The Romance languages share a whole of common features giving a good coherence to this Famille of languages, among which most important are:

• a Lexicon mainly resulting from the Vulgar Latin with various Substrate S of which Celtic languages , like the speeches Gallic of Gaulle cisalpine and Gaulle transalpine or the Celtibère, for all the Romance languages except the Rumanian and the Sardinian ;
• a reorganization of the vowel system Latin (by diphthongization, Apophony and syncope mainly);
• of the important phenomena of Palatalization of the Consonant S;
• the quasi complete disappearance of the neutral , except for the Rumanian ;
• an important reorganization of the verbal system , by the development, in particular, of auxiliary verbs, the removal of future Latin, the creation of a periphrastic future formed starting from the verb to have ( will sing → will sing ), that of conditional;
• the development of the article S, unknown of Latin.

List Romance languages

The Romance languages are classified in several groups, each one being able to include/understand several “dialects”; it should be noted that the choice of one of these dialects as Official language is purely political and, especially, relatively recent in many countries (except in France, by the edict of Villers-Cotterêts). At all events, the Romance languages form a continuum of languages between which the differences are sometimes tiny; it is always possible to distinguish within a unit what one will name one or more “dialects”. The following list presents between brackets: name in the language considered, date of the first known certificate.

Group ibéro-novel

• the Asturien ( asturianu in asturien, known under the names of asturo-léonais, astur-léonais ou' bable' ), is spoken with the Asturies, like in certain parts of the provinces of León, Zamora and Salamanca (where it is called léonais it). In the past astur-léonais it was the language of a territory much more important extending to the south from the Iberian peninsula. In Asturies, although not recognized like Co-official language by the statute of the Principality, it is protected by the legal texts. In the Portuguese area of Miranda C Douro one speaks the Mirandais, alternative of the asturien, and mirandais it has the statute of second official language of Portugal since 1999 for the part of the territory where she is spoken.
• the Castilian or Spanish ( castellano, español ): official language in Spain and in 21 country of Latin America. The autonomous communities of Spain historical (Catalonia, Galicia and Basque Country) profit from a statute of autonomy which grants a second official language to them.
• the Aragonese ( aragonés ) is spoken in certain zones about the Aragon, without official recognition. The same term is used to refer to the dialect " castillanisant" also spoken in this area.
• the Galaïco-Portuguese is the written mother language of Portuguese and the Galician. It is the literary language of all the west coast of the Iberian peninsula until the 12th century and beginning of the 14th century, period during which Portuguese was different from the Galician. Language of culture during seven centuries, including apart from the Galicia and of the Portugal; thus king de Castille Alphonse X the wise one would have written, his Cantigas de Santa Maria in this language. Language of troubadours it counts famous poets, such Martín Codax, Bernal de Bonaval, Arias Nunes etc
• Portuguese ( Português ), official language of the Portugal, Brésil, Cap Verde, Guinea Bissau, Angola, Mozambique, Timor-Eastern , of Macao and archipelago of Sao Divide into volumes-and-Principle.
• Galician ( Galego ) language Co-official in Galicia (Spain) and spoken in certain zones bordering on Galicia like O Bierzo). The Galician knew a " period somber" called " Séculos Escuros" in Galician, a revival at the 19th century and was repressed under the Franquisme.
• the Fala, language resulting from galaïco-Portuguese and spoken in some towns of Extremadure (Spain), at the border of Portugal. Although nonofficial, the fala was declared well of cultural interest by the junta of Extremadure (government of the autonomous community) on March 20th, 2001.

Group italo-novel

Italian ( italiano ; Xe S.: legal documents, XIe S.: complete text); very many dialects (more than two hundreds). One distinguishes two clearly differentiated groups, separated by a great beam from Isoglosse S, the Ligne Massed-Senigallia (known as in a less exact way " Line Spezia-Rimini "), which corresponds to the cut of the Romance languages in two great groups: the Western Romania (including septentrional Italian) and the Eastern Romania (including Italian central-Southerner).

• 1. Italian central-Southerner , itself divided into two sub-groups rather distinct:

• Tuscan Florentin, promoted by Dante in XIIIe S., it constitutes the standardized base of the Italian official language .
• Corsica ( corsu ) which became a Langue by development, but drifting of the Toscan, with influences of the Ligure and an old substrate near to the Sarde: spoken in Corsica but also in north about the Sardinia (in the Gallura and around Sassari).
• Italian Southerner, more influenced by a substrate Greek Osque and (including/understanding the Neapolitan ( nnapulitano ) and the related dialects on the one hand and the Salentin, the Calabrian itself and the Sicilian ( sicilianu ) on the other hand).

• 2. Italian septentrional (or more recently padan , term suggested by the linguist Geoffrey Hull since 1982, sometimes north-Italian), group of dialects spoken in north about the Italy, intermediaries between the italo-novel and the Gallo-novel (following the example Rhaeto-Romanic):

• Sub-group gallo-italic, with a Celtic substrate (lombard ( lumbaart ), Ligure ( lìgure ) with its alternative Intémélien, Piedmontese ( piemontèis ), the émilien-romagnol. The Piémontais obtained a standard variety.
• Sub-group Venetian ( vèneto ).
• the dialect Istriote, spoken on the southern part about the Istrie (Croatia), is very difficult to classify; one sees it either like a Venetian private individual, or like a dialect distinct from Venetian, or like an intermediate idiom between the Vénitien and the Dalmate.

But this dialectology is summary and does not describe with precision extraordinary diversity, largely preserved, of the Italian speeches themselves. See also: Italien#Dialectes.

Dalmatian (illyro-novel group)

The Dalmate is sometimes gathered, with the Rumanian , in an novel-Eastern group . It presents intermediate characters between the Rhaeto-Romanic group and the Rumanian group.

Known with the the Middle Ages (fine XIIIe S.) under the names of mavro-Wallachian or morlaque , attested directly about 1840, the Dalmate is extinct. Formerly spoken in the islands and the coastal regions about the Croatia and the Montenegro, it included/understood three listed dialects: Istrien or Istro-Rumanian, spoken in Istrie (from which the last speaker comes to die out), the Végliote ( veklisuṅ , in north, in the island of Krk or Veglia), whose last speaker died out in 1898) and the Ragusain (in the south, in current the Dubrovnik, extinguished as of the 15th century).

Group gallo-novel

To know the details of the composition of this group, to see the article Gallo-novel.

• 1. Language (S) of oil (842: perhaps the Serments of Strasbourg which are in a composite Romance language). One finds in this family of many dialects belonging to the group of the Langues of oil . A more traditional vision of Romance linguistics considers than the French (in the broad sense) and the Langue of oil (in the singular) indicate only one and even language which corresponds mainly to a whole of features of oil coming from various dialects distributed historically around Paris (in the facts, the current French language is very composite and must much with an interregional literary language). Another vision considers on the contrary that the languages of oil (in the plural) are a group of languages and that French (with the restricted direction) is only one of these languages (come from the Francien), among autres.
• French (881: first text in Former French Life of saint Leger ): the official language of France; from Belgium in competition with the German and the Dutch; Swiss with German, Italian and the Romanche; Canada with the English; Valley of Aoste with Italian; Luxembourg with the Luxembourg; Channel Islands with the English).
• Mayennais : spoken in France in Mayenne.
• Gallo: spoken in France in High-Brittany.
• Norman ( normaund ): spoken in France in Normandy; with the Channel Islands, of which the Jersey ( Jèrriais ), the Guernesiais ( Guernésiais ) and the Sercquiais ( serkyee ).
• Picardy ( cht' I ; towards XIIe, XIIIe S.): first literary text Cantilena of holy Eulalie , XIe S. as a Picardy-Walloon: spoken in France in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais and in Picardy, like in the Tournaisis, the west of the Romance Belgium; in Belgium, it has the statute of regional language, while in France it is regarded as a language of France.
• Poitevin or parlange ( parlanjhe ): spoken in France in High Poitou and Low Poitou (Vienna, Two-Sevres and the Vendée): it is a language of oil with a substrate Occitan.
• Saintongeais : spoken in France in the old provinces about Aunis, Saintonge and Angoumois (Charente and Charente-Maritime): it is a language of oil with a substrate Occitan.
• Walloon ( Walloon ; towards XIIe, XIIIe S.): first literary text Cantilena of holy Eulalie , XIe S. as a Picardy-Walloon: spoken mainly in Belgium in Walloon region, where it has the statute of regional language.

• 2. Francoprovençal or Arpitan ( arpitan ) (XIIIe S.: Meditations of Marguerite d' Oingt): language distributed between the Italy (Valley of Aoste, Piedmont), the Swiss (Were worth some mainly]), the France (From the Dauphine, Lyonnais, Savoy); the Francoprovençal seems to be with cross between languages of oil and occitan but it has also clean features. He is threatened of extinction but is defended, in particular in the Valley of Aoste.

Group occitano-novel or occitano-Catalan

This group is intermediate between the Gallo-novel and the ibéro-novel.

• Occitan or language of oc ( occitan , lenga of òc ; 842: perhaps the Serments of Strasbourg which are in a composite Romance language; 9th century: traces of vulgarisms occitans in Latin texts; end of the 10th century: legal Docs.; 1102: first complete text): it is about a whole of dialects made up 1º of the Gascon, most specific of the speeches of the group, 2º of north-occitan (the Limousin, Auvergnat, Vivaro-alpine) and 3º of the south-occitan (Languedocien, Provençal). The speeches occitans are often known in France under the dépréciative name of “patois”. The former Catalan and the medieval occitan constituted only one language; it is only between the end of XIIe and the beginning of XIVe century that the two languages clearly separated; the Niçois is of Provence antiquated.
• Catalan ( català ; end of the 9th century: traces of Catalan vulgarisms in Latin texts; end of the 12th century: first complete text in a legal document; 13th century: under the aegis of Ramon Llull, the Catalan reaches the literary statute of language and recognized thought): one of the official languages of the Catalonia (Spain); he is spoken mainly in this autonomous Communauté and a fringe about the Aragon, as in that southernmost of Valence (where he is also called Valencian), like with the Balearic Islands, in Andorre (where he is the only official language), in the Roussillon (France), known as a Catalan under the name of Northern Catalogne (Northern Catalunya), like in the town of Alguer (in Sardinia). The Catalan language was especially repressed under the Franquisme.

Group Rhéto-roman (XIIe S.)

This group is intermediate between the italo-novel and the Gallo-novel (following the example septentrional Italian).

• Romanche (rumantsch) : the Sursilvan (high valley of the Rhine), the sutsilvan and the surmiran (center of the canton of the Grison ), the puter and the vallader (Engadine) form the five written dialects; they are spoken in Suisse (in the Grisons) by approximately 45  000 people. The first text in puter was written in 1527 in Zuoz ( the chanzun da will guerra it dal pure da Müsch ), the first in vallader in 1560 in Susch. The Interromanche (rumantsch grischun) is the standard variety of the romanche used in Switzerland to unify the five dialectal groups; it rests mainly on the sursilvan, the vallader and the surmiran; the interromanche is an official language in Switzerland in the canton of the Grisons.
• Ladin (ladin) : used in the Italian Dolomites .
• Frioulan (furlan) : spoken in the Italian province about Udine; frioulan and ladin have only one statute of regional language.

Certain linguists, minority, attach to it the Istrie N or Istro-Rumanian. All these languages, parcelled out between multiple dialects, are in constant regression.

Group Rumanian

Rumanian is sometimes gathered, with the Dalmatian one, in an Eastern group Romance .

Rumanian ( română , limba română ; partial certificates in XIIe S., supplements in XVe): language of old the Roman Province of Dacie crossed of the remainder of the Romania ; the Superstratum S Slavic and Turkish remain of low importance and Rumanian proves rather preserving; it is in that it is relatively different from the other languages Romance and dyssimetric compared to them (it is much easier with a roumanophone to include/understand Italian or French, that the reverse); the Rumanian linguists consider that it has mainly three dialects:

• Daco-roumain, that one generally calls Rumanian ; it is the official language of the Romania and the Moldavie, and coofficielle language in Serb Voïvodine, but this language is recognized as a Rumanian language in Serbia (Iron Doors and valley of Timoc), hardly recently.
• Mégléno-Rumanian (or méglénite), formerly spoken in Macedonia and Turkey.
• Aroumain (known as macédo-Rumanian in Romania), spoken mainly in septentrional Greece, Albania, Serbia, Macedonia and Romania; the linguists aroumains affirm that the aroumain is a language with whole share, because there is isoglossal (Rumanian and aroumains cannot be included/understood without translator).

The Rumanian linguists also assert the Istro-Rumanian like pertaining to this group.

Group Sarde

Sardinian ( sardu , limba sarda ; XIe S.): spoken in Sardinia; it is one of the Romance languages of most preserving, which one explains by his statute within an isolated place; he nevertheless knew many influences, among which the Catalan, the Castilian then Italian are most important; one distinguishes several dialects, whose principal ones are:

• campidanien (area of Cagliari),
• logoudorien (Logudoro), which constitutes the language considered traditional, of which the variety of nuorais (Nuoro); these the last two dialects are more archaïsants that the first.
• an attempt at standardization of a unified Sardinian language (LSU) is supported by the autonomous region.

Of traditional Latin to the vulgar Latin

Some phonetic modifications specific to the vulgar Latin

Note: the phonetic transcriptions are in International Phonetic Alphabet.

Concerning the Vulgar Latin, it should be noted that the Romans, like the Greeks, lived in situation of Diglossie: the language of the every day was not Latin traditional (that of the literary texts or sermo urbanus : " language of the ville" , i.e. " puriste" , solidified by grammar like was to it the Sanskrit), but a distinct form although very near, with the freer development (the sermo plebeius , " language vulgaire"). It seems acquired that traditional Latin did not limit itself to a book employment, but that he was usually spoken by the raised social categories, although those found still refined more to be expressed in Greek (and it seems that César did not say to Brutus " You quoque, fili" but " Kai if, tecne"), while the sermo plebeius was the language of the soldiers, the tradesmen, the small people; not having never reached the literary statute of language, the vulgar Latin is especially known to us by the Phonétique history, of the quotations and criticisms pronounced by holding of literary Latin as well as many inscriptions, registers, accounts and other texts current. In addition, the Satyricon of Pétrone, kind of " roman" writing probably at the first century of the Christian era and occurring in the shady mediums from the Roman company, is an important testimony of this diglossy: according to their social category, the characters express themselves there in a language more or less close to the traditional prototype.

Among the texts which blamed the forms considered to be declining and faulty, it is necessary to retain the Appendix Probi (see this document), kind of compilation of frequent “errors” raised by certain Probus and dating from the 3rd century from the Christian era. These are well the forms, and not their equivalent in traditional Latin, which are at the origin of the words used in the Romance languages. Here some examples of “faults” quoted by Probus (according to the model: has not B , “has and not B”), classified here by phonetic and together with type of evolution comments making it possible to announce the principal phonological differences between traditional Latin and the vulgar Latin; it is of course not possible to be exhaustive on the matter and to refer all the differences between traditional Latin and the vulgar Latin, but the Appendix Probi can constitute a relevant introduction on the subject:

1. calida not calda , masculus not masclus , tabula not counted , oculus not oclus , etc

These examples show the Amuïssement vowels post-tonics (and also pre-tonics) short; the Latin words are indeed accentuated cálida , másculus , tábula and óculus , the following vowel being short. This disappearance also proves that the Pitch of traditional Latin became a tonic stress in vulgar Latin (indeed, a pitch does not have an influence on the surrounding dull vowels). One recognizes in this list the ancestors of hot (Former French chalt ), male (former French masle ), table and eye ; this process gave rise to important transformations of the consonants entered into contact after the fall of the vowel separating them: thus, a front consonant passed to velar (that is to say) then to in French (Vocalisation), from where cha' u' D ; in the same way, could give a palatalized (see as in point 2);

2. there vinea not vinia , solea not solia , lancea not lancia , etc

One sees the passage in vulgar Latin of brief in front of vowel to (its initial of yacht ; the phenomenon is named Consonification) which, after consonant, the palatalizes; these palatalized consonants (which can come from other sources), are important in the evolution of the Romance languages. This transformation explains why one obtains, for example, vine (with becoming, noted in the Romance languages by the digraph gn in French and Italian, ñ in Castilian, ny as a Catalan, nh in Portuguese and occitan, etc), threshold (with palatal in the past, is noted by ill / it French , become then simple, preserved in Castilian, where it is noted L , double L when it comes from {{APIb|/lj/}}, where it passes to {{APIb|/x/}}, phoneme known as '' jota '', as as a Catalan, Portuguese and occitan, written '' lh '', etc), and '' lance '' (with the sound {{APIb|/s/}} resulting from {{APIb|/ts/}}, palatalized form of {{APIb|/k/}}, which noted the Latin letter '' C ''; in the same way in Castilian '' lanza '' {{APIb|/lanθa/}}, in the past '' launched '' {{APIb|/lantsa/}}, or in Rumanian '' lance '' {{APIb|/lanʧe/}}, etc);

3. auris not oricla.

Probus notes in this example several phenomena: firstly the reduction of the old diphthongs (here becoming, is open; one also has in vulgar Latin giving, opened, like passer by with, closed), then the use of a form of diminutive instead of the simple form ( auris : “ear”, auricula : “small ear”). The use of the diminutives in vulgar Latin is frequent: thus sun comes from solic (U) read (m) and not from ground , or knee of genuc (U) read (m) and not of genu . Lastly, one notes the Amuïssement brief in front of accentuated vowel: one would await oricula . As one said into 1, the meeting of C and L , caused by the fall of the vowel separating them, gives rise to a new consonant, here palatal, preserved as a Catalan in orella , become in French but in Castilian, in oreja );

4. auctor not autor.

One notices also reductions of groups of consonants; thus, passes to, giving in French author , or autor in Castilian and Catalan; in the same way, passes to. It is the case in dom (I) tare become domtar then domptar and finally dontar . The insertion of enters and occlusive is normal: one speaks about a épenthèse, giving in French to overcome which one pronounced before the orthography does not influence the pronunciation, becoming sometimes. Another simplification: give, as in comp (U) tare become comptare then to count and to tell French , contar in Castilian, etc

5. rivus not rius , sibilus not sifilus.

the sound of Latin, noted by the letter U (or v in the modern editions) evolved/moved in various ways, that is to say while being amuïssant between vowels ( laughed (v) custom giving Rio in Castilian, Pa (v) gold giving fear , Italian will paura ), in becoming a spirante sound bilabial (, in Castilian and Catalan) then being reinforced in (in the majority of the Romance languages); and between vowels know the same fate, which explains why sibilus gives sifilus , knowing that is only the deaf alternative of; thus explains one to whistle ( sibilare , becoming sifilare then siflare ) or to know (of sapere , then sabere , savere ; the Castilian saber watch, by its orthography, that it remained about it at the stage), etc

6. pridem not pride.

Dernier example (the list is of course not exhaustive, far from there) showing that in end words is not marked any more (what is already the case in traditional Latin: the scansion of the worms Latin proves it easily). This Amuïssement is, inter alia, at the origin of the disappearance of the mechanism of the inflections: the Romance languages, indeed, do not use any more the variation.

This list is of course not exhaustive; it would as be necessary to tackle the question of the “side-Romance” Diphtongaison (as all the Romance languages knew) and to announce that many vowels underwent secondary diphthongizations thereafter.

In-depth transformations of the morpho-syntactic system

Nominal system

The fall of final, consonant which one often meets in the inflection, thus creates an ambiguity: Romam deciding like Roma , one cannot know if the word is with the Nominatif, with the Accusatif or the Ablatif. Thus, the Romance languages had to use prepositions to raise ambiguity. Rather than to say Roma sum (traditional Romæ sum with a Rental that the vulgar Latin did not keep) for “I am in Rome” or Roma (m) eo for I go to Rome , it was necessary to express these two sentences by sum in Roma and eo AD Roma . In this respect, it is advisable to point out that so in traditional Latin already, as of the imperial time, at the end of the words amuïssait itself, Roma sum and Roma (m) eo could not be confused: with the ablative ( Roma sum ), the final one is long; it is however short with the accusative: thus one pronounced for the first, for the second. The vulgar Latin, however, does not use any more the vocalic system of quantity: the two forms are all the more ambiguous.

In the same movement, the simple adverbs and prepositions are sometimes reinforced: handle , “front”, is not enough any more; it is necessary to go back to ab + handle into vulgar to explain French before , the Castilian handles and the occitan avans , or in handle for Rumanian înainte , etc; of the same with comes from apud + hoc , in of of intus , etc the borderline case seems to be reached with French today , concept which said simply hodie in traditional Latin. The French term is analyzed in with + it + day + of + today , where today comes from hodie (which gave hoy in Castilian, oggi in Italian, uèi in occitan, hoz in romanche, oûy as a Walloon, etc). The resulting bound compound is thus redundant, since it means word for word: “at the day of today” (which one finds in familiar French). Certain preserving languages however kept simple adverbs and prepositions: the Castilian and Italian idiot , “with”, and Rumanian Cu come well from cum , just as in Castilian or in Rumanian are inherited in . One sees also this phenomenon with the simple words inherited hodie .

Of inflected language to flexible syntax (the word order not counting enormously for the direction but mainly for the style and the emphase), the vulgar Latin became a whole of languages using many prepositions, in which the word order is fixed: if it is possible to say in Latin Petrus Paulum amat or amat Petrus Paulum or Paulum Petrus amat or amat Paulum Petrus to mean that “Pierre loves Paul”, it is not possible any more in the Romance languages, which more or less quickly gave up the variations; thus, in Castilian Pedro ama has Pablo and Pablo ama has Pedro have an opposed direction, only the word order indicating which is prone and which is object. When the Romance languages kept a system of variations, this one is simplified and is limited to some cases (except for Rumanian): it is what arrives as former French, who has only two of them, the prone Cas (inherited personal) and the Objective case (coming from the accusative), for all that is not prone. In French, always, the prone case disappeared; the current names inherited former French are thus almost all of old objective cases (there are some exceptions, like ancestor , painter , treacherous , old prone cases, and Candlemas , coming from a Latin plural genitive candelorum ) and, therefore, the old accusatives; one can note it with a simple example:

Rumanian, however, preserves a flexional system functioning with three syncretic cases: direct case (personal + accusative), case obliques (genitive + dative) and vocative . These cases are distinguished mainly if the name is marked by the definite article. In the contrary case, they tend to be confused.

Other points deserve to be announced: first of all, still other than Rumanian, the three kind S, masculine, female and neutral, are reduced to two by the elimination of the neutral; thus, the Latin folia , personal word/accusative plural neutral of folium , “sheet”, is reinterpreted like female: it is the case, for example, in French, where it becomes sheet , but also in Castilian, in the form hoja , in Italian foglia , romanche föglia , Walloon fouye , Portuguese folha , Catalan fulla , occitan fuèlha , etc, all words female. Moreover, the Romance languages developed a system of definite articles, unknown of traditional Latin. Thus, in French, the and the come respectively from the demonstrative adjective pronouns/ ille and illa ; in the same way in Castilian for el and the (more one neutral lo < illud ), in Italian for it and the (like lo , neutral, < illud ), etc Rumanian is distinguished while being the only Romance language in which the article is enclitic: om , “a man”, om-ul , “the man”. The indefinite articles, for their part, come simply from numeral the unus , una (and unum with the neutral), which, in Latin, could have been used for this use.

Lastly, the system of the adjective is re-examined: whereas the degrees of intensity were marked by suffixes, the Romance languages do not make use any more but of one adverb in front of the simple adjective, magis (becoming más in Castilian, May in occitan and Rumanian, but in Portuguese, my as a Catalan, etc) or more ( più in Italian, more in French and occitan, pus as a Walloon and an old or dialectal Catalan, rained in romanche, etc): thus, to say more clearly (comparative of greater degree) in traditional Latin, clarior was enough (derivative of clarus ); one says in Castilian más claro , in Italian più chiaro , occitan more clar or May clar , Of the same etc, superlative most clearly said clarissimus in traditional Latin, but el más claro in Castilian and it più chiaro in Italian. Some archaisms however are found: Portuguese preserved different words for largest , the O maior , and smallest , O menor , like the Castilian with mayor and menor , comparable, although of very different employment, with the major and minor of French.

Verbal system

Moreover, the conjugations are deeply modified, in particular by the creation of made up times: thus our I sang , Castilian He cantado or Catalan He cantat , occitan have cantat , Rumanian amndt cântat , come from a habeo cantatu (m) vulgar, which does not exist into traditional. The use of auxiliary verbs, to be and to have , is notable: Latin used already, in a different way, to be in his conjugation, but not in a way as systematic as in the Romance languages, which generalized their employment in order to create a complete set of made up forms answering the simple forms. Generally, the made up forms mark the accomplished aspect.

A new mode appears, the conditional one (attested for the first time in a Romance language in the Séquence of holy Eulalie ), built starting from infinitive (sometimes modified) followed endings of imperfect: vivr (E) + - board gives would live French , and, mutatis-mutandis , viviría in Castilian, viuria as a Catalan, viuriá in occitan. Certain modifications of the radical are to be noted: to have + board > would owe and not *devoirais , or haber + ía > habría and not *habería . Same manner, the traditional future is abandoned with the profit of a formation comparable with that of conditional, i.e. the infinitive followed by the verb to have (or preceded in Sardinian): thus cantare habeo (“I have to sing”) gives will sing , Castilian cantaré , Catalan cantaré , occitan will cantarai , etc

The passive is evacuated with the profit of the made up system which preexisted in Latin ( cantatur , “it is sung”, traditional becomes vulgar the is cantatus , which, into traditional meant “it was sung”). Lastly, certain irregular conjugations (like that of stolen , “to want”) are rectified (but remain often irregular in the Romance languages) and the verbs déponents cease being used.

The lexicon of the vulgar Latin

The vulgar Latin and traditional Latin do not differ only by phonological and phonetic aspects, but also by the lexicon; the Romance languages, indeed, use only in variable proportions the traditional vocabulary. Often, of the popular terms were retained, évinçant those clean with the more constant language.

Certain Latin terms disappeared and were replaced by their popular equivalent; it is the case of that which indicates the horse, equus in traditional Latin, but caballus (“nag”; the word is perhaps of Gallic origin) in vulgar Latin, whom one finds in all the Romance languages: caballo in Castilian, cavall as a Catalan, caval in occitan, horse in French, cal in Rumanian, cavallo in Italian, dj' vå as a Walloon, chavagl in romanche, etc But one will note that the mare is called yegua in Castilian, égua in Portuguese, egua as a Catalan and EGA in occitan, of Latin equa (the occitan employs also cavala ).

In addition, certain disappeared traditional terms were not inevitably replaced by the same vulgar word in all Romania: the term supported “to speak” is loqui in traditional Latin, kept in Rumanian ( has locui ), replaced by:

• parabolare (term borrowed from the Christian liturgy and of origin Greek that; properly: “to speak by parabola”): French to speak , Italian parlare , Catalan and occitan parlar , etc;
• fabulare (properly: “to invent stories”): Castilian hablar , Portuguese falar , Sardinian faedhàre , etc

Lastly, certain Romance languages continue to use the traditional form, while others, that one says less “preserving”, make use of a vulgar form; the example given traditionally is that of the verb “to eat”:

• Latin traditional edere : finds itself (in a made up form; this form is however felt less “noble” that the traditional purist edere ) in Castilian and Portuguese comer (of comedere );
• vulgar Latin manducare (properly “to chew”): French to eat , Italian mangiare , Catalan menjar , occitan manjar , or Rumanian mânca , for example.