Telecommunications

The telecommunications ( abrév. fam. télécoms ), étymologiquement: Communication S remote, is not regarded a Science, but as Technologie S and Technique S applied.

One understands by telecommunications all Transmission, emission and reception remotely, of Signe S, Signaux, writings, Image S, his S or Renseignement S of all Nature S, by Electric wire, Radioélectricité, Optique or other systems electromagnetic S (definition of OFTEL, today Ofcom).

The word telecommunication was used for the first time in 1904 by Edouard Estaunié, Engineer with the Poste S and Télégraphe S, director of 1901 to 1910 of the vocational school of the Stations and Télégraphes (ancestor of the 3Ecole Nationale Sup3erieure of telecommunications), in its practical Traité of electric telecommunication .

History

With the the Middle Ages: birth of the Station to the letters and appearance of the messengers. With the XVIIe and 18th centuries, development of the offices of Station. In 1830: the Distribution of the Courrier in the Campagne S. the first Timbre-poste French appears in 1849. Modernization settles, the technical Progrès make it possible to modernize the services: routing by Coach S-station, Distribution with Bicycle, Use of the Plane and the Automobile thereafter. The Uniforme S of the post-office employees evolve/move. The first Machine to obliterate Daguin is brought into service in 1881.

The telecommunications begin in France with the telegraph (optical) air from the frêres Chappe (1792). In the years 1870, Bell invents the Téléphone.

In 1878, the Station and the Télégraphe form nothing any more but only one administration. In the middle of the 19th century the electric telegraph appears. Born with the century, T.S.F (wireless telegraphy) is placed under the Tutelle of the P.T.T. (Station, Telegraph, Telephone) until 1939. After the war of 1939-1945, the Téléimprimeur S make their appearance in the Entreprise S, the Communication S remote accelerate.

15th century

  • 1464 : Creation of the Royal Post by Louis XI

18th century

19th century

  • 1801 : Code of the Station by Napoleon

  • 1816: Invention of the Photography by Nicéphore Niepce
  • 1832: Invention of the electric Telegraph by Samuel Morse
  • 1837: Creation of the Administration of the telegraph to the ministry for the Interior by Louis-Philippe Ier
  • 1851: Access authorization deprived to the Telegraph by Napoleon III
  • 1854: Project of Telephone of F. Bourseul
  • 1860: Laws of the electromagnetism by Maxwell
  • 1865: Creation of the International union of the telegraph (ITU)
  • 1866: Transatlantic first telegraphic cable
  • 1876: Telephone of Beautiful Graham & Elisha Gray
  • 1876: First recordings of Thomas Edison
  • 1879: In France, first ministry for the Stations and Telegraph, P and T
  • 1887: Radio waves of H. Hertz
  • 1889: Nationalization of the French company of the telephone
  • 1892: automatic Telephone of A. Strowger
  • 1892: Broadcasting by W. Crooker
  • 1895: Cinematograph of the Brothers Light
  • 1896: First connection of " TSF" by G. Marconi
  • 1897: Emission radio with the the Pantheon of Paris by Eugene Ducretet
  • 1900: Induction coils of Pupin
  • 1900: In France, first property owners' syndicates P and T

20th century

  • 1901 : First connection radio transatlantic

  • 1902: Discovered Ionosphere by O. Heaviside
  • 1906: Diode of Sir John Ambrose Fleming
  • 1906: Three-electrode of Lee De Forest
  • 1909: Strike S of P and T
  • 1912: In France, Monopoly of State on the Broadcasting
  • 1912: Transmission of text by E. Belin
  • 1914: Image S mobiles of G. Rignoux
  • 1915: automatic Telephone Rotary drill
  • 1917: Radio Military of the General Ferrié
  • 1917: Telegraph of E. Baudot
  • 1919: Fastening of the Broadcasting to the ministry for P and T
  • 1921: First " currents porteurs" E. Colpits and O.
  • 1922: Regular first emission S of Broadcasting of the Eiffel Tower
  • 1923: Creation of the additional Budget and the Superior council of postal and telecommunications authorities
  • 1923: Switch French R6
  • 1925: First company of Television of J. Baind
  • 1926: First cable at long distance électronisé
  • 1929: Kinescope of V. Zworgkin
  • 1930: Introduction of the " car-rural" in France
  • 1932: Creation of the International union of telecommunications, UIT
  • 1934: Strike S of the postal and telecommunications authorities
  • 1935: Regular emissions of Television since the Eiffel Tower
  • 1935: Network of Broadcasting of the State per G. Mandel, Minister for the postal and telecommunications authorities
  • 1936: First Telex Creed
  • 1938: Principles of the Digitalization by A. Reeves
  • 1938: " 40 heures" at the postal and telecommunications authorities
  • 1939: Autonomy of the Broadcasting and the Television
  • 1940: Creation of the CCTI, Coordination committee of telecommunications
  • 1941: Creation of the Head office of telecommunications, DGT
  • 1941: electronic Calculator of G. Stilitz and Howard $aiken
  • 1941: Creation of the ENST, 3Ecole Nationale Sup3erieure of Telecommunications
  • 1941: Development of the Radar
  • 1943: Electronic first Calculator ENIAC of J. Mauchly and J. - P. Eckert
  • 1944: insurrectionary Strike of the postal and telecommunications authorities
  • 1944: In France, creation of the Hundred
  • 1947: Invention of the Transistor by W. Shockley
  • 1948: Creation of Sotelec
  • 1949: System SECAM of French Television
  • 1951: First radio-relay Systems
  • 1952: In France, creation of Regional managements of telecommunications
  • 1952: First Coaxial cable of DGT
  • 1953: Strike of the postal and telecommunications authorities
  • 1954: First stations radio with Transistor
  • 1956: underwater Cable transistorized
  • 1957: the European Treaty of Rome
  • 1957: First Artificial satellite Sputnik
  • 1958: Creation of Socotel
  • 1959: In France, Terrestrial network of ORTF
  • 1959: First Integrated circuits of J. Kilby and R. Noyce
  • 1962: Satellite television America - France
  • 1963: Switch S crossbar CP400 and Pentaconta
  • 1966: First Numerical connection MIC
  • 1966: Television in Color in France
  • 1966: Plane Calculation
  • 1967: Creation of the National bank of telecommunications, CNT
  • 1968: general Strike
  • 1969: Creation of the Finance companies of telecommunications
  • 1970: Self-switching temporal Plato
  • 1970: Fiberoptics of Corning Knell
  • 1971: First Microprocessor S
  • 1971: In France, brought into service of the Self-switching first electronic of the world
  • 1971: Creation of the operational Directions
  • 1973: Life plan: the DGT, first public Investor
  • 1974: Telecommunications satellite Symphony
  • 1974: Strike of the postal and telecommunications authorities
  • 1974: Reform of the ORTF and separation of TDF
  • 1974: Reform of the Hundred, creation of the Management of the industrial affairs
  • 1975: Telephone plan of correction
  • 1977: Creation of ENST Brittany, National school Superior of Telecommunications of Brittany/Choice of the temporal Commutation
  • 1977: Creation of the IDATE, Institute of Development of Audio-visual and Telecommunications in Europe
  • 1978: Report/ratio Nora - Minc on the Telematic
  • 1978: Network TRANSPAC
  • 1980: Experimentation of the terminal Minitel by DGT
  • 1982: Law of Communication and creation of the High ranking authority
  • 1982: creation of division space of Thomson-CSF specialized in the communications satellite
  • 1982: The the United States bring into electronic service them 1st Autocommutateur , 11 years after the France
  • 1982: Launching of the " Plane cable "
  • 1984: Launching of the Telecommunications satellite Telecom 1A
  • 1984: Dismantling of the Beautiful System
  • 1986: Law of communication and creation of CNCL
  • 1987: Privatization of the 1st television channel
  • 1987: " green Book " European commission on telecommunications
  • 1987: Beginnings of ISDN French
  • 1988: Launching of the Telecommunications satellite TDF1
  • 1989: Law of communication and creation of the Superior council of audio-visual the
  • 1990: Law of reform of the postal and telecommunications authorities
  • 1996: Law of Regulation of telecommunications and creation of the ART, Regulatory agency of telecommunications

21e century

Major inventions and technological advances

  • the semaphore of Cap, nervous system of France of Napoleon
  • the electric Telegraph: First transmissions on wire S.
  • the Telephone: Transmission of the its S and Voice.
  • the Standard or automatic Switch , or the disappearance of a Narrow part of throttling
  • the radiotelephone: The cordless phone in Duplex.
  • the Minitel: Data transmissions for very the general public.
  • the mother of all networks: Internet.
  • the Fiberoptic: A factor 1000 gained in less than ten years at equal cost.
  • the satellite of telecommunication.
  • the Mobile phone, GSM, the Visio.
  • the Technologies xDSL (DIGITAL Subscriber Line) in particular ADSL allowing the High banc on existing telephone pair.
  • the networks without wire (Wi-Fi, Wimax, UMTS, Bluetooth) or digital transmission high banc.
  • technologies integrating voice, data and others: VoIP, ATM…
  • WDM (Wavelength Multiplexing Division) Multiplexing in wavelength on only one fiberoptic.

Today

This sector knows a strong growth since the years 1980, thanks to the technological advancements made in the scientific disciplines whose this sector is the crossroads:

He saw and sees still the standardization and the standardization of the protocols - UIT, ECMA, IETF, 3GPP - allowing the interfunctioning of the products whatever is their manufacturer. Let us note that the purpose of commercial battles are only to impose Standard S, whether they are software or simply on the level of the Connectique. They always do not have as a horizon the first satisfaction of the customer. Thus, the sector of telecommunications evolves/moves very quickly. It is sometimes difficult, following the example world of the Ordinateur S, to find itself there.

Radio regulation

The sector of telecommunications was historically related to the public power of each State and exploited by this State. Since the years 1980-1990, a world movement of deregulation (or deregulation) of the sector of telecommunications intervened.

To optimize the use of the frequency spectrum and to limit the interferences between systems, the states agree to the international level:

  • CEPT European of the Posts and Telecommunication: on the level of Europe widened in Russia (Zone 1);

  • UIT - International union of Telecommunications (UNO arranges): with the international level.

Revisions of the " Payment of Radiocommunications" or " RR" are envisaged within the framework of the CMR Mondiale of the Radiocommunications which take place all the 3 to 4 years: last conferences: Geneva, 1995 (CMR-95) Geneva, 1997 (CMR-97) Istanbul, 2000 (CMR-2000) Geneva, 2003 (CMR-03)

The next expiry is fixed in October 2007 at the time of the CMR-07 at Geneva.

For France, the official position is determined by the ANFR (National agency of the Frequencies) which, in these conferences, represents the French affectataires such as:

  • the ARCEP - Regulatory agency of the electronic communications and the stations which organizes the spectrum for the civil needs;
  • AC Civil for the needs for the civil aeronautics;
  • the National Military BMNF of the Frequencies for the needs for national defense.
Decisions of the " RR" are declined at the French level in the TNRBF (National Table of Distribution of the Wavebands). It specifies in particular the bands and radio operator services managed by different the affectaires and defines the priorities between them. The last version of the TNRBF is the edition 2004, it is available at the ANFR on written request (ANFR, 78, avenue du Général de Gaulle, BP400, 94704 Cedex Houses-Alfort).

By country

Morocco

Agency National of Regulation of Telecommunication (ANRT ) The National agency of Regulation of Telecommunications, ANRT, is a public corporation instituted near the Prime Minister, equipped with the legal entity and financial autonomy.

Since its creation, the ANRT works with the progressive liberalization of the sector. The grant of second license GSM for more than one billion dollar initiated in 1999 the process. Other licenses concerning technologies GMPCS, VSAT, Fixes, 3G and of resource sharing radios (3RP) were then allotted. The introduction of competition and the privatization of the historical operator allowed a significant development of the Moroccan market as well in term of consumption as in term of dynamism of the offer. Indeed, these actions allowed a strong progression of the number of mobile subscribers, which was multiplied by 30 in 4 years (thus allowing penetration rate telephony to pass from 6% in 1997 to more than 35% in 2004), and the widening of the cover of the Moroccan population, which currently reaches meadows of 95%.

Three operators currently share the Moroccan market: Maroc Telecom (IAM), Meditel and, since 2007, Wana (e.g. Morocco Connect). Maroc Telecom is the historical operator resulting from the scission with the Moroccan Post office (PM), Méditel is the made second, finally Wana, last arrived has an infrastructure NGN pre IMS, entirely based on the protocol SIP for the heart of network and CDMA for the access.

Bearing file on the talk

Algeria

In Algeria, it is an government agency ARPT, which manages the licenses of telecommunication. The historical operator profits automatically from all licenses (GSM, WLL). The private operators must as for them, to buy, at the time of auctions, these licenses which are finally granted to highest offerer. Currently, there exist two private operators: the first operator is the leader on the market Djezzy (Orascom Telecom) and second is Nedjma (Wataniya Telecom) and an historical operator Mobilis (Algerie Telecom).

Belgium

See Belgacom

See Mobistar

See Base

  • Belgian Institute of the postal services and telecommunications (IBPT)

France

The France is an important actor in the research and the development in telecommunications with a historical hearth located in Brittany. For example, the Minitel was developed with the National center of studies of telecommunications (Hundred, now France Telecom R & D), with Lannion, and the common Center of studies of remote transmission and telecommunications (CCETT), with Rennes, the beginning of the year 1980. The Enseignement is a strong point of telecommunications in France, to see Enseignement of telecommunications in the schools of engineers in France.

Switzerland

  • the federal Office of communication (OFCOM)

Tunisia

The Tunisia created technopolises and research centres such as center CERT and the institutes of telecommunications like the Institute of higher learning of the data processing and technologies of the communication and the University of the communications of Tunis.

In Tunisia, there exist three telecommunications operators: Tunisia Telecom, Tunisiana and Divona Telecom (first telecommunications operator by satellite in Tunisia).

Companies of telecommunication

Manufacturers

Operators

to also see: the List of the telecommunications operators and the Category Telecommunications operator ''

  • Last nine (Wengo)

  • France Telecom (Orange SA, Wanadoo, Equant, Etrali)
  • NTT DoCoMo
  • Orange
  • Phonesystems
  • SFR
  • Sprint
  • Swisscom
  • Sunrise
  • Télus
  • Tradingcom Europe
  • TUNISIANA
  • Tunisia Télécom
  • Transatel
  • TIGO SENTEL HAS MIC Senegal by MR. G
  • Divona Telecom (Tunisia)
  • Verizon
  • Vodafone
  • Vodacom Congo (DRC)
  • Beautiful Streamwide
  • Benign Communications Republic off Benign
  • CAMTEL Republic off Cameroon
  • MTN
  • Moov
  • CELTEL CONGO
  • KOZ

Organizations of standardization

  • ETSI: European Telecommunication Standards Institute or European Institute of the standards of telecommunication
  • ITU: International Telecommunication Union or International union of telecommunications
  • IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force
  • ATM Forum
  • ANSI: National American Standard Institute
  • the IEEE: Institute off Electrical and Electronics Engineers

Jamming and espionage of telecommunications

Espionage | NSA

Jamming

  • electromagnetic HAARP
  • Impulse (EMP) ((IEM))

See too

telecommunication

Related articles

Internal bonds

External bonds

  • the history of the telephones in France L2L1
  • 200 years of telecommunications Quoted of the télécoms of Pleumeur-Bodou
  • History of Telecommunications and of France Telecom
  • Telegraph of Cap
  • Museum of the telephone of Narbonne
  • international Phone book + international zip codes, guide telephones, to telephone free whole world, voice by computer, voip
  • international Phone book + international zip codes
  • French Ministère of Telecoms
  • ARCEP
  • IDATE
  • Doc.-Telecom by M.M
  • White pages and Yellow pages of the World
  • concrete Approche of telecommunications
  • Ressources of telecom - Forum of telecom
  • Télécommunication and books of RF
  • Formation sector Telecom
  • Resources of telecom eBooks -

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