Rugby with XIII

The Rugby with XIII is a Sport of team opposing during eighty minutes two trainings of thirteen players being able to use their hands to carry an oval balloon. Although it is universally known like one of both principal codes of the Rugby (“ Rugby League ” among British), it is lived constrained in France, during 4 decades, to be entitled “Play with XIII”.

Historical reference marks

See also: Chronology of Rugby with XIII

Rugby with XIII was born in north from the England in 1895 from a secession within the Rugby Football Union. The base of the scission was the compensation of the work hours lost by the players the majority of working condition (drives, matches, rail-bound transport…) what the clubs of the south of the England, and London in particular, refused. The clubs of the north of the England are at the origin of this evolution. Monday July 29th 1895, twenty clubs of the Yorkshire and the Lancashire decide to pay the " miss with gagner" (six shillings) with their players. Joined together Thursday August 29th in George Hotel of Huddersfield, they make secession and create an autonomous federation, the Northern Rugby Football Union (which will become in 1922, the Rugby Football League). Saturdays September 7th start a competition with ten matches. The number of players however did not pass from 15 to 13 qu ' in 1906.

Whereas XV French banished by the Anglo-Saxon “Board” of the Tournament of V nations (of 1931 with 1947) for “violence” and “maroon amateurism” ( shamateurism according to the British), the treizists of on the other side of the channel estimated that the period was favourable with the sending of a " body expéditionnaire" on the continent. With the support of local contacts, whose journalists and possible sponsors brought together by Jean Galia (business man in becoming and quinzist in rupture with its federation), they organized a match-demonstration: England - Australia, the December 31st 1933 with the Stage Pershing with Paris. Following this event founder, Jean Galia constituted a selection of French rugbymen eager to make a round of initiation in England. This formation was called “the Pioneers” (or Galia' S Boys by English).

The French League of Rugby to XIII was born the April 6th 1934. As of September began the initial championship including/understanding ten teams: SA Villeneuve-sur-Lot, RC Albi, Bordeaux XIII, SO Béziers, XIII Catalan (Perpignan), Coast Basque (Rebated joint-Bayonne), RC Roanne, US Lyon-Villeurbanne, Pau XIII and Paris XIII. At the time of immediate the pre-war period, this young known sport a favoured particular passion as well by the painful situation of the XV, the conversion of part of the press and political community as by its own dynamism. The national selection gained in 1939 the cut of Europe of the nations in front of the England and the Wales. As well extreme violence of several meetings of Rugby to XV in France as the suppression of the relations between Rugby with XV British and French (due to existing maroon amateurism in many clubs French quinzists) made that FR XV saw its manpower very strongly decreasing: it périclita of 784 clubs in 1930 to 663 in 1934 and 558 in 1939 (many clubs quinzists had stopped purely and simply the Rugby and of many others joined Rugby with XIII. )

The mode petainist of Vichy and resentments quinzists will prohibit Rugby with XIII during the German occupation. It will be necessary to wait the Release of most of France and on September 17th 1944 so that the French League of Rugby to XIII reappears of its ashes in Toulouse. Rejoined with amateurism, it is with its Congress of Arcachon of the 2, July 3rd, 4th and th 1948, Paul Barrière with his control sticks, which it then takes the name of French federation of Play with XIII (definitively abandoned name since 1993: FR XIII ).

See also: Prohibition of Rugby with XIII by the mode of Vichy

Then begin a new period of glory. In 1951, the XIII of France of the Puig-Aubert, Bush, DOP and Cantoni magistralement guided by Robert Samatan, Jean Duhau and Antoine Blain reaches his zenith, at the time of the first round in Australia. The Australian ones discover what they regard today still as the largest team of all times. On their return of Australia, more than 100.000 people acclaimed them in the streets of Marseilles. It renewed this exploit at the time of the rounds 1955 and 1960. But in spite of some starts (finalist of the World cup 1968), Rugby with XIII declined gradually, in particular because of bad federal policies.

In 1995, Jacques Fouroux (former captain and trainer of the XV of France) lance a new regional competition reconciling Rugby with XIII and musical show with admissions free called the France Rugby League. This one which was held during the summer 1995 had a real success, as well popular as media. The following year, a French team, the Paris Saint-Germain XIII was invited to join the English championship of the Super League but stopped its activities at the end of the season 1997 in spite of a good popular success.

The entry of a new French team in Super League, the Catalan Dragons gives to Rugby with XIII French a new visibility. The more so as this team succeeded in rising, for the first time of her history, until the final of the Cup with Wembley, played in front of 84600 spectators and lost 30 to 8, against St-Helens.Toutefois her situation total (structuring, framing, finances, reduced pulverulence - half less clubs than in 1939 - disinterest of the dominant media still largely ignoramuses of the subject in spite of a very light quivering…) remain relatively dubious.

Rules and specificities of play

General aspects of the play

Rugby with XIII uses an oval balloon.
Time of play: 2 40 minutes half-times.

  • the ground

Rugby with XIII is played on a turfed ground including/understanding a rectangular adventure playground of which the lengths (of 100 m) are the touchlines , and the widths (of 50 m) are the lines of goal . The ground is cut in two equal parts by the line of the 50 Mr.

The touchlines are in key (external with the adventure playground); the lines of in-goal are in key of in-goal (external to surface of in-goal); the lines of goal are in goal (interior of the line of in-goal); the dead-ball line is in dead balloon (external to surface of in-goal).

  • Goal of the play

The original intention of Rugby with XIII is to mark a number of points higher than that of the adversary. The points are obtained:

is by posing the ball without releasing it in the surface of in-goal, the player marks then a test (value 4 points). If a fault or a series of manifest faults prevented the attackers from going in goal, the referee can decide on a test of penalty .

is while making pass the balloon, thanks to a kick between the goal-posts and above the horizontal bar which connects these two posts. Three kinds of kicks make it possible to mark points:

the kick of transformation of test (value 2 points).
the kick of penalty (value 2 points).
the kick fallen in drop goal (value 1 point).

Essential rules

  • held the :

Rugby with XIII is made conspicuous by the fact that a plated player can preserve the balloon by carrying out a held . The assailing team, in the absence of error of defense, to 5 held right. This short and precise gesture consists in slipping the balloon under the heel to pursue it with the team-member positioned immediately behind him. This partner is thus charged with impelling a new phase of play. Very held badly carried out or voluntarily slowed down is sanctioned. The continuation limited of 5 held (6 if one takes into account that, initial, known as of transition ) constrained, between each one of between-them, the assailing team with tending to a maximum expansion:

towards the line of test (to mark before having to return the balloon)
over the width of field (to grant several possibilities of skirting)
sometimes backwards (so - often in oddment - risking a drop or a tactical kick over defense).

  • the forward pass :

The forward pass is a fault of play. A forward pass takes place when the ball touched, passed or launched by a player, takes the direction of the unfavourable line. This fault generally intervenes at the time of a master key or when a player lets escape the balloon the ground in front of him.

  • the off-side :

There exist two types of off-side,

the off-side in the course of play, when a player is located between one of his partners, frontier runner or carrying the balloon, and the unfavourable line of goal.
the off-side on phases of settings concerned or handing-over concerned:
during the realization of one held, any player, except the players participating in the realization of held, being located in a zone of 10 meters separating the two teams at the time from the realization of one held, is considered in situation of off-side.
during the realization of a fray, any player, except the players participating in the fray and the half of fray located in the zone separating the two teams and delimited by the position from the feet of the players of third line is considered in situation of off-side.

  • the penalty :

A penalty is given by the referee to sanction a fault. The principal sanctioned faults are the off-sides and brutalities. This sanction given to the faulty team, perhaps exploited by the adversary in various manners:

coup attempt of foot to mark points (value two points).
to seek a profit of ground while typing in key.
to play the balloon with the hand at the place where the fault was made.

  • the fray :

The fray is formed to take again the play when each time it is not started again by a kickoff or of reference, a kick of penalty or one held. Six players to the maximum of each team form the fray in formation 3-2-1. After formation of the device, the half of fray of the profit team of the introduction, will project the balloon under its first line. Its talonnor, possibly imitated by others, will try to push back it feet backwards ( re-heeling ) in order to allow a fellow-member external with the fray or about it being detached to recover it and initiate another launching of play.

  • Rule of the 40-20 :

The rule of the 40-20 (to read forty - twenty , in transposition of the forty - twenty anglophone) lays out that if, after having boté a balloon in-on this side his line of the 40 meters, a player finds a key other than direct beyond the line of 20 meters of the camp defender, its team will be seen allotting, on this precise level, a fray and its introduction. And consequently, if this one were to be to him favorable, a tactical news chain .

  • the key :

The key, according to the immediately preceding action, is

is a rapid passes intended for a team-member being placed near the remisor (which positioned on a parallel traced with 10 meters of the key, the balloon addressed since this one by a player will have seized who, bust ahead had projected it of a movement bell in his direction).
is a fray.

  • kicks of reference :

The kicks of reference are done:

since the line of centers (with the " entame" from one half-time or, after a change of mark, by the team in the opposition of which the points will have been score).
since the line of the twenty meters in kick placed.
since the line of goal, in fallen kick (dropé), by a renvoyor placed under the posts, and this, in particular if the balloon crosses the touchline in goal after being played by a player of the defending team or although a player of the defending team is made plate with the balloon in his in-goal.

Composition of a team

The part is played by two teams including/understanding each one thirteen players to the maximum. The international rules provide that each team can appoint four players substitutes, before the beginning of the meeting, and that not more than twelve replacements cannot be carried out by means of these four substitutes. Unlimited changes can be realized with the 17 appointed players.

The planet treizist

Officially, Rugby with XIII is practiced in 38 countries. But it is really a sport of mass that in four countries: Australia, England, New Zealand and New Guinea-News-Guinea.

The Australian and English leaders, too a long time protectionist, start to become aware of the importance of the expansion of Rugby with XIII throughout the world, with the creation of international bodies like RLIF (International federation of Rugby with XIII) and the RLEF (European Federation of Rugby with XIII) which have as a function to help the emergent countries and to organize the exchanges between the various countries.

detailed Article: Rugby to XIII in the world

The great nations treizists

In Australia, Rugby with XIII is the winter national sport with the Australian Football. It is posed like the most popular sport in the States of the east coast, i.e. in the Queensland, the News-Wales of the South and the Australia Capital Territory. In 2006, the number of practitioners was of 371.557, that is to say an increase of 11,2% compared to 2005. On television, Rugby with XIII is classified regularly among the best annual audiences. In 2007, the final of the NRL carried out the best score of audience of the year. With nine professional clubs and several tens of thousands of practitioners, Sydney is regarded as being the “world capital of Rugby with XIII”.

In England, Rugby with XIII is one of the five major sports with the cricket, football, Rugby with XV and tennis. He is mainly played in the northerner counties of the Yorkshire and the Lancashire, territory where he was born in 1895. A big number of clubs exists nevertheless in Cumbrie or with London. In 2004, Rugby League Football announces 62.463 bachelors. The principal English championship, the Super League, reached in 2007, the bar of the 10.000 spectators of average by match.

In New Zealand, Rugby with XIII is a popular sport, but far behind sports like Rugby with XV, the cricket or football. The XIII are especially practiced by the population maorie and the immigrants come from the Pacific Islands. New Zealand Warriors, only professional club of the country playing in NRL, enjoy a good popularity.

In France, Rugby with XIII is a minor sport which counted approximately 9300 bachelors in 2004. It is primarily practiced in some departments of the south, namely the Aude, the Tarn, the Haute-Garonne, the Lot-et-Garonne, the Eastern Pyrenees and Vaucluse. Although today confidential sport, Rugby with XIII was a sport of mass in the years 1950, reaching its zenith in July 1951, when that the team of France beat by three times the Australia, becoming by this fact semi-officially world champion. The return to Marseilles of the delegation was acclaimed by more than 100.000 supporters.

The New Guinea-News-Guinea is the only State having Rugby with XIII for exclusive national sport. This interest for Rugby with XIII would come owing to the fact that it replaces the tribal wars. Papous are impassioned for the Australian championship and the State off Origin , so much so that certain Australian players are genuine stars in New Guinea.

Other nations practitioner the XIII

Wales had a long tradition treizist. During several years, many Welsh players, in particular from the quinzists (Jonathan Davies, Scott Quinnell or Scott Gibbs), went to try their chance in the clubs of the north of England. The national team often competed with the best, arriving twice in semi-final of the World cup. Several attempts at installation of a Welsh professional club in the English championship failed. Lately, Celtic Crusaders are had a presentiment of to integrate the English league.

The Ireland and the Scotland have national teams, generally made up players residing in England, their championships are amateurs and of a not very high level.

Various Polynesian archipelagoes or mélanésiens (Fiji, Niue, Islands Cook, Tonga, Samoa) post a culture treizist. Very in an original manner, it is not rare that according to the projection of the seasons, the players practice the XIII, the XV or the VII. The high level is conceived there however only in the exile in New Zealand, Australia or England.

The Italy, the Greece and Malta select almost only titular players of the dual nationality, born in Australasia. On the other hand, in other European countries, like the Germany, the Netherlands, the Serbia or the Lebanon, exist small championships played by the buildings.

During the years 1960 and 1990, several attempts at introduction of Rugby to XIII in South Africa failed. Today, there remains a small championship but the national team is in gestation.

There exists only one embryo of federation to the Morocco, this one could in particular profit from the experiment of some of tens of players or persons in charge of Moroccan ascent residing in France.

In Russia, there exists a championship semi-professional, financed by some local patrons.

With the the United States, in spite of the inexistence of means and of recognition, perdure around ten clubs, a core of impassioned. Those have, at the end of 2004, opposite good resistance (demolished 34 to 24) to the team of the Australian Kangaroos have just gained the Tri-Nations. In Jamaica, via English originating in the the Caribbean, a championship and a national team come to be created.

Competitions

International

The Australian national team called the Kangaroos reign as a Master on Rugby with XIII international since more than three decades, from where a désamour of the public for international competitions. But thanks to the victory of the New Zealand at the time of the Tri-Nations of Rugby to XIII 2005, an renewed interest seems to be profiled for the international play which knew its hour of glory during the years 1950.

  • World cup of Rugby to XIII: created in 1954, 12 editions, the next one will take place in 2008 and will be held in Australia.

  • Tri-Nations of Rugby to XIII: tournament in which takes part the Kangourous, the British Kiwis and Lions.
  • ANZAC Test: annual confrontation enters the Kangourous and the Kiwis.
  • Cut of Europe of the nations of Rugby to XIII: created in 1935.

Intranationale

Australia

  • State off Origin: annual series of three matches between Queensland Maroons and the New South Wales Blues, the great event treizist of the year.

  • City vs Country : annual confrontation between a selection of native players of Sydney (City) against another whose players are native of its neighborhoods (Country). This match makes it possible to evaluate the players likely to be selected for the Blues of the News-Wales of the South.

Main road of clubs

The two principal competitions of clubs in Rugby with XIII are the National Rugby League (Australia) and the Super League of Rugby (England). These two championships are the only ones with being entirely professional in the world of Rugby with XIII. The winners of these two competitions meet each year at the time of the World Club Challenge to designate the world champion of the clubs.

Australia

England

  • Super League of Rugby: English professional championship in which 11 English teams take part and, since 2006, a French team, the Catalan Dragons.

  • Cut of England of Rugby to XIII: the oldest competition treizist, created in 1896, which gathers the English clubs amateurs and professional. Recently, of the French and Russian clubs are committed.

France

New Zealand

Traditional sociological specificities of Rugby with XIII

Rugby with XIII largely takes its source in the sociological caesura distinguishing at the end of the 19th century the crested clubs from southernmost England from those with more proletarian recruitment from North from the country.

It is indeed so much the opposition of notable then directing the Rugby which that of the players of the South mainly resulting from the student's mediums which prohibits to the teams of the counties Yorkshire and Lancashire to not authorize the remuneration of their rugbymen but the simple compensations of the not worked hours and refunding of the expenses engaged in the rail-bound transport by these often remained men workmen, minors or small employees.

Rugby with XIII will become an social elevator for the working class, as tells it the book and the film This Sporting Life where the main character, Arthur Machin, minor in the north of England, leave his social condition while playing for a professional club. This rupture between the 2 rugbys expresses the antagonism between social classes and of this fact the regional opposition between north and the south.

In Australia, Rugby with XIII quickly became the sport of the working-class and was clearly supported by the workers party at the time of its establishment in 1908. The XIII are practiced in mass at the public school, whereas its counterpart quinzist, are the Rugby of the schools private. It is also the indigenous sport of the minority, with their door flag, the club of South Sydney, located at Redfern, disadvantaged district of Sydney.

In France, one notes that this antagonism exists since the XIII grew particularly well in rebellious grounds, the such old country Cathare. The XIII always attracted players resulting from immigration, initially of wire of militants of CNT, then of the players resulting from Maghrebian immigration .

In South Africa, many black players of Rugby to XV are expatriates in the north of England to escape apartheid.

If this anchoring of Rugby with XIII in the working world is always of topicality, since Rugby with XV became professional in 1995, some changes start to occur, in particular on the side of Angletterre, where Rugby with XIII is now practiced in the prestigious universities of the south.

See too

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