Trades of the cinema

Cinema and video amateurs

See the article Cinema and video amateurs

Realizer

He ensures the overall responsibility for the artistic creation of film. He is remunerated by a production company which he convinced to produce the film or which engaged it to this end. It is him which puts in scene the history starting from the Scénario. He proposes a personal interpretation of this history, in collaboration with the chiefs of station, who are the director of the photography, the sound engineer, the artistic director (or decorator), the costumière, the type-setter. It is him which, following the example architect, with the general idea of the project. It cuts out the action in plans starting from the setting in scene and, on the plate of turning, directs the play of the actors. Cutting can be “storyboardé”. It is the case usually for advertizing films where it is useful, with the note of intention, of schedule of conditions. The storyboardor is a collaborator close relation of the realizer as well as the first assistant realizer. In Europe, the realizer is often the proper scenario writer of film. It is the concept of author-realizer. On the other hand to the USA, the work of the realizer is subjected to the appreciation of the producer ( final cut ).

Very often, the realizer has a specific style and universe. It is sometimes according to its preceding films that a producer will choose such or such realizer.

In the United States, the realizers dissatisfied with their film sign it pseudonym Alan Smithee. Few realizers have the final choice of the assembly of their film: it is the producer who has this choice. In Europe this situation does not exist theoretically, the realizer being supposed to have the decision-making power on the whole of the artistic criteria of film.

Scenario writer

He writes the scenario of film. That can be a fiction of feature-length film or short film, a publicity, a telefilm, a clip or a series. He generally nowadays takes up the duty of dialogist. He can work starting from a book and make an adaptation of it: he then buys an option on the rights of work as can do it a producer or a realizer who can engage it for this work.

Generally, he invents the totality of the history. This trade is usually a solitary trade, which implies long personal research; it is a very personal adventure which the creation of characters and a history. However, as it is a complex work which requires a good knowledge of the dramaturgy, the scenario writers work sometimes with several to stimulate their imagination and to have a professional opinion which gives them retreat on what they create.

The scenario writer cuts out his history in sequences of scenes which often correspond to a change of scenery, time or of action.

In France the scenario writer is regularly the realizer of film; this is a heritage of the New wave.

Producer

The Producteur of cinema joins together the elements financial, legal and administrative necessary to the realization of film. He is in general the representative of a production company. He chooses the projects and realizers with whom it wishes to work, and accompanies the realizer in the important artistic choices by film (scenario, casting, assembly, etc). He is represented on turning by the director of production, which must negotiate and implement average the techniques and human to conclude turning, within the framework of the budget fixed with the producer. The director of production itself is assisted by the administrator of production for the legal and financial part (contracts, accountancy…) and by the manager for the logistic and material aspects (authorizations of turning, transport, hirings, intendance…). The producer can moreover call upon a director of post-production to follow the whole of work of assembly and the effects special.

The Producteur of cinema is the person who finances or who coordinates the financings of a film and which controls the expenditure compared to the budget. But its role is not confined with these functions: it must normally also help the realizer at the time of the writing of the scenario, the choice of the actors, the places of turning, the team and will be the interlocutor privileged in the event of problems or conflicts. It thus has also an artistic role and not only of patronage. The producer does not put normally equities: he manages the money of third people. On the other hand, it, or its company, is the person in charge in the event of financial losses before the banks and other organizations him having prété the money requested.

“the producer of audio-visual work is the natural person or morals who takes the initiative and the responsability for the realization of work. ” Code intellectual property (art. L132-23)

the producer “takes personally or shares the initiative jointly and the financial, technical and artistic responsibility for the realization of work and guarantees the good end of it. ” Decree n°2001-609 of July 9th, 2001 (art.II-I-4°)

The producer is at the same time the building owner (financial responsibility) and the project superintendent (artistic responsibility). Its principal tasks are:

- to control the design of the project; - to study feasibility of it; - to design the financial montage, by seeking financings (partners, assistances…) ; - to implement the resources creative, human, financial and technical necessary to its manufacture; - to establish and make carry out the planning of manufacture.

Associate producer : Project superintendent, it is often on the initiative of the project and/or that which allows that a project can become a television program diffusable. He is delegated by the other coproducers (television channels, production companies Frenchwoman or foreign…). He draws up planning and the estimate, and, he is responsible for their respect. The relations between the coproducers are defined by contracts defining the spread of the risk and the rights for each one of them.

Executive producer : He ensures the manufacture of the program concretely, within the framework of the adopted budget. For this reason, it engages the teams and draws up the contracts in conformity with the law the labor and of the collective agreements, joins together average the techniques by calling upon technical people receiving benefits, and present or is represented on turning. It ensures the follow-up of the manufacture of the program and control the budget and the deadlines.

These two missions are very often consequently assured moral person.

With the daily newspaper, it is the Director of production, which is present on turning and represents the production.

Distributer

The distributer is the agent of the producer, this last having temporarily yielded to him the rights of diffusion of films. It negotiates the placement of film near the rooms under the best conditions. It ensures the advance of the expenses of pulling of the copies, handling, the forwarding of the copies and the advertizing material.

Owner

The owner rents film with the distributer with the help of the payment of a percentage on the receipt. This share of negotiated receipt is the subject of a contract.

Actor (S)

  • a Acteur is an artist who interprets a character in a film. In addition to interpretation itself, an actor can also dance or sing, according to the needs for his role. He can be also satisfied to give his voice to the characters in the event of doubling of a film original version or for the cartoon films. He can be replaced by a Doublure for the tests lights or a scene of naked or by a Cascadeur in the event of too intense danger or of physical efforts.
  • the Appearing S, or actors additional , are all the actors who are in background of film and who are sometimes silhouettes and do not have a text to say, not to confuse with the small roles which appear only during one short moment but in the foreground of the history and have text.
With the cinema, one differentiates the First role which is that of the actor appearing more during film of the Main role which can be very short, to see elliptic, but paramount in the intrigue for the comprehension of the scenario.

Authors of doubling and subtitling

Whatever the form that it revêt, the translation or the audio-visual adaptation is the only means of diffusing a work in France. It is it which determines the way in which the spectators and the televiewers perceive a foreign program.

The authors of Doublage write the text which then the actors of doubling will read.

The authors of Sous-titrage write the subtitles which will appear during the diffusion of a program in original version (VO).

Technicians

Workmen

  • electrician chief, electrician, Groupman.
  • machinist chief, Machinist.
  • manufacturer chief, tracer carpenter, manufacturer, metal worker.
  • chief painter, painter skater, painter in discovery.
  • tapestry maker.
  • sculptor, staffor.

Formations with the trades of the cinema

  • : Category: School of cinema

external bonds

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