convention for goods transport by the road, abbrégé in C.M.R.), from where the name of C.M.R. given to these particular freight bills.
• In Air transport of goods, the document names consignment note (L.T.A.).
• In Maritime transport of goods, the document names a bill of lading

The contract of goods transport, when it is materialized with by a document, generally mentions what is transported (category of goods, weight, volumes), the places of loading and unloading, the name of the conveyer and that of the Transport commissioner, of the mentions concerning the dangerosity, the sums to be boxed, of the particular instructions of delivery, the Incoterm S…

The type of transport

According to the membership of the means of transport (vehicle, driver), the type of goods transport is different. Goods transport is called:

• Transport on own account, by setting up its own means, made up of a vehicle and a driver, even rented of exclusiveness, to transport its own goods, or goods of which one with the guard, provided that transport is only one accessory or a complement with the principal activity relating to the known as goods (transformation, for example).
• Carriage for hire or reward or public transport (that one should not confuse with Public transport), by setting up its own means, or of the average sub-contracts, to transport the goods of others.

Outside contributors and intermediate

Goods transport mobilizes specialized speakers, generally commercial:

• the Transport commissioner, whose role is to implement the conveyers, with the help of the payment of a commission. In the road transport, the transport commissioner can sub-contract (for more than 15% of sound Turnover) the transport which is entrusted to him.
• Transit S or agents in charge to carry out the operations of setting under Customs or taking out of bond, i.e. the declarations of customs for the account of others, possibly of the particular complementary declarations, on behalf of the shippers, of the conveyers, the commission agents or the recipients.

Statistical data

• Transport interior

The site Given and Statistical of the Ministry for transport, the equipment, tourism and the sea provides statistical data on the activities of goods transport.

The transport of people

See also: Transport of people, Road transport of people, Public transport

Means of transport

Classification

The means of transport are generally classified according to the transportation routes used.

They are the surface transports (road and railway or guided), the maritime transport, transport by water ways (rivers and channels), aerospace transport (air and space), individual or collective.

To transport of a point to another (or to move, if it is about a simple displacement), it is often necessary to combine these various means of transport. It is then about multimode, or intermodal, or multi-modal, or combined transport.

Choice of the means of transport

Within the framework of a transport or a " displacement; combiné" , the final parts of the borrowed routes generally use individual of transport, dispersed means (presence of many vehicles close to the point of forwarding) and relatively slow, whereas the median parts of the routes resort to the average collectives (vehicles of greater capacity). The objective of this organization is to reduce the transport costs, by massifiant it. The first part of the route has as an aim only to join the joint means of transport people or public of goods; the last part of the route has the aim of joining the final destination.

The means of transport used for the median part of the route can be slow (transport by water ways) and often less expensive, because energy savers, or more rapids (road transport, railway and air).

The choice can be carried out according to the availability of the means of transport, of its qualities (capacity, speed, safety, conformity with the regulations applicable to the goods, the trade…), and of its cost, for examples. For goods transport dangerous or sensitive, the concept of safety is also taken into account.

Exploitation and owners

Exploitation

The management of a tool for transport is called " exploitation". When the owner manages the vehicle and the infrastructure, transport is known as " intégré". For example, until recently, the French railroad was managed by the SNCF (National company of the railroads French) in its entirety (means and infrastructure). To free of debts the state enterprise, the state since separated the function exploitation, held by S.N.C.F. and the management of the infrastructures, which was entrusted to the Rail network of France.

Owners

The exploitation of the means of transport is thus not the management as of the infrastructures (ways of navigation, lanes, air routes). It often requires particular competences, and led to the specialization of the organizations of which it is with the load: thus, R.A.T.P. (Governed autonomous of Parisian transport) uses the subway or Métro, R.E.R. (Network regional express), the Parisian Tramway, and the Autobus of the capital and its banlieu, whereas the infrastructures are maintained by S.N.C.F., the commune, the community of commune, the department, the area or the state, and by sub-contracting companies.

Surface transports

Road transport

See also: Road transport, Road transport of goods, Road transport of people

Associated category: automobile

Transport (and displacement) road which was carried out with foot, then with the animal haulage took their rise, with the invention of the engine, reducing the time of transport, with less tiredness.

In the Western countries, it is carried out using the vehicles Automobile S of tourism or industrialists: Car S, Van S (industrial vehicle of less than 3,5 tons of P.T.A.C., according to the French legislation), Truck S and trailers. In many other countries, road transport is always carried out with large scales by human means (bicycles.) and with animal haulage.

To face the extension of the request, and if the country has the resources of them, the Highway network is extended and modernized. The network and the infrastuctures can even be specialized: installation of cycle tracks, bus lanes (reserved ways, construction of carparks made safe for the trucks…

The development of this means of transport, when it is motorized, mainly explains the internationalization of the exchanges on the level of the continents, therefore by the road, with large scales.

However, the exhaust fumes have harmful effects on health and the environment, and they contribute to the Greenhouse effect. The populations and the public authorities of many states consequently tend to make reduce these emissions, by average policies, while writing, for example, of the international protocols (Protocole of Kyoto) and while trying to make them apply. Other organizations are also interested in the development and management of road transport, like:

1. the Worldwide association of the road (World road association)

2. the international Trade union of road transport (International road union transport)
3. the International association of public transport (International association off public transport) (U.I.T.P.)

Rail-bound transport

See also: rail-bound Transport, Railroad

The rail-bound transport is carried out on railways, and includes/understands, consequently, the Train, the Métro and the Tramway. It is the only means of transport (with certain ships with nuclear propulsion) which use to date, the electricity massively, like source of energy. It has consequently many advantages, on the other means of transport:

1. transport by rail is often faster than by the road (guidance system and absence of obstacles).
2. It is relatively inexpensive, because the power developed by relatively light electrical motors allows the transport of important loads, because energy does not require to be stored, because it is cheap if it is produced by installatons nuclear.
3. It is nonpolluting, always if energy is produced by nuclear plants, and perhaps soon into large quantiés, not systems geothermic, wind, tide-engines or solar.
4. It guarantees to the states their long-term energy independence, if the country does not use hydrocarbons for the production (oil) of gas or coal for produced, and that it does not hold any.

This explains the growing success of the carriage by rail of passengers on the level of the city and the country (connections interurban, suburban and urban) and now, also for the goods, at the continental level thanks to the trains at high speed TGV with the bridges and the tunnels (Channel tunnel).

The rail-bound transport of goods or people requires the implementation of infrastructures of transfers, to convey and tranship the people to their train, and the goods or the trailer and the truck, to its platform, and to carry out the opposite operation then. The infrastructures consist of Gare S of travellers, of marshalling yards, building sites of combined transport (gantries, cranes).

Certain organsiations are interested in transport by railway, like

1. the International union of the railroads (U.I.C.)

Complementary precise details are provided by other articles WIKIPEDIA in relation: Voyage ur, Train, Train at high speed, Subway, R.E.R., Tram, Coach, Transport combined, Rail expressway

Other guided surface transports

See also: Transport guided

They are the means of transports which implement vehicles guided by average a mechanics or electronics, like the Téléphérique, the Télécabine, the train Monorail and the Aérotrain, the Train with magnetic lift, the ski lift, mainly for the transport of people, the Funiculaire and the train with toothed rack.

One should not forget, for goods transport, the systems of Filoguidage used mainly in the warehouses, to direct the carriages preparers or elevators.

Inland waterway transport (river and by channels)

See also: River transport

Associated category: boats

Transport by water (River S, inland waterways, channels) revêt several advantages:

1. It is very economic because inexpensive in energy,
2. It is thus low polluting
3. It also makes it possible to transport very important tonnages to lower costs

However, it is relatively slow and requires that the company which uses this means of transport produces a stock which will be preserved on the boat, until its routing.

It requires to implement inland waterways and only the countries by the Hydrographie can largely profit from it. The infractures consist of river ports, of lock S…

Its use to transport people is mainly reserved for tourism, for certain countries. Other countries or certain cities, more maritime or insular, combine transport by sea routes, rivers and channels (Venice) and the other means of transport of people, more massively.

Maritime transport

See also: Maritime transport

Associated category: boats

The maritime transport was the means of discovering and of exploring the new continents (Discovery of Americas, exploration of the poles) from which developed or intensified new trade (including the trade of Esclave S) with the old continent, as the continental roads had already done it.

The maritime transport kept its commercial vocation well, because on the long distances, it remains, for important loads, most economic, sometimes the only available one. It takes part today in transport of fuels (Pétrolier S), gas (Méthanier S), of containers of removal and goods. The boring of the channels (Panama Canal, Suez Canal) supported this development, by shortening the distances. Others consider already that the cast iron of the glacial colotte of the poles, under the Greenhouse effect, will make it possible soon to open new protected sea routes.

As regards the exchanges at short distance (Coastal traffic), it is practiced intensely on all the inland seas, and connects the continents, contributing to the maintenance or the development of common cultures, like the the Mediterranean. These pelagic cultures are based on an old story and commune and privileged commercial exchanges. Let us not forget, in this chapter, Marseilles and its famous cross, always in activity, evoked by Marcel Pagnol nor the Sardine , which had blocked the entry of it, while sinking, the Old port…

As regards the passenger transports, if the vocation first of the maritime transport were to transport troops, missionaries, emigrants for the colonization of other regions, it then developed like means of approval (cruisings); for many countries, there was always and remains strongly used means of communication, on short crossings (of a few minutes to a few days). It also takes part in many scientific expeditions.

Sea and oceanic transport is pressed on an infrastructure made up of seaports, deep water ports and channels. These ports can be them same specialized: repair and naval construction (Nantes and Saint-Nazaire, in Brittany, redeployment, Ciotat in Provence); fishing (Fécamp in Normandy, Brest, Roscoff, Paimpol, Guilvinec. in Brittany, La Rochelle in Poitou; agricultural productions (soya,…) and ligniferous imported, disappeared or in way from destruction for industrial disputes to repetition (Brest, Bordeaux, in Aquitanian, Marseilles in Provence); support with the scientific expeditions: Brest, Marseilles… finally, supports at the National marine (Cherbourg, Brest, Lorient, Toulon…).

Several organizations are interested in the maritime transport; for example:

1. the International association of navigation (A.I.P.C.N.)
2. the international maritime Organization (International maritime organization (O.M.I.)

Other articles in relation deserve to be consulted, like Cabotage, cargo liner, cross, cruising, Navire, Navire carrier (rho-rho), etc

Aerospace transport (air transport, space transport)

See also: Air transport, space Transport

Air transport

Last means of transport appeared during the 20th century, initially reserved for an elite, it was quickly democratized, monopolizing the transcontinental connections and eliminating the last Paquebot S deck chairs. Depending in the beginning on the Navy, it preserved the vocabulary of it (that of the air navigation ). It then became truly a transport of mass with the appearance of the carrying large planes and the airline companies at low prices.

Its supremacy is disputed by the trains at high speed on the ways of less than three hours. It starts to come up against limits because of the obstruction of the sky, the noise pollutions more and more badly accepted by the residents of the Aéroport S, by its important energy cost, finally by its influence on the degradation of the Couche of ozone and the greenhouse effect.

He addresses himself mainly to the travellers, but the transport of air cargo develops more and more with the startup of airfreighters specialized. More economic alternatives to the plane were used, disappeared, and are again being studied, like the Airship.

The air grid systems rest on Aéroport S and Héliport S…

Air transport is observed, controlled or animated by organizations like:

1. the International Civil Aviation Organization (O.A.C.I.)

Space transport

The last born of last century, it implements vehicles derived from weapons of war (missiles), developped at the point by the German and American engineers. It then quickly developed, under its current form, in the historical context of the Cold war, putting in Soviet competition American and S, for reasons of notoriety (first spoutnicks) and strategic (observation of the enemy infrastructures, wearing of militarized loads).

Trade names and policies amméné the Europe has to begin a space program (port and placing in orbit of communications satellites, observations) like the other space powers; American and Russian started, on their side, to build space stations with fine scientists (also).

Space transport is with its stammerings. In the future, among the many missions which will be allotted to him, will appear the space conquest intergalactic and of the Exoplanète S, likely to accommodate part of humanity, or to take part in its development, to even be used to him as place of fold.

Lastly, certain aerospace phenomena observed or brought back and not included/understood in the state, pourrraient, it is an assumption, being related to exogenic transport of origin (not explained spaciaux phenomena, or unidentified flying objects).

Certain organizations are in load and are interested in space transport:

1. European space agency
2. N.A.S.A.

Other articles can be consulted on WIKIPEDIA: Aircraft, Airship, Plane, Helicopter, hunter, bomber, Drone, rocket, satellite, Spaceship, Aerospace

Multimode transport

See also: intermodal Transport

Multimode transport, or intermodal transport, or combined transport, consists in ensuring a transport by borrowing successively various means of transport. It relates to especially the goods.

The vocabulary relating to it is not completely stabilized. Indeed, one can find on the site of the Economic commission of the United Nations for Europe a document which lists the definitions which are used for work of the three intergovernmental organizations which established this compilation: European Union (U.E.), European Conference of the Ministers for Transport (C.E.M.T.), and Economic commission of the United Nations for Europe (C.E.E. - O.N.U.).

In this document, the transport combined is defined like a " intermodal transport whose principal courses, in Europe, are carried out by rail, inland waterways or sea and whose initial and/or final courses, by road, are shortest possible." In its turn, the intermodal transport is defined like " carriage of a goods using two means of transport or more but in the same unit of loading or the same road vehicle, and without potting nor dépotage" , which is distinguished from the multimode transport (" carriage of a goods borrowing two different means of transport or plus.") The people who refer to this document can prefer to reserve the qualifier " multi-modal " with displacements of people using successively at least two means of transport for same displacement.

Multimode transport especially developed need for ensuring the terrestrial continuation of the ocean freight by simplifying harbor handling. It is maritime transport which was born the standardization from the Conteneur.

Terrestrial combined transport relates to especially the transport combined rail-road, which makes call in addition to the containers with mobile cases and the plates of transport of Semi-remorque S. an alternative, exploited punctually is the " road roulante" or " highway ferroviaire" who consists in transferring onto trains of the complete road units (tractor + trailer + driver) the following the example of the Shuttle of Eurotunnel.

Even if it has many advantages économques and environmental, the many industrial disputes, in France, very strongly disturb its development, whereas other adjoining countries (Suisse, Austria) integrated it very well.

Certain organizations devote themselves to multimode transport:

1. the international Trade union of the shipping companies combined Rail-road (International union off combinated road-rail companies transport) (U.I.R.R.)

Supply, displacement, conduction: transport by fixed installations

See also: Transport by fixed installations

For the liquid chemicals, they are primarily the conduits adapted to the displacement of Liquide S or Gaz: Pipeline S, Gazoduc S. It is not a question strictly speaking of a transport but of a supply, since there is no vehicle, but an infrastructure. On the same principle, but mû by the pulsated air, let us quote the pneumatic networks fallen in disuse, for the transport of folds.

For the solid products, and on short distances, the displacement perhaps carried out on conveying belts, in particular for the construction materials, the Ore S and the Coal. With the equivalent, let us quote for the people, the Travelator S and the escalators.

In the direction of a vertical displacement, let us quote the hoists and the Ascenseur S.

Safety, Safety, Environment and Regulation

Safety

The speed of circulation, variable, is in oneself a factor of Risque which makes Sécurité transport an important issue. The questions of security are complex and take into account the ensemnble elements constituting a transport: the vehicle, goods or people transported, infrastucture.

Safety

Goods transport dangerous is regulated, for safety reasons. Beyond that, and since September 11th, the reference book, regulating goods transport dangerous (A.D.R.) tackles also the questions of safety, in order to limit ric attacks perpetrated with matters and diverted products of their means of transport.

Risks for the environment

Transport is large consumer of energy; it consumes the greatest part of world oil. It produces Carbon dioxide and all kinds of harmful products, for certain persons in charge of the deterioration of the layer of ozone and the greenhouse effect. This is why, of the policies of reduction of the energy expenditure related to transport are implemented, sometimes with difficulties, at the total level.

For memory, the quantity of carbon dioxide emitted for the same way differs according to the means of transport. For the way London - Edinburgh (600 km), the British department of transport calculated quantities of average emissions by means of transports and passenger:

• in the car: 71 kg (for an average of 1,56 passengers per car, is 111 kg per car),
• in the plane: 96,4 kg
• in the express train: 12 kg
• in the coach: 9,2 kg

The strategies of energy saving are based on the use of alternative energy sources , but require to develop storage systems of electricity (piles, Batterie S) effective and light.

They are also based on the reduction of consumption in energy of the vehicles, and also, indirectly, on the reduction authorized speed (see road regulation, in France).

Other strategies consist in reducing the weight of vehicles by using lighter materials (composite materials), like those used in aeronautics.

On the means of transport, certain polic consist in developing the use of transport in commun runs, that is to say by the incentive (campaigns known as of " sensibilization" , that is to say by dissuasion: Toll S, reduction of the carparks and the automobile lanes ( Paris, for example.

Regulation

It touches the whole of the activities of transport.

Lexicon

Lexicon of French Association for logistics (ASLOG)

Institutional site

Site Transport - Ministry for ecology, the development and installation durable: http://www.transports.equipement.gouv.fr

Random links:

Marie-Louise O' Murphy | The Billionaire | Miloš Crnjanski | San Zenone degli Ezzelini | County of Cut