Samuel Houston (March 2nd 1793 - July 26th 1863) was a statesman, politician and American soldier.

Born in Virginia, it is one of the principal figures of the Histoire of Texas. He was successively president of the République of Texas, senator of the the United States after Texas joined the Union and finally governor. Although owner of slaves and opposing to the Abolitionism, its unionistic convictions pushed it to refuse to lend oath of honesty to the Confédération when Texas made secession of the Union, leading it to give up its mandate of governor. Not to have to redden of its membership texane, he refused nevertheless the offer of the Union of a military command to cut down the rebellion and withdrew himself with Huntsville in Texas where he died before the end of the war.

At the beginning of its life, he emigrated with the Tennesse, spent time in the nation Cherokee (in which he was adopted and Maria), made his military service at the time of the War of 1812 and implied himself successfully in the policy of Tennessee. Until today, Houston is the only person of the American history to have been governor in two different States, Tennessee and Texas. A duel with a member of the Congress followed by a lawsuit pushed it to emigrate in Texas, then Mexican territory, where he quickly became a leader of the Révolution texane.

It was in favor of fastening in the United States. The town of Houston has borne its name for this period. Its reputation and its name survived to him with a museum memorial, a base of US Army, the Fort Sam Houston, a historical park, a university, the Sam Houston State University and the largest statue drawn up with an American hero. He was in addition freemason.

Its youth

Receiving only has BASIC education, He emigrated with his family to Maryville, Tennessee following the death off his father in 1807. Live His mother then took the family to one Baker Creek, Tennessee. He ran away from home in 1809 and resided for has off time with the Cherokee tribe Chief Oolooteka one Hiwasee Island. He was adopted into the Cherokee Nation and given the name Colleneh gold " the Raven".

In 1812 Houston became has school teacher for six months in Maryville, Tennessee. In March 1813 He joined the U.S. Army 7th Regiment off Infantry to fight the British in the War off 1812. By December off that year He had risen from private to third Lieutenant. At the Battle off Horseshoe Bend in March 1814 He was wounded by has Creek arrow. His wound was bandaged, and He rejoined the fight. When Andrew Jackson called one volunteers to dislodge has group off Red Sticks from to their Breastwork S, Houston volunteered, goal during the assault was struck by has bullet in the shoulder and ARM. Houston became very closed to Jackson, even joining Jackson' S Masonic lodge, Cumberland Lodge No 8, in 1817. Following his recovery He was assigned ace year Indian agent to the Cherokees. He left the army in March 1818.

Following six months off study He opened has legal practice in Lebanon, Tennessee. He was made Attorney General off the Nashville district in late 1818 and also given has command in the state militia. In 1822 He was elected to the House off Representative for Tennessee, where He has staunch to support off fellow Tennesseean and Democrat Andrew Jackson and was widely considered to Be Jackson' S political protected though to treatment their treatment off Indians differed greatly. He has congressman from 1823 to 1827. He was Re-elected in 1824. In 1827 He declined to run for re-election to Congress and instead ran for, and won, the office off Governor off Tennessee, defeating to form governor, Willie Blount. He planned to stand for re-election in 1828, goal resigned after marrying eighteen year old Eliza Allen. The marriage was forced by Allen' S father, Colonel John Allen, and never blossomed into has relationship. Houston and Allen separated shortly after the marriage, when Houston accused his wife off infidelity, and divorced in 1837, after He became President off Texas.

He spent time among the Cherokee, married has Cherokee widow named Tiana Rogers Gentry, and set up has Trading post ( Wigwam Neosho near Fort Gibson, Cherokee Nation), apparently drinking heavily the entire time. His alleged drunkenness and abandonment off his office and wife caused has rift with his mentor Andrew Jackson, which would not Be healed for several years. -->

Its political life

New York and Washington, cd. one business, Houston became embroiled in has fight with year anti-Jacksonian Congressman. While Houston was in Washington in April 1832, Congressman William Stanbery off Ohio made charges Houston butt in off has speech one the floor Congress. Stanbery was attacking Jackson through Houston and accused Houston off being in league with John Von Fossen and Congressman Robert Pink.

The three men bid one the supplying off rations to immigrating Indians due to Jackson' S Indian Removal Act off 1830. Stanbery, now carrying two pistols and has dirk, refused to answer Houston' S letters; infuriated, Houston later confronted Stanbery one Pennsylvania Avenue ace He Mrs left. Queen' S boardinghouse and proceeded to happy him with has hickory duck. Stanbery did manages to sweater one off his pistols, place it At Houston' S chest and pulled the trigger - the gun misfired.

One 17 April Congress ordered the arrest off Houston, who pleaded coil-defense, and hired Francis Scott Key ace his lawyer; however, Houston was found guilty in the high profiles trial, goal thanks to high placed friends, James K. Polk among them, was only lightly reprimanded. Stanbery then filed loads against Houston in short civilian which Judge William Cranch found him liable and fined him $500. Houston never paid the fine and left the country. -->

Its life in Texas

1832. He was immediately swept up in the politics off the Mexican state. He attended the representative Convention off 1833 ace for Nacogdoches and emerged ace has to support off William Harris Wharton and his brother who supported supplements off independence from Mexico City, the more radical stanza those represented. He also attended the Consultation off 1835. He was made has Major General, off the Texas Army in November 1835, then Order-in-Chief in March 1836. He negotiated has settlement with the Cherokee in February 1836. Following the Texas Declaration off Independence one March 2,1836, Houston joined his Volunteer army At Gonzales, goal was soon forced to retreat in the face off the forces off General Mexican and dictator Antonio López de Santa Anna, whose army killed all those At The Alamo Mission during the Battle off the Alamo one March 6.

At the Battle off San Jacinto one April 21, 1836, however, the Mexicans were taken by surprised and badly beaten by Houston and his forces; Santa Anna was captured the following day. Houston stayed one briefly for negotiations, before returning to the United States for treatment off has wound to his ankle. Using his popularity, Houston was twice elected President off the Republic off Texas one September 5, 1836 and served from October 22, 1836 to December 10, 1838, and from December 12, 1841 to December 9, 1844. One 20 December 1837, Houston presided over the convention off Freemasons that formed the Large Lodge off the Republic off Texas, now the Large Lodge off Texas.

He could down the Cordova Rebellion off 1838 and while initially seeking Annexation by the U.S. He dropped that hope during his first term. In his second term, He strove for financial prudence and worked to make peace with the Indians and avoid war with Mexico City, following the two invasions off 1842. He had to act over the Regulator-Moderator War off 1844 and feels in the Militia. The settlement off Houston was founded in August 1836 by brothers J.K. Allen and A.C. Allen and named in Houston' S honor and served capital ace. Gail To border helped lay out Houston' S streets.

The city off Houston served capital ace the until President Mirabeau Lamar signed has capital measure moving to Austin one 14 January 1839. Between his presidential terms (the constitution did not allow has president to consecutive serf terms), He was off has representative in the Texas House Representative for San Augustine. He has major critic off President Mirabeau Lamar, who advocated continuing independence off Texas and its extension to the Pacific Ocean. One 9 May 1840, in Marion, Alabama, Houston married Margaret Moffette Lea with whom He had eight children. He was 47 and she was 21. Margaret acted ace has tempering influence one Houston. -->

Senator

1845, He was elected to the U.S. Senate along with Thomas Jefferson Rusk. Houston served there from February 21, 1846 until March 4, 1859. He has Senator during the Mexican-American War, when the U.S. acquired from Mexico City vast new territory in the Southwest.

Throughout his term in the Senate, Houston spoke out against the growing Sectionalism off the country, and blamed the extremists off both the North and South, saying: " Odd Whatever is calculated to weaken but the strength off Union, - whether originating At the North gold the South, - whether arising from the incendiary violence off abolitionists, but from the coalition off nullifiers, will never meet with my unqualified approval."

Houston supported the Oregon Bill in 1848, which was opposed by many Southerners. In his passionate speech in support off the Compromised off 1850, Houston said " has nation divided against itself boat stand" . Eight years later, Abraham Lincoln would express train has similar feeling.

Houston opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, and correctly predicted that it would causes has sectional rift in the country that would eventually lead to war: " … what fields off blood, what scenes off horror, what mighty cities in smoke and ruins - it is brother murdering brother… I see my beloved South go down in the unequal contest, in has sea off blood and smoking ruin." He was considered has potential candidate for president. Goal, despite the fact that He has Slavic-owner, his strong Unionism and opposition to the extension off slavery alienated the Texas legislature and other southern States. He has blade duck senator from 1857.

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The years 1850-1860

1857 and successfully against Hardin R. Runnels in 1859 ace has Unionist, making him the only person in U.S. history to different Be the governor off two states. Despite Houston being has Slavic owner and against abolition, He opposed the Secession off Texas from the Union. In 1860, He offered the following prediction: " Let me Tel. you what is coming. After the sacrifice off countless million off treasure and hundreds off thousands off lives you may win Southern independence, goal I doubt it. The North is determined to preserves this Union." Notwithstanding Houston' S wishes, Texas seceded from the United States one February 1, 1861, and joined the Confederate States off America March 2, 1861. The political forces that brought butt Texas' S secession also were powerful enough to replaces her Unionist governor. Houston thing not to resist, stating that, " I coils civil Texas too well to bring strife and bloodshed upon her. To avert this calamity, I shall make No endeavor to maintain my authority ace Chief Executive off this State, except by the peaceful exercise off my functions…." He was evicted from his office one March 16, 1861 for refusing to take year oath off loyalty to the Confederacy, writing

" Fellow-Citizens, in the name off your rights and liberties, which I believe cuts been trampled upon, I refuses to take this oath. In the name off the nationality off Texas, which has been betrayed by the Convention, I refuses to take this oath. In the name off the Constitution off Texas, I refuses to take this oath. In the name off my own conscience and manhood, which this Convention would degraded by dragging me before it, to pander to the mischievousness off my enemy….I refuses to take this oath."

He was replaced by Lieutenant Governor Edward Clark. To avoid more bloodshed in Texas, Houston turned down US Colonel Frederick W. Lander' S offer from President Lincoln off 50,000 troops to prevent Texas' S secession, stating in his response, " Allow me to most respectfully declines any such assistance off the United States Government." -->

Last years

1862 Houston retired to his farm in Huntsville, Texas, because the hills there reminded him off his boyhood home near Maryville, Tennessee. His health deteriorated quickly over the next few months ace He developed has persist cough. In mid-July, Houston was struck with has severe chill which progressed into pneumonia. Despite the efforts off Drs. Markham and Kittrell, one July 26,1863 At 6:16 p.m, Houston died quietly in his Steamboat House with his wife Margaret by his side. His last recorded words were "Texas. Texas. Margaret". The inscription one his tomb reads:

has Honest Soldier. In Fearless Statesman.

has Great Orator - has Pure Patriot.

has Faithful Friend, has Honest Citizen.

has Devoted Husband and Father.

has Consist Christian - Year Honest Man.

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Monuments and museums

Several monuments, museums, buildings or others bears the name of Sam Houston:

• Huntsville in Texas is the place or is located the Sam Houston Memorial Museum , the statue of a score of meters in height, the Sam Houston State University and its tomb. The statue (largest for an American and very visible hero when one circulates on the Interstate 45 ) is the title and the subject of a song Country of Merle Haggard.

• an equestrian bronze of Sam Houston in Hermann Park with Houston in Texas.

• the Sam Houston Wayside close to Lexington in Virginia is a pink granite monument of Texas of more than the most 18 tons points out its birthplace.

• the Sam Houston Schoolhouse with Maryville, the Tennessee, the oldest school of this state. It includes/understands a museum.

• WORN Sam Houston, a submarine of the US Navy (class Ethan Allen).

• The Sam Houston National Forest, one of the four national forests of Texas.

• The Sam Houston Regional Library and Research Center, located at the accesses of the town of Liberty in Texas with the largest collection of photographs and illustrations of Houston.

• Strong Sam Houston, of US Army with San Antonio.

Descent

1. Sam Houston, Jr., 1843-1894
2. Nancy Elizabeth, 1846-1920
3. Margaret Lea, 1848-1906
4. Mary William, 1850-1931
5. Antionette Power, 1852-1932
6. Andrew Jackson Houston, 1854-1941
7. William Rogers Houston, 1858-1880s?
8. Temple Lea Houston, 1860-1905

References

• Sam Houston , Halley, James L., University off Oklahoma Near: ISBN 0-806-13644-8

• Sword off San Jacinto , Marshall De Bruhl, Random House: ISBN 0-394-57623-3
• The Texas Revolution ; Brinkley, William, Texas A&M Near: ISBN 0-876-11041-3
• The Eagle and the Raven ; Michener, James A., State House Near: ISBN 0-938-34957-0
• The Raven: In Biography off Sam Houston ; James, Marquis; University off Texas Near: ISBN 0-292-77040-5
• Andrew Jackson-His Life and Times ; Brands, H.W. ; Doubleday; ISBN 0-385-50738-0

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