Report

First reports

The report is initially a Compte-rendu of events to which the Journaliste assists on the ground. As of the beginnings of the press, and in particular as from the 17th century, the “short story writers” fed the gazettes in information of all kinds collected in the cities where they went, in the living rooms and the taverns where they let trail an ear, or near the personalities which they attended.

But it is starting from the middle of the 19th century that the first modern reports appear. To the the United States, journalists are sent on the ground to follow the American Civil War. The total diffusion of the newspapers doubles then. In Europe, during the great conflicts like the Crimean War (1853 - 1856) and the countryside of Italy (1858 - 1860), of the Photographe S follow the armies in laboratory-vans to transmit their stereotypes to the newspapers. It is the beginning of the Photojournalisme.

The title To defer, used for the first time in French by Stendhal in 1829, appears in 1866 in Le Figaro , then become Quotidien, and in the Freedom which has just repurchased Emile of Girardin.

Little by little, the new means of communication (Telegraph, Telephone, radio) will make it possible to transmit information more and more quickly, almost on line.

To defer, committed spectactor

At the dawn of the 20th century, the report becomes the aristocratic kind of journalism, and in particular the “great report”, which emphasizes the style and the personality of the Reporter, and often also its courage. The trade to defer has its heroes (Albert London, Gaston Leroux, Ernest Hemingway, Lucien Bodard, Joseph Kessel, Jack London) and will be definitively popularized by characters of fiction like Rouletabille and Tintin.

The data processing then lets appear a basic difference between the American and European journalists, the first seeking to transcribe reality in a rough state, the seconds privileging the personal interpretation of the events. The opposition between objectivity and subjectivity, the concepts of professionalism and independence will not then cease translating a certain design of the report.

Witness of the events which it reports, to defer it is also certain manner the representative of his readers on the ground. He must bring back the facts, but also to question them while informing himself near official sources and alternatives, and to bring a curious and critical glance on the events.

The famous daily newspapers of the Interval wars, like the Morning , Excelsior or Small Parisian the will use the report abundantly, which is connected sometimes with the literature of voyage, to attract readers. The Russian Revolution, the advent of Adolf Hitler with the capacity and the Guerre of Spain will provide topics of choice to the reporters. After the great events like the wars of Korea and the Vietnam, the written report (policy-holder in particular by “special correspondents”) is more and more competed with by the radiophonic report and televised.

Filmed report

It is starting from the beginning of the 20th century that the cinema news opens with the filmed report. In 1908, Pathé created the “Pathé Newspaper” , which makes the good share with its sequences turned on the same spot of the event. In 1934, Leni Riefenstahl films the congress of the Parti national-Socialist with Nuremberg.

The cinema news diffused in room practically disappeared today in Occident. They left the place to the current events of the tv news. These emissions are carried out by the draftings television channels starting from images and of sounds produced by these chains itself or provided by the news agencies televised present in the whole world.

The filmed report, equivalent cinematographic of the article of Written press, is a document of short duration (of less than one minute at a few minutes) which generally fits, when it is diffused, in a newspaper or a televised magazine. Since the birth of television, several emissions are devoted to reports: Five columns with , 52 on the One , Reporters , Is not necessary to dream , Ushuaia Nature , closed Area , Thalassa , etc

Generally turned in Video, it is ensured by a journalist writer or under its direction and by a journalist rapporteur of images or cameraman receiver.

The filmed report is distinguished from the Documentaire by the choice of a angle , i.e. a point of view of which will be used as discussion thread. Its mission is not to develop problems but rather to bring a lighting complementary to information of topicality.

A filmed report cannot claim to make work of Objectivité. The choice of the angle, the questioned witnesses, the places and the filmed events constitutes already a party taken. The manner of filming is also a subjective element which reveals the personality and the intentions of the journalist. Critics like Pierre Carles and Daniel Schneidermann regularly denounce the drifts of the television report. For Pierre Bourdieu, the report is victim of the commercial logic of the journalism which privileges the subjects “which make sell” and the personalities “which pass well”.

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