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The phonological system describes here is that of the Classical Arabic “theoretical”, that of the Coran; the Arab , indeed, is not uniformly marked from one country to another, far is necessary some. The facts of languages concerning the dialectal pronunciations will be however announced. For a description of the alphabet and writing rules, to consult Arabic alphabet .

Consonants

The Phoneme S, if necessary, are noted per pair, sound deaf person initially then. The second line represents the traditional transcription, the third is the equivalent Arab letter. The phonetic transcription is in API.

Notez that is in fact a labiovelar spirante; /t/ and /d/ are apico-dentals, as in français.

  • the consonants can be geminated, and then are carried out like the true ones geminated in intervocalic position - dd- =, by a lengthening of the consonant elsewhere: - FF =;

  • carried out (German Buch ) is accompanied by vibrating a uvular deaf person. One could note it if it were about a sequence. There is in fact only one constrictive segment vibrating uvular (reason for which the symbol/χ/would be preferable) nonsound which is strongly articulated;
  • strongly is rolled (Spanish perro ), and ever beaten (Spanish pero ). It is often long;
  • is pronounced, or (this last in Cairo);
  • and kāf is slightly aspired.

Emphatique S

Arabic simultaneously knows a series of consonants complex, known as “emphatic”, which include/understand, with the phoneme, a Recul of the root of the language (thus creating an increase in the volume of the oral cavity) towards the bottom of the mouth (retreat noted into API by means of “” subscribed) and a Pharyngalisation (API: “” adscript), i.e. a simultaneous pronunciation of the phoneme on the level of the pharynx, where is articulated. One notes also some Vélarisation, or simultaneous pronunciation of the phoneme on the level of the soft palate, the velum or “velum”.

Thus, emphatique is a complex phoneme, marked by several characteristics which superimpose the ones with the others:

  • retreat of the root of the language;
  • pharyngalisation;
  • velarization (with a more or less strong degree).

The emphatic consonants are the following ones:

To note that /l/ emphatic meets only in the name Allah . One could also note, for example for , by keeping only the symbol for the velarization, which make of many works.

Details

  • is a emphatic normal, i.e. an occlusive deaf person apico-dental accompanied by a retraction of the lingual root, a pharyngalisation and a velarization ( functions in the same way, like , that one meets only in combinative Variante, as in);
  • was initially emphatic a interdentale with side resonance sound. I.e. a kind of pronounced with the language placed as for one (the air passes on the two sides of the language and not above) then accompanied with all the characteristics of emphatic, that is to say a noted phoneme, even; the letter is now marked either or (“ D emphatic” or “ emphatic”), i.e. it lost its side element;
  • is most of the time marked, but one finds just as easily (either “ emphatic” or “ D emphatic”); Canepari gives more “modern” and more “Koranic” and considered more prestigious also by those which do not use it; in practice, and are often confused;
  • must be analyzed as being occlusive a glottale emphatic, that is to say, that one transcribes for more convenience, although this sign notes another phoneme normally, i.e. fricative pharyngal sound, present in Hebrew (letter צ) but absent from Arabic; for a long time (and it is still the case in many works) one described this phoneme like fricative pharyngal sound real (sound alternative of/ح/). In connection with this phoneme ع, Ladefoged, in The Sounds off the World' S Languages , known as that it is neither pharyngal nor fricative but épiglottal and spirant, especially into dialectal. According to other current phonetists, this fricative realization or spirante sound pharyngal is not attested (Al-Ani, Gairdner, Kästner, Thelwall and Akram Sa' adeddin), in any case not for the classical Arabic. One however often uses the symbol to note the phoneme even in works which however state that he does not decide thus. One thus describes this complex phoneme in various ways:
* fricative pharyngal sound (analyzes traditional but considered null and void): ;
* spirante épiglottale sound (analyzes of Ladefoged, Catford): ;
* spirante pharyngal sound with possible laryngalisation (= “cracked voice”), analyzes of Canepari which gives like regional alternatives not-neutrals a sound pharyngal spirante with simultaneous laryngeal occlusion or occlusive the glottale pharyngalized;
* occlusive glottale pharyngalized with passing of the root of the language (emphatic; Al-Ani, Gairdner, Kästner, Thelwall and Akram Sa' adeddin analyzes): .
  • qāf is regarded as the emphatique one, and is thus sometimes transcribed .

Effect of Coarticulation of emphatic in a word

The consonants of the syllables of the same word preceding or following a emphatic consonant tend to be more or less emphatic they also, by assimilation and Dilation.

In the case of Arabic, the influence of emphatic on the other consonants (and the vowels) is regressive as much (or “anticipatoire”, syllables preceding the emphatique one being touched) that progressive (or “persévérative”, syllables according to the emphatique one being concerned). It should be noted that a blocks the process there.

Thus, an imaginary chain of phonemes // will be carried out (considering all the same that the phonemes touched by the influence of emphatic are not as emphatic as the phoneme responsible for the effect; thus /k/ at the beginning of the example is not as deep as, true emphatic of /k/), but a chain // will be worth in theory: only /t/ will be touched, the other consonants “being protected” by.

The presence of emphatic, as one will further see it, has also an influence on the stamp of the vowels.

Vowels

Arabic has at least this facility which its vowel system is extremely simple. He has, so to speak, only three stamps and some diphthongs made up of the fundamental stamps. In practice, there exists a greater number of Allophone S (variable phonetic achievements of the same phoneme), especially in the context emphatic.

Into dialectal, the stamps are deeply faded.

Simple

  • closed: and;
  • open: and (transcribed ā or â );

Diphthongs

To note that and are only the alternatives in front of or after vowel of and respectively. In fact, the diphthongs and are carried out and (noted ī , ū or I and U respectively):
  • closed: = =;
  • open: .

Allophones of the vowels in context

The vowels slightly change stamp according to the context in which they are. Two of them in particular are remarkable: when the vowel is preceded or followed in the same word of emphatique and at the end of the mot.

1. The influence of emphatic also applies to the vowels. A has the same effect as emphatique:

  • >;
  • and >;
  • and >.

In pronunciations more slackened even, and can be marked.

2. At the end of the word, >. The long vowels also often undergo a shortening at the end of the mot.

See too

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