Rubber (material)

History

The history of rubber begins at the end of the 15th century, when following the Grandes discoveries, the Européens start to observe in Central America and South America, the use which make the populations autochtones of a matter - coming from the Latex resulting from various plants, of which the Hévéa and the Guayule - then unknown in Europe: coated balls, boots, fabrics, bottles… It is the invention of the tires and the success of the bicycles which will cause the boom of the production of rubber at the end of the 19th century, supported later by the explosion of the automobile production.

1736 - 1747: The naturalists French Charles Marie of Condamine and François Fresneau of Gataudière carry out the first scientific studies on the natural rubber with the Peru - where, in Quechua CAD means wood and tchu which cries -, in Ecuador and Guyana.
1770 : In Great Britain, the Chimiste Joseph Priestley manufactures the first gums to erase .
1783 : The Chemist French Jacques Charles - launched in a competition with the Brothers Montgolfier to carry out the first manned flight - fact of building a balloon - one said then a “ sphere ” - fact of a silk fabric waterproofed by a varnish containing rubber.
1811 : The Autrichien Johann Nepomuk Reithoffer (1781 - 1872) manufactures the first rubber products.
1820 : The English Thomas Hancock discovers that the plasticity of rubber is increased following the chewing of this one and that allows working of the product later on.
1823 : Discovered proceeded of proofing of fabrics by dissolution of rubber in a solvent (of the Naphtha carried to boiling), allowing the Scottish Chemist Charles Macintosh (1766 - 1843) to make the first impermeable ones. The patented matter took the name of its inventor and became even in Great Britain synonymous with the “impermeable” word.
1841 and 1843: Discoveries separated by the American Charles Goodyear and the English Thomas Hancock from the process of the Vulcanization of rubber.
December 10th 1845: the Scottish Robert William Thomson invents the air Roue (the first tire) which, not adapting to the heavy carriages, fall into the lapse of memory.
1853 : The American Hiram Hutchinson buys the patents of Charles Goodyear and adapts rubber to the boots.
1854 : This same American opens the first factory using this raw material in France, in the factory of Langlée, with Châlette-on-Loing (Loiret).
1868 : Invention of the full Tire S for Vélocipède S.
1870: Appearance of the first condoms containing latex Rubber.
1876 : Culture of the Hévéa to Ceylon.
1887 : With Belfast, the veterinary surgeon John Boyd Dunlop imagines a flexible tube inflated to replace the full tires.
July 23rd 1888: Invention of this inflated flexible tube and deposits Brevet by John Boyd Dunlop. It is the birth of the valve tire.
1892 : The brothers Michelin present the first dismountable tires for bicycles and cars.
July 24th 1904: Creation of an international commission to inquire into the practices used in the production of the Rubber (political of the cut hands, taking of hostages…)
1909 : First synthesis of rubber.
1915 : The Germany produces approximately 2.500 tons of another synthetic rubber.
1929 : The Germany succeeds in producing a polymer of Butadiène and Styrène in the presence of Sodium like catalyst.
1939 : The Germany and the the United States improve the synthetic rubber because Germany is subjected to the blockade and the United States is private natural rubber of the Far East.
1958 : Entry of the France in the synthetic production.
1980 : The natural Guayule Mexican can be which can be mechanized with an output higher than the hévéa.
2003 : Amerityre Corporation develops the puncture sealing tubes (No-flat, air-No-air) of the future, based on the Polyuréthane.

Manufacturing processes

The natural rubber comes from the Coagulation of the latex several plants, mainly of the Hévéa, Hevea brasiliensis , family of the Euphorbiacée S, originating in Amazonia. The collection is done by incision of the bark of the trunks so that the latex, resulting from the laticiferous channels, runs out in cups placed just below. In Amazonia, it is the work of the Seringueiro S . The collected latex can then be stabilized with the Ammoniaque and concentrated to decrease its water content or then coagulated in a way more or less controlled and dried in order to obtain rubber balls.

Culture of the hévéa, although originating in South America, developed in the South-East Asia and, on a less scale, in equatorial Africa (Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Cameroun).

Formulation and vulcanization

Rubber, that it is natural or synthetic, is used almost exclusively mixed with other ingredients:

of the loads renforçantes or not, the principal one being carbon black (from where the color of the rubber products),
of oils, so called plasticizers,
of the agents of protection, against UV or the light for example,
of the products being used for vulcanization (Sulfur, zinc oxide, accelerators, peroxides, etc)
of the various products such as dyes, agents inflating, of products antifeu, etc

Use

Rubber is also used in the data-processing sheaths of bus, as well as polyvynile chloride and that Teflon

Economy

Production

Rubber

External bonds

Site of the “'' French Center of Rubber and the Polymers ''”

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