Romania

The Romania (Rumanian România ) is a State located at the south-east of the Europe, member of the European Union and NATO. Having a Latin heritage, this country is surrounded by Slavic countries like the Bulgaria, the Serbia or the Ukraine and by the Hungary. It is bordered by the Black Sea in south-east. In the North-East, a small country also with majority roumanophone, the Republic of Moldavie, does not form any more part of Romania since 1944. Romania, which is the 7th country more populated European Union and 9th by its surface, is also a strategic country for the European Union, considering its close relationships with the countries of the Black Sea.

The creation of Romania dates from the 19th century, its current territory of the 20th century, and results, as in the case of the Italy or the Germany, of the meeting of old medieval principalities: Valachie, Moldavie (1859) and Transylvania (1918). But the Roumanians, who are readily identified with their language Latin E, are considered more readily the heirs to old the Dacie (country of Thraces of the north, conquered by the Roman Emperor Trajan in 109) or to the Roman Empire. Another component of the identity enracine in the Roman Empire of the East known as “Byzantine Empire” which the Roumanians inherited their faith, orthodoxe with 80%. It is however the France Lumières which inspired the creation of modern Romania with its ideals of emancipation and progress. Several less democratic influences marked the country thereafter: that nationalist of the Years 1930 and that communist of the Soviet Union in second half of the 20th century until in 1989.

For the transitional period which led to its adhesion with the European Union on January 1st 2007, Romania became one of combined the United States in the fight against terrorism. For this period of contradictions, the Rumanian company was upset in the policy fields, economic and cultural between traditional currents and modern currents which were sometimes Western inspiration, sometimes coming from the interior, and often a mixture of both. One can in particular notice the appearance of a big number of companies and contractors, who all are not resulting from the Nomenklatura , and even if the majority of these companies are not very competitive with international, the development is visible: flourishing trade, construction explodes (as well as the number of cars), routes transportation improve (even if one can regret the choice of the all-truck driver to the detriment of the rail), the equipment of the households is modernized…

The Rumanian , of Latin syntax, counts approximately Slavic 18% of words come from the languages S neighbors, but 75% of the lexicon are also of origin Latin E. The Roumanians include/understand 80% of the Italian spontaneously (and even more the Napolitain) even without to have learned it, and more than one quarter of the Rumanian population includes/understands and speaks the French. Romania is thus a country Francophone, it accommodated besides XIe Sommet of the Francophonie in 2006.

Etymology of the name

România , the name of this country, is connected to Rome, old capital of the Roman Empire and with the Byzantine Empire whose official name was Ρωμανία ( Romania ). It is known that the Greeks with the Middle Ages were defined themselves as Ρωμαίοι (Romées) or Ρωμιοί (Romioi) and not Έλληνες (Hellènes, word which did not indicate whereas the ancient Greeks) and even less Βυζαντινοί (Byzantine, word reinvented in 1557). In fact all the inhabitants of the Roman Empire of the East were defined as Ρωμαίοι (Romées), which they were Albanian, Armenian, Aroumains, Greeks or Roumanians. It is after the disappearance of the Byzantine State at the 15th century that the Greeks, always qualified of “Roumis” by the Turks, will indicate themselves like Έλληνες (Hellènes), while Rumanian and Aroumains will be indicated like “Valaques”. The name Român by which the Roumanians were identified, did not indicate with the Middle Ages a nationality, but simply a common origin. The roumanophones were identified by their geographic origin: moldovean (Moldavian), ardelean (Transylvanian), muntean (of Valachie power station), oltean (of Olténie), maramuresean (of Maramures), Banat ean (of Banat) or Dobrogea N (of Dobrogée). They are Emile Ollivier, Elisee Reclus and Edgar Quinet, inventors of the politically correct principle according to which one must designate people by the name that it gives itself, which imposed in the foreign languages the Rumanian term of “” on the place of “Valaques”, “Moldo-Wallachian”, “Moldaviens”, “Vlachs”, “Volokhs”, “Wallachiens” and other “Romounes” become besides fuzzy and sometimes pejorative (see Origine of the Rumanian people).

History

Policy

Historical events

The Roumanians had a policy of survival in margin of the interests of the great empires (Roman, Byzantine, Mongolian, Othoman, Austro-Hungarian) and the USSR.

The Communists arrived at the capacity in 1945, whereas the country had begun its modernization under the various liberal governments. Like consequence of resistance to collectivization of the grounds, but also in the mountainous regions, repression was bloody in certain rural regions. Communism in Romania knew three periods, corresponding to three generations of Communists:

“revenge” (on the former middle-class democratic society, but also on Fascism), violent phase of terror, of massive arrests, where the minorities of the country were majority with the Party;
“standardization”, phase of development of the will nomenklatura , where the opportunist resulting ones from the rural orthodoxe majority make career, marginalizes the comrades resulting from the minorities (of which much leaves the country) and carries the Party to three million members;
the “national-Communism” which results in a stressing of popular misery, a refusal of the Perestroïka and a cut between the “conservatives” of the mode and the “reformers”, who aspire to finish some with Communism and rest on Gorbatchev and France to reverse Ceauşescu in 1989. After which, “conservatives” and “reformers” make block within the FSN again (Front of national hello) and keep the capacity until in 1996.

The elections of 1996 swept the will nomenklatura political power (but not of the economic capacity), with the profit of a coalition of the democratic parties (CDR or Rumanian democratic Convention and USD, social democrat Union). The president Emil Constantinescu was then the first Rumanian president to officially condemn the crimes committed by the mode of Antonescu against the Jews. The FSN, renamed PSD (Left social democrat), returns to the capacity in 2000, but undergoes a new defeat in 2004 vis-a-vis Alliance D.A. (primarily made up of the successors of CDR, the Democratic party and the liberal national Party).

In December 2006, a few days after the ceremony of entry in the European Union, the president Traian Basescu was the first Rumanian president to officially condemn the crimes committed by the Communist regime.

Internal policy

The president Traian Băsescu of the democratic party was elected president in 2004 vis-a-vis the socialist candidate Adrian Năstase. At the Parliament, the Alliance D.A. ( O.U.I. Rumanian - Dreptate Adevăr meaning Droitesse/Justice Truth) between the Democratic party and the Parti national liberal could be maintained in place with the goal posted to make adhere Romania to the European Union.

Since the summer 2006, confrontations between Călin Popescu Tăriceanu, first liberal minister, and the president ended in April 2007 to the bursting of alliance, when the Prime Minister excluded from the government the Democratic party. According to him, alliance could not function any more “because of the democrats” and a “president who made pass his personal political interests in front of the interests of the Roumanians.”

April 3rd, 2007, the Parliament voted urgently, with 302 votes for and 27 votes against, a minority government accounting for 22% of the members of Parliament and formed between the liberals and the representatives of the Hungarian minority. The social democrat Left, in the opposition, supported this government for one limited time and only in order to allow the exit of the political crisis. The Parti large Romania announced to vote against because of the presence of Hungarian alliance in the new government. The short-term loser is the Democratic party, which should enter in opposition and which since 2006 fact call to the anticipated elections.

In parallel, the Parliament launched an impeachment of president Băsescu for violation of the Constitution. April 20th, the Parliament voted the suspension of the president, who is confirmed by the Constitutional court. At the time of the Referendum of May 19th, 2007, the Roumanians choose to 75% to maintain Băcescu in its functions.

Policy relating to NATO

The will nomenklatura always maintained good relationships with all the states of the Tiers-monde, including with those which the the United States classify like “State-hooligans”. The successive governments of Romania did not have any reason to change policy, but the concern caused by the Russian and Ukrainian imperialism at sea Noire pushed Romania to join NATO in 2004.

The interests of Romania are not always the same ones as those of the historical partners like the France and this implication in Iraq had made react France. According to the president Traian Basescu, “the democracy cannot be protected without NATO and the EU” and alliance with the United States do not call into question European engagement of Romania. He as declared as NATO would remain, after the adhesion of the country to the EU, the principal means of maintaining the safety of the country.

Policy in the European Union

Romania is the first east and Central European country which established relationships to the European Community, since 1974. After its adhesion with the European Union the 2007, at the same time as the Bulgaria, the majority of its members of Parliament joined the group of the European Libéraux (which see their number thus increasing by 17%) and the parties of center-droite; a less number joined the socialist group, and some, the European extreme-right-hand side which thus could be constituted in group. The majority of these euro-deputies, whatever their current engagement, have a communist past.

According to the Rumanian president, the extension and the deepening of the EU can proceed simultaneously, and Romania will very strongly support the partnerships with the République of Moldavie and with the States of the Balkans of the West (Albania, country of ex-Yugoslavia). Romania will give free visas for the citizens of Republic of Moldavie and for those of the Serbia.

The Prime Minister Italy N Romano Prodi and its Rumanian counterpart Calin Popescu-Tariceanu signed the January 16th 2007 with Bucharest a common political declaration. Taking into account the excellent relations between these two countries, they engage so that their governments coordinate the steps within the framework of the European Union, in particular with regard to the constitution and the integration of the countries of the west of the Balkans. This declaration is made whereas the two countries celebrate 10 years since the signature of the common Strategic partnership . Italy is the preferred destination of the Roumanians (in front of Spain), approximately: 300000 Roumanians worked in Italy in October 2006, without counting the clandestine workers. Italy is the principal investor in Romania and the largest importer (19,4% of the imports) and exporter (15,6% of exports).

Romania wishes to be in the middle of the energy strategy of the European Union. From now on, of the oil countries like the Kazakhstan and the Azerbaïdjan are near the maritime border of the EU. The Black Sea is seen with Bucharest as a priority which can make it possible to reduce the energy dependence of the European Union, Balkans Western and République of Moldavie with regard to the Russia. So Romania should make it possible the EU to better negotiate the future energy agreement with Russia from which the discussions began in 2006.

Romania proposes to be a regional leader, declared president Traian Basescu during the debate “European Romania, Romania the euro-Atlantic, Romania in the sphere of the international relations” organized by Association George C. Marshall and the presidential Administration.

The first election S to elect the 35 euro-members of Parliament must take place the May 13rd 2007. The Prime Minister Calin Popescu-Tariceanu, who however had supported this date at the beginning, proposes a carryforward of the election. Its political opponent, the president, thinks that it is more possible to delay it considering only the money to organize it was already spent.

Geography

Demography

Economy

Development

Tourism

Tourist resorts of the Black Sea

The stations of the littoral are spread out over a coastal fringe energy of the south of the town of Constanţa to the Bulgarian border . They profit from a long sunning and a moderated heat, the average being of 25°C in summer. : 250254 tourists attended them in 2006, and the forecasts for 2007 are even more optimistic.

Constanţa, Costinesti, Eforie, Mamaia, Mangalia, Neptun, Olimp, Saturn, Vama Veche, Venus

Tourist resorts of mountain

Poiana Braşov, Sinaia, Buşteni, Borşa. Other tourist areas of mountain: Apuseni, Parâng, Retezat

the delta of the Danube The Delta of the Danube is a single place in Europe, declared natural reserve by UNESCO.

Dracula

It is difficult to speak about Romania, without speaking about the famous count Dracula popularized by the Irish writer Bram Stoker and about tens of works of American cinema industry. Thanks to him, the image of Romania east associated with the myths with the Vampire S and this Dracula, legendary figure associated to the historical character of the prince of Valachie Vlad III Empaleur ( Vlad Ţepeş ), and the medieval city of Sighişoara or the Château of Bran, that this one would have attended, became important tourist destinations, with the detriment of other more authentic richnesses.

Sport

The Football and the Gymnastique are extremely popular and are sports in which the Roumanians illustrate themselves. In Rugby with XV, the Romania often put in difficulty the XV of France.

Since the end of the Communist regime, the country knows one period of obliteration of its presence on the international sporting scene, perhaps due to its economic difficulties.

Over the internal plan, the sporting scene is dominated by some very mediatized people, like Nadia Comăneci, Gheorghe Hagi and also Adrian Mutu.

Culture

Codes

Romania has as codes:

CV, according to List of prefixes ICAO of registration of the aircraft, now uncommon code,
RO, according to the international Code list of the number plates,
RO, according to the standard ISO 3166-1 (code list country), code alpha-2,
RO, according to the Code list countries used by NATO, code alpha-2,
ROMANIAN, according to the Code list country of the CIO,
ROU, according to the standard ISO 3166-1 (code list country), code alpha-3,
ROU, according to the Code list countries used by NATO, code alpha-3,

See too

External bonds

official Bonds

official Gate of the Rumanian government
official Gate of the president of Romania
official Gate of the Senate
official Gate of the House of Commons
official Gate of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs
official Gate of the ministry for Tourism

Various

Card country with statistics and charts
Jurispedia/Le Rumanian right

Random links:

Lorcy | Judeţ de Vâlcea | Rennes Metropolis | Bronwen Booth | David Proval