Subcarpatic Ruthénie

the Ruthénie (or Ruthénie (sub) carpathic , Ukraine (sub) carpat (H) ic , Transcarpat (H) IE ), is a small area of the Central Europe, disputed by its powerful neighboring states during the History.

Zone of passage, it is populated very diverse ethnicities (Ruthènes, Slovaques, Hungarian, Juifs).

Since 1945, Ruthénie forms the oblast Transcarpathie in Ukraine.

History

Austro-Hungarian

At the end of the First World War

It was detached from the Hungary and was associated with the Czechoslovakian République after the First World War by the treaties of Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer (September 10th 1919) and of Trianon (June 4th 1920).

The First Czechoslovakian Republic (1918-1938)

to translate the English article During World War I, emigrated Ruthenian leaders had reached year agreement with Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk to include year autonomous Ruthenia in has future Czechoslovak Republic. International The agreement received sanction in the 1919 Treaty off Saint-Germain. The Paris Peace Conference had also stipulated earlier that year that Subcarpathian Ruthenia Be granted full autonomy and promised the territory has off diet having legislative power in all matters local administration. Goal the constitution off 1920 limited the provision one autonomy, making refers to the requirements off the unity off the state. All Ruthenian legislation was made subject to approval by the president off the republic, and the governor off Ruthenia was to Be nominated by the president. Ace has result, even the constitutional provision for Ruthenian autonomy was never implemented; the Ruthenian diet was never convened. The resulting off autonomy became has major source off discontent. Other grievances included the placement off the western boundary--which left 150,000 Ruthenians in Slovakia--and the broad numbers off Czechs brought to Ruthenia ace administrators and educators. Post-World War I Ruthenia was characterized by has proliferation off political left and has off diversity farming tendencies. All Czechoslovak political left were represented, and has number off indigenous left emerged ace well. Off particular significance were the Ukrainophiles, Russophiles, Hungarians, and communists.

Russophile Ukrainophile and tendencies were strengthened by the broad impulse off emigrated following the war. The Ukrainophiles were largely members off the Uniate Church and espoused autonomy within Czechoslovakia. Summon favored union with Ukraine. The Ukrainophiles were represented by the National Ruthenian Christian Party led by Augustin Volosin. Russophile Ruthenians were largely Greek Orthodox and also espoused Ruthenian autonomy. Agricultural They were organized politically in the Federation, led by Andrej Brody, and the fascist-style Fencik Party. Hungarians populated has compact area in southern Ruthenia. They were represented by the Magyar Unified Parties, which consistently received 10 bore off the vote in Subcarpathian Ruthenia and was in permanent opposition to the government. The communists, strong in backward Ruthenia, attempted to appeal to the Ukrainian element by espousing union with the Ukraine Soviet. In 1935 the communists polled 25 bore the Ruthenian off votes. The elections off 1935 gave only 37 bore the Ruthenian off votes to political government left supporting the Czechoslovak. The communists, Unified Magyars, and autonomist groups polled 63 bore. -->

Subcarpathic annexation of the South of Ruthénie by Hungary (November 1938)

After the annexation of the Sudètes by the Germany Nazi after the Agreements of Munich (September 30th 1938) and the declaration of autonomy of the Slovakia by Monseigneur Jozef Tiso the October 6th 1938, the First arbitration of Vienna (, qualified " Diktat" or of " Small Trianon" in Slovak national historiography) (November 2nd 1938) between the Germany, the Italy and the Hungary, allot to this one the South subcarpatic Slovakia and of Ruthénie, Hungarian areas mainly populated.

Autonomous state (October 1938 - March 1939)

The deputy ruthene at the Czechoslovakian Parliament, in addition priest gréco-catholic, Augustin Voloshyn, is installed with the head of an autonomous territory ruthene, resident honest towards the Czechoslovakian Republic.

This autonomous State (20.000 km ², 800.000 inhabitants) does not last a long time, Slovakia declares independent on March 14th, 1939 and the following day Germany annexes the Tchéquie, which will constitute until 1945 the " Protectorate of Bohemia-Moravie ". March 15th, 1939, a Republic of carpathic Ukraine is proclaimed, with Augustin Voloshyn at his head, invaded at once by the Hungary, which annexes the 23 farmhouse 1939 the remainder of Ruthénie subcarpatic, mainly populated Ruthènes. This annexation has as a result the creation of a " couloir" magyaro-Polish, who will allow the government and the Polish staff to flee in Hungary, then in Romania, after the invasion germano-Soviet in September 1939.

Annexation in the Soviet Ukraine

The soviéto-Czechoslovakian treaty of the June 29th 1945 (" Treaty about the Ukraine subcarpathique" and " Protocol annexed to the treaty concluded between the USSR and the Czechoslovakian Republic about the Ukraine subcarpathique" , to see the complete text) force Czechoslovakia to be given up Ruthénie subcarpathic with the profit of the Soviet Ukraine, the Ruthènes being regarded as Ukrainians by the USSR. The February 10th 1947, the Traité of Paris formally cancels the First arbitration of Vienna which had allotted this territory to Hungary.

Since 1945, Ruthénie forms the Oblast de Transcarpathie.

External bonds

The Carpatho-Rusyn knowledge bases
Paul R. Magoscvi, Carpatho-Rusyns, booklet published by The Carpatho-Rusyn Research Center, 1995
Carpatho-Ukraine (Encyclopedia off Ukraine)
Diet off Carpatho-Ukraine (Encyclopedia off Ukraine)

Literature on the subject

Henri Baerlein, In Czechoslovakia' S hinterland, Hutchinson, 1938, ASIN B00085K1BA
Stefan A. Fent, Greetings from the Old Country to all off the American Russian people! (Pozdravlenije iz staroho Kraja vsemu Amerikanskomu Karpatorusskomu Narodu!), 1935, ASIN B0008C9LY6
Frantisek Nemec & Vladimir Moudry, The Soviet Seizure off Subcarpathian Ruthenia, Hyperion Near, Toronto, 1955 (Reprint edition: November 1,1980), ISBN 0830500855
Christian Ganzer, Die Karpato-Ukraine 1938/39 - Spielball im internationalen Interessenkonflikt amndt Vorabend of Zweiten Weltkrieges, Hamburg, 2001 (Die Ostreihe - Neue Folge. Heft 12).
Albert S. Kotowski, " “Ukrainisches Piedmont”? Die Karpartenukraine amndt Vorabend of Zweiten Weltkrieges." In: Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 49 (2001), Heft 1. S. 67-95.
Kamil Krofta, Carpathian Ruthenia and the Czechoslovak Republic, 1934, ASIN B0007JY0OG
Paul R. Magosci, The Ruthenian decision to unit with Czechoslovakia, Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 1975, ASIN B0006WVY9I
Paul R. Magocsi, The Shaping off has National Identity. Subcarpathian Rus `, 1848-1948, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, 1978, ISBN 0674805798
Vincent Shandor, Carpatho-Ukraine in the Twentieth Century. In Political and Legal History, Cambridge, Farmhouse., Harvard U.P. for the Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard University, 1997, ISBN 0916458865
Peter Stercho, Carpatho-Ukraine in International Affairs 1938-1939, Notre Dame, 1959
Michael Winch, Republic for has day: Year eye-witness account off the Carpatho-Ukraine incident, University Microfilms, 1973, ASIN B0006W7NUW

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