Quebec - SpeedyLook encyclopedia

Etymology of the name “Quebec”

In the beginning, the name “kebek” was employed by certain Amerindian, that is to say the Algonquins, the Cris and the Micmacs. For those, its significance was “narrow passage”. Also, the name was used to indicate the contracting of the the St. Lawrence close to current the city as Quebec. In 1632, the founder of this city, Samuel de Champlain, described the place thus: “(…) a strait in the river, as the Indians say it (…) ”.

With the wire of time, the term knew several orthographies: Quebeck, Kébec, Québeq and Kebbek.

Geography of Quebec

History of Quebec

Autochtones

The first human occupants - those which, in the official terminology dating from the end of the 20th century, are named Amerindian or First nations - would have been established in what is called today Quebec there is: 10000 or: 11000 years, at the end of a long tour which accompanied the end by the last glacial period.

These wandering, left the Asia 20000 years ago, would have, according to the assumption still accepted at this beginning of 21e century, crossed the Bering Strait, for then crossing the North America and being established in various areas of the American continent. The ten Amerindian nations include the Ines, the Micmacs, the Malécites, the Abénaquis, the Atikamekw S, the Naskapis, the Algonquins, the Cris, the Huron-Wendat and the Mohawks.

There exist several autochtones families, but the nations should be distinguished known as nomads (Algonquiens, not example Cries and the Ines) of those more sedentaries (Iroquoiens, for example, Mohawks and the Huronones). These last have a tradition of more important social organization. Nations known as nomads , as for them, follows the migration of the herds of animals which are used to them as prey, like the Bison, the Orignal or the Phoque.

Traditionally, Algonquiens and Inuits live in small groups of hunting and fishing, whereas Mohawks and the Huron ones chose an organization matriarcale based on cant long , or long house (a literal translation of the expression longhouse ), which gathers several families under the authority of an senior.

Before the arrival of the first Europeans, the nations autochtones of Quebec, as those of the remainder of North America, do not form a monolithic face. Even when several nations Iroquois are allied, as it is the case of the Five-Nations (a Iroquoienne alliance), the end of the hostilities with one of the members of the confederation does not stop necessarily the conflict with the other nations which could have been recipient with the conflict.

First contacts with the New World

Contemporary historiography reports that the first contact between the nations autochtones and of the explorers from Europe goes back to the 10th century. It is now allowed that the Vikings were the first to come into contact with the Amerindians and Inuits, in Newfoundland, in Labrador, on the Île of Baffin and with the Greenland. However, the Scandinavian establishments were finally abandoned.

One needed the Chute of Constantinople, on May 29th, 1453, to push European monarchies to consider alternatives being able to facilitate the continuation of the trade of spices with the East. The research of the Route of the Indies as much justified the Portuguese and the Spanish, in the south, that the English and the French, in north. Elected by the English monarch, Jean Cabot would have circulated in the gulf of the St. Lawrence in 1497.

Contrary to the other powers of the time, France is long in undertaking an exploration program, more especially as the Guerres of Italy, at the beginning of the 16th century, monopolize the attention of the sovereign. Financed by Italian bankers of Lyon, and with the permission of François {{Ier}}, Giovanni da Verrazano undertakes, in 1524, the search of a passage towards the west between the Florida and Newfoundland. It will not find the passage wished, but its American recognition of the east coast will enable him to bring back charts of a ground then unknown.

Regarded as the first European explorer Canadian ground , Jacques Cartier started from Saint-Malo on April 20th, 1534, with 61 men out of two ships. The same year, it planted a cross with Gaspé. Then, in 1535, it sailed on the Fleuve the St. Lawrence at the time of a second tour. Cartier ventured to the village of Hochelaga (today Montreal), where the crew spent the winter: 20 people died of the Scorbut before Cartier does not obtain Iroquoiens of the St. Lawrence a receipt containing sheets of Thuya of occident (called cedar in Quebec) against this disease.

In 1540, the Kingdom of France, decided to establish a colony, gave the command of a new forwarding to Jean-François of Rocque Roberval. The new colony knew one difficult winter, which cost the life more than 50 individuals. Having other concerns, in particular the European wars , the France ceased, lasting the next half-century, to be interested in the Canada. This period is commonly called the “vain attempts”.

News-France

The British mode (1763-1867)

The Great Britain took possession of the News-France proclaimed by the treated of Paris in 1763 which put an end to the Guerre Seven Year old. This one had seen the destruction of important parts of Quebec (Quebec, Coast-of-South, Low-of-River) and especially the drama of the Great Disturbance. A great number of Acadian fled this deportation which separated the families forever and caused a strong mortality, while taking refuge in Quebec. There would be a million Inhabitants of Quebec today which would have acadian origins partly.

With the Treaty of Paris of 1763, France saved the pieces of furniture in Europe, but lost its first colonial empire, in the Indies and in America. Following this treaty, several French colonists turned over to France, of which all the elite and French Canadian middle-class, giving up the 60.000 inhabitants and causing a wound which perdure in modern Quebec. The inhabitants remaining turned then to the clergy, instead of lending allegiance to England.

The king Louis XV and its advisers tried to comfort themselves by preserving the Guadeloupe and the islands at sugar and by minimizing the loss of Canada, then considered as an expensive colony, a vast territory of ice without much importance for the kingdom of France. Only the islands of Saint-Pierre-and-Miquelon remained French (to allow the French to fish in America). But France was not long in wanting to take its revenge by helping the United States in the war of Independence.

The Great Britain, then sovereign, wrote a constitution (the Royal Proclamation) for the News-France which off became the “Province Quebec” (which is translated into French by “Colony of Quebec”, because the Province term of Quebec will indicate later the province in Canada). This constitution envisaged the assimilation with more or less long run of the French Canadians. The catholics were as deprived of rights as those of Ireland: all the public office was reserved for the very small minority of Protestants. The British Army shared a great number of seigniories, while the operation of the Québécois schools was compromised, in particular by closing with the Catholic church. Thus, during 200 years, the French Canadians were private of contact with France, and persecuted in their rights to the language and the religion.

Until 1766, the Britanniques fought against Amerindian tribes (such as the Abénakis) allied with the France which revolted under the direction of the Pontiac chief. To prevent that the disorders in the American colonies are not spread until the Canada, the British government decided to be more open vis-a-vis the Canadians (French) and revoked the Royal Proclamation which, inter alia, made Protestant religion the only official religion. In 1774, one wrote the Acte of Quebec which came to attenuate expressed inclinations of assimilation earlier 11 years and established the rights of the Canadian people whose French language, civil law and Catholic religion and who increased the territory of the province (it included the Big lakes and extended even to Saint-Louis). This new consitution, written following American independence, aimed at reducing the movement independentist to Canada, in order to preserve a colony in America.

The Americans (with at their head Montgomery and Arnold) decided to rejoin the Canadians by the force with their fight for independence. They began the invasion of the province of Quebec in the 1774 (all area of Montreal passed between their hands), but, the following year, they failed in their attempt to take the town of Quebec. British reinforcements arrived in great number and the Americans were forced to leave the province. The French Canadians remained rather neutral in the conflict, according to the recommendations of the Catholic church which took the party of the Britanniques. Following American independence, American Loyalistes settled in Quebec. Dissatisfied of the many rights granted to the Canadians (French), the English asked for reforms and one answered them by the constitutional Acte of 1791 which divided the territory since the Rivière of Outaouais, creating the High-Canada (the Ontario of today) and the Low-Canada (Quebec of today). British parliamentarism was adopted, but the limits of the colonial system very quickly were criticized and disputed.

In 1834, members of the Party Patriote (the such Papineau, Elzéar Bédard and Augustin-Norbert Morin) wrote and presented, as political program and of claims, 92 resolutions which expressed a true loss of confidence in the British monarchical institutions. To counter this abusive monarchical capacity towards the French Canadians, Papineau and its Party claimed an elected responsible government which would control the incomes and would vote the laws of Low-Canada. In 1835, Lord Gosford arrived at Quebec to try to bind quickly with the patriots, having received the mandate to reconcile the Parliament. But in 1837, having exhausted all the peaceful strategies and in front of a categorical refusal of London consider the 92 resolutions, the Patriotic Party turned in favor of a rebellion armed. At the same time, certain rebellious British of High-Canada aspired to the same claims, that is to say to obtain responsible governments (i.e. elected people which would make the decisions in the place of a governor imposed by London). Low-Canada took the weapons, with at its head Louis-Joseph Papineau (appointed nationalist and chief of the Patriotic Party). The High-Canada revolted under the orders of William Mackenzie. These two risings were crushed by London.

The rout of the Patriots marked the end of the influence of the liberal spirits on the Québécois company, the clergy taking again from now on the orders and extending its capacity. The failure of low Canadian rising did not make it possible to the people to escape the vice from the underdevelopment: the access to the new grounds remained problematic for the Canadians (French), since they were monopolized by Family Compact just like the trade with the colonial Metropolis. At this point in time the formidable movement of emigration Canadian-Frenchwoman in the United States started which marks the 19th century: approximately 1 million French Canadians emigrated towards the United States to remake their life. One finds today thus of Browns, White and Lavigne like family names of French origin in the United States.

Lord Durham was sent by London to make investigation. In his famous report/ratio (the report/ratio Durham), it recommended that it was necessary to carry out the integral assimilation community Canadian-Frenchwoman by a unification of both Canada and the adoption of a responsible Gouvernement. His report/ratio mentioned inter alia the French Canadians were lower people, without history and culture. The Act of Union of 1840 was voted with London. It gave to the High-Canada the same number of deputies that to the Low-Canada and made of English the only official language. The Canada-Plain counted then: 500,000 english-speaking and: 600,000 French-speaking people. Anglophone High-Canada and little populated thus became the equal one of French-speaking Low-Canada extremely populated, which satisfied the intentions assimilationnists of the British. Lord Durham provided that the english-speaking would be soon more numerous and that they would dominate the Parliament thus. Gradually, the english-speaking adopted the name of “ Canadians ” (that the inhabitants of French origin reserved themselves since the 17th century). In reaction, those thus started to be called the “French Canadians”.

The political disturbances continued, reaching a new paroxysm in 1849, whereas rioters set fire to the Parliament Canada-Plain located at Montreal since 1843. The government had voted a law to restore the rights of French and to compensate the innocent victims for the disorders for 1837-1838, which enragea of the British extremists. The Parliament migrated then between Quebec and Toronto until in 1867.

It is only in 1849 that the responsible government by the party reformist is established. The Canadians (French) not being majority, the party reformist was then directed by Robert Baldwin in the High-Canada and Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine in the Low-Canada, these two territorial divisions forming the Canada-Plain . Thanks to obtaining the responsible government, certain calm reigned on the Canadian political scene. In 1864, the political elites started discussions concerning a potential Canadian confederation. London then gave its support to the project of federal union and made even pressure on the governors in station in the colonies so that they accept it.

The Canadian federation (1867)

Following an agreement in principle concluded between the conservative party from John Alexander MacDonald and the liberal party of George Brown, supported by George-Etienne Cartier, the Acte of British North America created the Canadian confederation which was proclaimed on July 1st, 1867 and to which united the New Brunswick and the Nova Scotia. It will lead in the one second administrative division which formed the provinces of Quebec and Ontario.

| valign=" top" | |- bgcolor=" efefef" | colspan=" 2" | Source: Statistical institute of Quebec |}

This Act of British North America (the constitutional Law of 1867, of its new name) defines the fundamental distribution of the capacities between the federal government and the provincial governments. The founders of the Canada were determined to create a strong central government while conferring important powers on the legislative assembled of the provinces. More precisely, John A. MacDonald had had to give up his inclinations of unit State inter alia because of the determination of G. - E. Cartier to certainly restore a Québécois, provincial State, but national hearth where the French Canadians were ensured to preserve the majority and thus a control of their destiny like a form of guarantee against the assimilation. One allotted to Parliament federal responsibility for defense and for politics foreign, of trade, of transport, of communications and of grounds reserved with Amerindians as well as capacities extraordinary, in particular capacities waste (the responsibility for all the sectors which was not expressly assigned at the provincial legislative assemblies), capacity of disavowal (which allowed him to repudiate provincial laws) as well as an unlimited capacity of taxation (leaving with the provinces only the capacity to perceive direct taxes within the limits of the provincial territory). The provincial legislative assemblies accepted competence in the fields such as education, the hospitals, the property, the civil laws, the natural resources and the “ work and companies of a nature locale ”. In two sectors, immigration and agriculture, competence was shared between the two stages of government.

The constitutional Law of 1867 contained provisions and clauses especially conceived to preserve and recognize the character distinct from Quebec. It devoted the recognition of the Civil code of Quebec in what milked with the private law compared to the British Common law into force in the other provinces, envisaged the use of French and English at the Parliament like within the Legislature and of the courts of Quebec, and established separate schools financed by the public funds for the Protestant and catholic minorities of Quebec and Canada.

De Chauveau with Duplessis

July 15th, 1867, Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau, of the Conservative party, became Prime Minister. As of 1868, it created the ministry for the State education of which it became titular. But this ministry was quickly denounced by the clergy which rejected the neutral school thus, free and obligatory, that he believed a maconnic threat since the patriotic Party of had founded the first development, destroyed by the consequences of the failure of the Rebellions. Boucherville abolishes the ministry in 1875 and the system of 1867 was restored. In 1876, a liberal candidate of Charlevoix, which was demolishes with the elections because of the pressure of the Church on the voters, succeeds, using a new federal law, to make cancel the election. The following year, the Pope sent his representative to force the Québécois Église to minimize his interventions in the electoral field. Indeed, in 1887, the monks represented 48 % of the teachers of the Catholic schools.

After the political failure of the reforms of the Mercier republican, which went in the direction of economic nationalism and the state education, his/her son-in-law and another Prime Minister, Lomer Gouin, undertook a series of reforms more modest, but also intended to solve the challenges of the underdevelopment Canadian-French. Thus it imposed the foundation of a series of vocational schools under the aegis of the provincial State, whose HEC (1905) was one of most notable, priceless instrument with the service of economic nationalism at the 20th century. In 1910, the grandson of Louis-Joseph Papineau, Henri Bourassa, founded the newspaper “ Devoir ”, that it devoted to the defense of the French Canadian. Bourassa was opposed vigorously to the implication of Canada in the Guerre of Boers (1899). Then, during the First World War, it protested against the recourse to the conscription.

As a whole, the support of the French Canadians to this war was mitigated enough. Whereas some enlisted in the Canadian army, in others in the 22e battalion (Canadian-French), the ancestor of the Royal 22e Régiment, others fought against the conscription or payment 17 adoptee by Ontario, which prohibited the teaching of French. : 400,000 Canadian soldiers envoys overseas, more: 60,000 Canadian died in the combat.

The Bourassa generation of the nationalists put an end to his political adventure after the election of 1911 which, in spite of its success to reverse Laurier and to make elect a great number of deputies, was considered a fiasco since the only alternative was a conservative government even more imperialist and anti-French, directed by Borden, francophobe and recognized orangist. However, it could put some successes in the active of its political militancy, obtained not in Ottawa, but when the same ones, Armand Lavergne and Henri Bourassa in particular, were made elect in Quebec. Lavergne succeeds in making pass a law in favor of the rights of French in public space, in particular requiring bilingual public services of the companies in Quebec - at that time, the train, the telephone, etc did not recognize the majority language of Quebec. The nationalists also obtained Gouin government a law obliging to on the spot transform wood and paper the pulp of Quebec: what multiplied the industrial centers of the Shawinigan type. The hope being that Quebec would export from now on its end products more its labor in the United States!

The “ successeur ” of Bourassa as a defender of the rights of the nation Canadian-Frenchwoman was the historian and canon Lionel Groulx, considered by several as the spiritual father of the Québécois freedom fighters. He is however by no means the father of this aspiration since she goes back to the Patriots (Declaration of independence of 1838), was revived by the national Party of Honore Mercier to the capacity of 1886 to 1893. The preferences of Groulx went to the political action of LaFontaine and the ultramontanism of Tardivel, whose novel For the Fatherland (1895) projected the independence of Quebec in 1950. In 1931, it obtained a great credibility while taking part in the First World War and with the negotiations which followed, the Canada is lived to grant by the the United Kingdom a full autonomy by the Statut of Westminster (formation of the the Commonwealth).

In 1936, the National union, founded in 1935, seized the power in Quebec. Its chief, Maurice Duplessis, was with the capacity until in 1939, then again of 1944 with 1959. He wanted to be separatist, protecting his preserving spirit under cover of nationalism. Duplessis maintained late Quebec on the remainder of the Canada as regards education, economy and in the social laws. The religious capacity occupied a dominating place in the social, economic affairs and policies of Quebec. Indeed, the Catholic church, in close cooperation with the government, the USA of its influence to convince the citizens of the need for safeguarding of the conservative government of Maurice Duplessis, which took, moreover, of measurements against the social reforms and the trade unionism. After its death, the capacity of the Église weakens quickly under the liberal government of Jean Lesage. During the Years 1960, Quebec entered a great phase of accelerated modernization, grace in particular to a series of reforms of economic order undertaken by the Lesage government. Moreover, during its first mandate, it obtained several people who formed the team of the thunder, of which Rene Lévesque, Paul Gérin-Lajoie and Georges-Emile Lapalme. This period is generally qualified by the historians, sociologists or political economists of Quiet revolution.

Modernization and dispute (1960 with today)

The Quiet revolution was launched by the election of the Lesage government, whose slogan in 1960 was “It is time that changes” and in 1962: “Main on our premises” . In 1960, the Lesage government started very vast and ambitious series of reforms, in the fields of the industrial relations policy, education, health, economic development. Rene Lévesque convainquit Lesage to rejoin Eric Kierans who allowed the financial development of Quebec the service of the majority, in particular of the Case of deposit. One should not forget either the principal stake of the countryside of 1962, the nationalization of the electric production: this one was between the hands of an English oligopoly from which were excluded all nonWASP, therefore the French Canadians. By nationalizing the sector in Hydro-Quebec, the initiative of Lévesque allowed a formidable rise of the Québécois economy, but also of accession of the Inhabitants of Quebec to careers which were up to that point almost inaccessible for them.

The modernization and the emancipation of Quebec revived the idea of independence and the movement souverainist shaped. These independence claims were done more and a Québécois House opened its doors with Paris in 1961, acting as Official delegation. This movement became extensive without precedent in the second half of the years 1960, the claims independence being largely made hear and organizing themselves in various forms, as the Gathering for the national independence which launched the slogan: “ Quebec libre ”.

July 23rd, 1967, the general Charles de Gaulle unloaded in Quebec coming from a French warship for a voyage a few days in Quebec. It was the first official visit of a Head of French State in the old colony. These meeting again Quebec French symbolic systems were highly important for the two countries, although with great reserves on behalf of the Canadian anglophone government. De Gaulle made a speech in the town of Quebec, in which he insisted on the common identity of the French and the French-speaking Canadians. The following day, it borrowed the Chemin of Roy which connects the Ville of Quebec of that of Montreal. With each stage, he was greeted as a liberator by a crowd which agitated signs on which was registered: “Free France”, “free Quebec”, “Lives Canada français ! ” Arrived at Montreal, it was accepted by the mayor, Jean Drapeau, and addressed balcony of the town hall to an overflowing crowd of enthusiasm, finishing its speech by the words célèbres : “ Live Montréal ! Live Québec ! Live Quebec… libre ! Live Canada French and sharp France ! ” According to the anecdote, reported in the memories of his principal collaborators, but also of his son (the admiral Philippe de Gaulle), it was not envisaged by the authorities montréalaises that the General addressed to crowd, on the contrary the mayor had envisaged a very conventional address with notable in a simple room of reception. Somewhat astonished by the narrow character by this program, whereas the population claimed that the General can address himself to it, De Gaulle saw a microphone of the balcony which had not been disconnected, and he took the initiative then to address himself directly to Montréalais gathered in front of the town hall, with the stupor of the mayor who would have liked “to confine” the general with a small fashionable reception… was to know little about the de Gaulle general! The famous sentence “Lives free Quebec” marked on this occasion by the general at the end of his speech, was not, contrary to a narrow reading which was made by it at the time, a call with the rising of Quebec or political independence. It acted, of the consent even of the general de Gaulle a few months later, of a gesture more intended to greet the immense effort of economic and social modernization undertaken at the time, by the government of the National union of his friend the Prime Minister Daniel Johnson (and her predecessor of the liberal government Jean Lesage) at the time of the Quiet revolution. In addition, the General de Gaulle , expert in international policy and strong of its own experience, was fully aware owing to the fact that a call of this kind would contribute to make known Quebec out of Canada and in particular the French-speaking character of this Canadian province, neglected by the federal authorities of the time: “that saved 10 years in Quebec” wrote it later. In Quebec even, nobody was mistaken there, since as much the opponents who the supports of this declaration were of agreement to recognize its immense impact, to start with the federalistic editor association of the daily newspaper montréalais the Duty, Claude Ryan, which in a famous leading article wrote that the de Gaulle general had just registered Quebec on the chart of the world. On the other hand, the anglophone Canadians and in particular the federal government of Ottawa, were shocked by this declaration taken with the first degree, thinking that the de Gaulle general called with the independence of Quebec. The general was not going to drop to such polemics, it decided to directly leave Quebec after this triumphal voyage, without passing by Ottawa which was normally the final stage of its Canadian stay. More symbolically, the de Gaulle general recognized that this declaration, by its undeniable impact on the international recognition of Quebec like linguistic and sociological entity distinct, came to erase the debt of France with regard to Quebec which was represented by the abandonment of the News-France by the motherland in 1760.

A group extremist, the Front of Release of Quebec (FLQ) had had recourse since the beginning of the years 1960 to terrorist attacks on the Québécois ground against several Canadian interests and symbols of the United Kingdom. The social climate of the end of the year 1960 degenerated into frequent working demonstrations and sometimes into riots. In October 1970, the FLQ removed a British diplomat, James Cross, then a Minister for the Québécois government, Pierre Laporte, which was assassinated in circumstances nebulas. This assassination occurred the shortly after the intervention of the Canadian army in the same streets of Montreal, at the request of the Prime Minister Robert Bourassa and of the mayor of Montreal Jean Drapeau pretexting an apprehended insurrection. More than 500 leaders of Québécois opinions were stopped, among which trade unionists, artists and students. Trudeau, which had criticized Duplessis so much, was hardly shown more democratic than him, and hardly less authoritative chief. Subsequent boards of inquiry (undertaken by the royal Gendarmerie of Canada and Keable judges it) concluded that the action of the federal government, illegal on the moral level, primarily aimed at rejoining the public opinion and to cut down an opposition legitimates rather than to repress an apprehended insurrection. These events marked the end of the extremism within the independence movement, moreover vigorously rejected by no one other that Rene Lévesque (friendly of Laporte who lost the life in this unhappy episode). It is in 1968 that the Parti Québécois was formed, left souverainist directed by Rene Lévesque. This party gained the provincial elections of 1976 and founded a series of laws making the promotion and the defense of the French language. It is with the installation of the Charter of the French language known as Loi 101 that French became the official language of Quebec in 1977. That founded French like language of the public school like English in the other provinces of the Dominion and founded the right of the workers to work in French in the companies of 50 employees and more. Polemical side, the Canadian-English media opinion retained especially obligatory French posting, visual revolution which concentrated antagonisms.

In 1980, the project of Rene Lévesque of sovereignty-association was supported by 40 % of the population at the time of a referendum. The Canadian government of Pierre Elliott Trudeau repatriated in an authoritative way the constitution in 1982 with, on opinion of the Supreme court, the agreement of a strong majority of the provinces, but without the support of Quebec, the government of Quebec thus did not become not left with the constitution, following the discussed events of the Nuit of the long knives . The Canadian Constitution was thus modified according to the desires of Trudeau, but without the least consultation of the population, neither of Quebec, nor of Canada. Quebec undergoes a reduction in provincial autonomy then and still does not recognize this constitution, although its governments gave up the gesture of protest of the Lévesque government which consisted in passing each new Québécois law by calling upon the derogatory clause (or “notwithstanding”). Lévesque turned however to a hope of reform known as of the “beautiful risk” with the election of the conservatives of the Mulroney irlando-inhabitant of Quebec to Ottawa in 1984.

Of 1985 with 1994, the Liberal party of Quebec controlled Quebec under Robert Bourassa and Daniel Johnson. The constitutional problems were once more discussed and a consensus was approved with the Accord of the lake Meech in (1987). However, this one crumbled in 1990: the Canadian-English opinion, strongly poked by Trudeau, rejected the recognition of Quebec like “distinct company”. This emotive reaction had partly been poked by the use of the clause notwithstanding by Robert Bourassa. A third agreement, the Accord of Charlottetown, which was to juridically specify the statute of Quebec in Canada, was rejected by a referendum pancanadien and a Québécois referendum in 1992 for opposite reasons: not enough of autonomy in Quebec, too to the eyes of the Canadians of the other provinces.

The Left Québécois, carried out by Jacques Parizeau, returned to the capacity in 1994 with the promise to hold a new referendum on the sovereignty of Quebec. Held on October 30th, 1995, this referendum saw the souverainist proposal rejected to 50.6%. Jacques Parizeau left the post of Prime Minister on January 29th, 1996 and was replaced by the chief of the Québécois Bloc federal, Lucien Bouchard. Bouchard and its successor pequist, Bernard Landry, left side the accession with sovereignty, privileging the cleansing of public finances, the Québécois debt not having ceased growing these last years. He was a certain success on this face.

Québécois policy

Political operation

Quebec is one of the ten provinces Canada. It functions with a parliamentary Régime of the British type based on the Système of Westminster, just like the whole of the other provinces of Canada. In Quebec, the legislative power is shared between the National Assembly and the Lieutenant-governor (the representative of the queen in Quebec). Because of the outdatedness of the monarchical system, nowadays, the National Assembly occupies practically all the legislative powers. The executive power is incarnated by the Gouvernement of Quebec. With the head of the government is the Prime Minister and his the Council of Ministers.

The National Assembly is made of 125 deputies elected by the vote for all by a vote by district by the means of a majority Uninominal system to a turn. The Parliament is dissolved by the Prime Minister, to the maximum five years after the last election. The last election took place in 2007.

Political dynamics

Election 2003

See also: Québécois General election of 2003

At the time of the general election of April 14th, 2003, the Parti Québécois was beaten by the Liberal party, directed by Jean Charest. Become Prime Minister, Charest followed a policy of disengagement of the State, by supporting the partnerships in particular public-private, with an aim of containing the national debt of Quebec which rose at the time with: 108.6 billion dollars. The liberal government knew certain difficulties during its mandate, the rates of dissatisfaction rising up to 78%. On the other hand, the rate of dissatisfaction drops towards the end of its mandate.

Scandal of the mixed liability companies

See also: Scandal of the mixed liability companies

In 2004, the Scandale of the mixed liability companies makes the federal government less and less popular near the Inhabitants of Quebec. Indeed, the auditor general of Canada affirms that a black case had been used starting from 1995 to promote the Canadian unit during and after the referendum on the sovereignty of Quebec. It also reveals that, in spite of the laws Québécois chief clerks, nine times more money had been used by the camp of Not (supported by the federal government), with the detriment of the camp of Yes . Moreover, various testimonys reflect in light which the federal government had accelerated the process of naturalization of the immigrants to counter the referendum. These revelations, as well as the scandal of Option fine Canada revealed 2005, question, with the eyes of the souverainists, the results of the Référendum of 1995 in Quebec, gained by an extremely mean margin by the camp of the “ Non ”.

Andre Boisclair and interdependent Quebec

November 15th, 2005, André Boisclair is elected chief of the Québécois Party after a race with the cheffery of the political party the opponent, inter alia, with Pauline Marois. In February 2006, a new political party is founded. Born from the fusion of the Union of the forces progressists (UFP) and of Option citizen, interdependent Quebec is represented by two spokespersons, a woman, Francoise David, and a man, Amir Khadir. The left party says ecologist, feminist, democrat, altermondialist and freedom fighter; it counts more: 7,000 members and has a complete political program.

Recognition of the Québécois nation

In November 2006, Canadian the Prime Minister Stephen Harper deposits a motion aiming at recognizing that the Inhabitants of Quebec form a nation within plain Canada . Although this concept does not have any legal authenticity, it is accepted by 266 votes against 16 on November 27th, 2006. This motion comes in answer to a motion bloquist rejected by 233 votes against 48.

Following the adoption of motion, a survey reveals that 70 % of the Canadians reject the concept that the Inhabitants of Quebec form a nation; by excluding Quebec, this proportion rises with 77 %. Only the French-speaking Inhabitants of Quebec are mainly in agreement with the concept of Québécois nation with 71 % of approval.

Election of 2007

See also: Québécois General election of 2007

The Electoral campaign begins on February 21st, 2007 following dissolution from the National Assembly by the Prime Minister Jean Charest. During the countryside, it is practically impossible to predict the exit of the poll, three parties having a chance to gain the elections. It is about the democratic Action of Quebec, the Parti Québécois and the Liberal party Quebec (the party in power). Two other parties, the Green Left and interdependent Quebec, profit from considerable supports. The debate of the chiefs , on March 13rd, 2007, and the deposit of a federal budget, on March 19th, 2007, will have a certain influence on the result of the election.

The day of the poll, on March 26th, 2007, the Liberal party of Quebec makes elect 48 deputies respectively, while the democratic Action of Quebec and the Québécois Party make some elect 41 and 36. Thus, the Liberal party is found with the head of a Minority government, the first in Quebec since 1878. As for the democratic Action of Quebec, it becomes the first opposition party and form thus the Official opposition with the National Assembly, in a completely unexpected way, at least for the political community and the media.

The shortly after the election, it seems that the movements caused by the questions and misunderstandings about the compromises reasonable (in 2006) as well as the feeling of the citizens of the areas to be neglected and taken top by the politicians and the media found an echo in the populist message of the democratic Action, carried by a chief considered as more accessible, nearer to them than its rivals by part of the Inhabitants of Quebec.

Following the elections, the Parti Québécois was found with being the second group of opposition, which displeased with several appointed militants, candidates and pequists. Andre Boisclair, the chief of the party, tried well to control and ensure the direction of this last, but it was not able to succeed. It thus gave its resignation as chief of the Québécois Party the day of parliamentary reopening, that is to say on May 8th, 2007. François Gendron, which is the senior not only Parti Québécois, but of the National Assembly, was elected by its pars to be the temporary chief of the Parti Québécois, while waiting for that the race with the cheffery gives a new chief.

May 12th, 2007, dramatic turn of events within the movement souverainist: hardly 30 hours after having presented its candidature, Gilles Duceppe withdraws race with the direction of the Québécois Party. At the same time, it gives its support to Pauline Marois, which obtained the greatest number of supports since the deposit of its candidature. The 26 June 2007, Pauline Marois becomes cheffe Parti Québécois.

Language

See also: French inhabitant of Quebec, linguistic Demography of Quebec, Debate on the standard of Québécois French

On the linguistic level, Quebec is distinguished from its immediate neighbors mainly by the fact that the French is the only official language there. French is there also the common language, understood and spoken (at least minimally) by 94,6 % of the population.

The Inhabitants of Quebec defend the Francophonie vis-a-vis the preponderance of the English language. Accordingly, they also defend a “Québécois standard”, whose regulator is the Québécois Office of the French language.

The French-inhabitant of Quebec

English

Second language in importance in the province, the English is the native tongue of: 572,085 people (7.9% of the population). Also, Quebec counts: 50,060 people (0.7% of the population) which regards at the same time French and English as their native tongue.

The english-speaking of Quebec reside mainly in the west of the island of Montreal and in Outaouais. Also, they are, for several, of British and Celtic ascent, coming from Ireland and Great Britain (England, Scotland, Wales).

English made his appearance on the Québécois territory starting from 1760, date of the British conquest. It is at that time that the first merchants, Scottish and English for the majority, will come to settle in the towns of Quebec and of Montreal. Starting from 1784, the arrival of the Loyalistes fleeing the the United States made increase the number of considerably anglophone in the province. These Loyal supporters, avoiding the countryside French-speaking and catholic, were established mainly in what, today, constitutes the Cantons of the East and the Outaouais. It is as interesting to note as in the Québécois urban environment of the 19th century, the third European language most spoken after the French and the English, was the Gaelic. Although many immigrants coming from the Celtic countries of the British Isles, mainly from the Irish and the Scottish (immigrant at and the 19th century), passed from Gaelic to the French, without learning the English, several of them chose this one (in particular the Écossais). Today, the Gaelic is not spoken any more in the province, but certain residents of Scottish descent of the town of Compton, in Estrie, continue to use the Scottish Gaélique. Their proportion is however very weak. Another population of language Gaelic is with the Îles-de-la-Madeleine, on the island of entry.

Allophones

According to the Statistical institute of Quebec, in 2001, there was: 709,425 Allophone S (whose native tongue French is neither the , nor the English, but which often speaks or includes/understands at least one of these two languages, both official languages of Canada), that is to say 10,1 % of the population. It as should be added as in this 10,1%, one counts a great number of indigenous, alive in the north of the province and who do not have absolutely anything to have with the immigrants. The government of Quebec negotiated near the federal government to choose itself its immigrants with an aim of supporting the Immigration Francophone. Until the years 1960, the immigrants came especially from European countries (in particular of the Italians, of the Jews of Central Europe, then Greeks). As from the years 1960-70, immigration however diversified, inter alia with the important arrival of Haitians, Latin-American, Vietnameses, etc the current immigrants come especially from France, of China, Belgium, Eastern Europe, and various developing countries, especially the countries of French-speaking North Africa, but also of Latin America.

Culture

See also: Québécois Culture, Québécois Cinema

Quebec is the principal company of French expression in North America, and only having a majority of citizens communicating in French. Quebec nourishes a major attachment with its culture. Symbol even of its national identity, the Québécois Culture binocular of the roots French be with a heritage indigenous, while being somewhat influenced by its past under the mode Britannique.

The song

The Québécois song is very varied. Since Bolduc in the Years 1920 - 1930 to the artists of the changing, it knew to bring large song writers and performers: Felix Leclerc, Jean-Pierre Ferland, Raymond Lévesque, Robert Charlebois, Gilles Vigneault, Claude Léveillée, Michel Rivard, Richard Desjardins, Lynda Lemay, Jean Leloup, Pierre Lapointe, like several groups: Beau Dommage, Harmonium, Cowboys Fringants, Loco Locass, Colocs, My Aïeux.

It has also authors of reputation: Stephan Venne, Luc Plamondon and Pierre Létourneau, as well as type-setters: Andre Mathieu, Andre Gagnon, François Dompierre and Paul Baillargeon.

It has its internationally recognized interpreters: Ginette Reno, Diane Dufresne, Renee Claude, Nicole Martin, Fabienne Thibeault, Bruno Pelletier, Luc De Larochellière, Celine Dion, Garou, Isabelle Boulay, Simple plan, inter alia. Those made or make career in France, Belgium, Suisse, with the the United States, the Lebanon, in French-speaking Africa, etc

Certain interpreters are also regarded as inhabitants of Quebec, although originating besides. Their career proceeds in Quebec, proceeded there or started there. They are often already French-speaking, or adopted (except exceptions) French in their songs (but, in addition to French, sometimes also sing in other languages: English, Italian, Spanish, Arabic, etc) One can quote inter alia Nanette Workman (the United States), Corneille (Rwanda), the rappor K-Maro (Lebanon), Lara Fabian (Belgium). These artists take part in the international image of Quebec open on the world and are the example of a culture able to include multiple origins: one often speaks about a “Québécois dream” for many French-speaking people of the whole world, as there exists sometimes a “American Rêve” among Anglo-Saxons. These French-speaking singers “New Quebecer” often incarnate this dream of success.

The sport

Gastronomy

The first colonists, mainly country, prepared consistent meals for better facing the rigors of the climate and the daily labor. A family kitchen, based on the French tradition, developed with the wire of the centuries, integral fish, game, vegetables and fruits fresh. The tart plate, the Cipaille, the Baked beans, soup with peas, the Joint of pork, the Creton S, the Tart with sugar and the buckwheat wafers are some examples of these traditional mets. Some remain with the menu of restaurants whereas others are been useful on special occasionss, like the traditional meals of the period of the Festivals. In spring, these dishes can be been used in the huts for sugar. The traditional receipts are also reinterpreted with the last style by the chiefs of the Québécois great restaurants, which also propose a crowd of fine products of Quebec, like the Foie gras, the Steaklet of duck, the caviar of corégone (a fish of water of the Abitibi), the Cidre of ice and the Vin of ice.

These regional products confer on the Québécois gastronomy a clean identity. In Montérégie, with which the territory is covered with 30 % of Verger S, one manufactures a large variety of Cidre S which cumulates the honors in the international contests. In the Low-Saint-Laurent, which borders the river, one controls old art to smoke salmon, trout, the sturgeon and eel. With the Iles-de-la-Madeleine, one concocte a tasty pot-in-pot (a preparation of seafood or fish and potatoes in crust). With the Saguenay-Lake-Saint-Jean, one prepares a Tourtière Lake (very thick pie with meat and potatoes in cube) and a soup with the famous Gourganes. The area of Charlevoix produces cheeses of excellent quality. A typical tart plate of Charlevoix is made of éperlans distributed on several successive layers of finer paste. The Gaspésie is recognized, as for it, for its pie with salmon and its pellets of cod. On the Coast-North, the majority of the mets emphasize fish, molluscs and shellfish which are fished there, like Scandinavian shrimp, the Crabe of snows and the Pétoncle. There was habit also to prepare there the languages of cods and the local products, like eggs of marine birds. In Mauricie, one prepares the meat of Bison and Autruche, animals which are on the spot high. The Town of Quebec, like Montreal, is recognized internationally for its fine kitchen.

As regards Fast-food industry, the poutine is mets typically québécois¨, invented in the years 1950, at the time of the irruption of fast-food to American. The poutine " classique" is composed of chips, of cheese in fresh grains as well as hot and consistent sauce (known as “brown sauce”, because of its brownish color). The presentation of the poutine is variable and varied. One can taste with poutines “with Italian” (with sauce with spaghettis), “barbecue” or “furnished”. It also gave place to many alternatives like the Galvaude (with green garden peas), the Burgundian one (sauce with the red wine and onions), etc the poutine is however very fatty and does not form part of a balanced mode.

Quebec also counts for 80% of the worldwide production of Maple syrup. Exit of Amerindian traditions adapted and modified by the French, the Acériculture consists of the first time to notch the maples with sugar at the time of the spring thaw. The sap collected is then reduced by evaporation until obtaining a delicious syrup sweetened, ideal to accompany crepes, waffles, lost bread (known as gilded bread), as well as a multitude of varied dishes.

Autochtones

The Amerindian S have lived Quebec for several millenia. In 2003, the Amerindian population of Quebec counted: 159,905 people. However, as the law recognized only the children of indigenous father until in the Eighties, their number is raised in theory much more, without counting all the mongrels. In fact, almost all the Inhabitants of Quebec have ancestors autochtones. Although they account for today officially only 2,2% of the Québécois population, the Amerindians bring much to this company. Also, they form integral part of its history.

For a few decades, the efforts to preserve the culture and to defend the ancestral rights of the Amerindians have intensified. The ten Amerindian nations of Quebec are attached to two linguistic groups: the Huron-Wendat and the Mohawks belong to the family '' iroquoienne '', whereas the eight other nations belong to the family '' algonquienne ''. As for the Inuits, they are not considered as Amerindians, although they are autochtones.

Religion

The Catholic church played a paramount role in cultural development and policy of the Québécois company. Nevertheless, the Amerindian religions and inuits preceded Catholicism in Québécois ground. Today, these religions survived and certain demonstrations persist.

Catholicism

At the time of the News-France, the first colonists who all were established were catholic. At the beginning of the colony, the evangelization of the Amerindians preceded the foundation by the parishes. In 1627, the Cardinal of Richelieu made issue a royal proclamation, whereby Louis XIII banished all nonthe catholics of News-France. This edict aimed at excluding the Juif S and the Huguenot S from colonization.

The extraordinary power that the Catholic church had formerly is reflected in all the cultural fields, of the language until the fine arts, while passing by the theater, the literature and the cinema. The golden age for the ecclesiastics will arrive in the middle of the 19th century (towards 1840), period during which the Church, become very treated on a hierarchical basis, concretizes its influence. But its influence will be blown hundred years later, at the moment when the Québécois company will be crossed, and deeply transformed, by the Quiet revolution (national conscience, etc).

Protestantism and other religions

During the British mode, Protestant english-speaking came to be established in certain areas of Quebec. As of 1777, the first Synagog was established on the territory of current the Montreal, but it is especially as from the 19th century that relatively important groups of Juif S joined the community montréalaise. In 1835, the Swiss woman Henriette Feller founded in Quebec the first French-speaking Protestant church in America. It was then assisted of the reverend Louis Moussy, a Pasteur young person 23 year old, Switzerland him too. At the 20th century, successive waves of immigrants coming from Ireland, of Italy, Greece, Asia and Africa were established in Montreal, bringing their cultural and religious habits. Some of them created religious communities which made build establishments. According to certain religious organizations, this pluralism translates a true cultural upheaval.

Today

Nowadays, this religious diversity, and, up to a certain point, cultural, involves several reactions within the Québécois company, in particular after the famous business of the reasonable compromises with respect to the immigrant or religious minorities. In addition, even if the churches of Quebec are increasingly deserted, the Inhabitants of Quebec always assert their membership of Catholicism. It is what arises from the one of the most important studies ever carried out on the faith and the religious practices of the Canadians, The Bibby Report one Catholicism in Quebec , in 2007. In fact, nearly 85% of the Inhabitants of Quebec assert their membership of Catholicism. Surprisingly, this figure is quasi similar to the data of 1961, whereas 88% of the Inhabitants of Quebec affirmed to belong to this religion. Even in 2007, Catholicism continues to distinguish Quebec compared to the remainder from the Canada.

Places of worship

The first place of worship built in North America is the Basilica-cathedral of Quebec, in 1647. Initially named church Our-Lady-of-the-Peace , it was set up at the place even first vault built by Samuel de Champlain. It obtained the statute of basilica when Monseigneur de Laval became the bishop of Quebec. This basilica is the seat of the primacy of the country, therefore that of the Catholic religion to the Canada. It was rebuilt twice after the Siège of Quebec of 1759 and 1922 sets fire to it

The place of worship more attended of Quebec is the Basilique Holy-Anne-of-Bowsprit, in the municipality of the same name, close to Quebec. This basilica accommodates million visitors each year, and especially during neuvaine of Holy-Anne, the July 26th. She is recognized for her miracles (the thousands of crutches at the entry by being taken) and by the fact that the statue of Holy-Anne survived two major fires., This basilica was built in 1876, Holy-Anne being the Holy owner of Quebec at that time.

The Oratorical Saint-Joseph, with Montreal, is the only place of worship in the world dedicated to Saint-Joseph. Located on the side of the Royal Mount, one knows it for his 283 steps, that the pilgrims come each year to go up to knees, reciting a prayer on each step. Just like in the basilica Holy-Anne, the interior of the cathedral contains hundreds of crutches, left in ex-voto for each miraculous cure allotted to Saint-Joseph or the Frère Andre, founder of the oratory. The relics of the André brother are preserved besides inside the building.

Québécois economy

See also: Québécois Economy, List of Canadian companies

The economy of Quebec can be described as post-industrial diversified. Although the province has gigantic natural resources, its growth rests especially on new technologies. Aerospace industry is very important, especially in Montreal, with the presence of manufacturers like Bombardier, Pratt & Whitney Canada and CAE. Montreal is regarded as the second aerospace center in the world, after Seattle and in front of Toulouse. That made of Quebec the fourth larger world player on this market. The industry of the Video game has made for a few years fulgurating great strides, with the presence of companies like Electronic Arts, Ubisoft, Softimage and Eidos. It employs close to: 10,000 people and of the investments of several hundreds of million dollars are envisaged in this field during the next years.

Moreover, since it produces energy in great quantity and at a low cost, the province produces close to 10 % of aluminum on planet, thanks to the Canadian giant Alcan and with its American competitor, Alcoa. Recently, the Québécois economy had to face several obstacles: raise fulgurating of the Canadian dollar, wild foreign competition (Asia), rise in the price of energy, crisis in the forest sector and, lately, deceleration of the US economy. The growth was of 2,2 % in 2006, lower than the Canadian average of 3 %. For 2007, the growth will be under the 2 %. However, a recovery is predicted for 2008. GDP of the province is of 230.6 billion [[American dollar $US]] in Purchasing power parity (PPP), and that per capita is of: 30,143 American dollars (in PPP), an amount which is compared with that of the France or of the Italy. However, the difference between PIB/Habitant with the rich person Ontario and the Canadian average are of approximately 15 20%, the national average accounting for 35,875 [[American dollar $US]] (in PPP). From its size, the economy of Quebec is compared with that of the Norway.

Seventy pourcent of its GDP is generated by the service sector and unemployment rate is of 7.2% (May 2007), higher than the national average of 6%.

Quebec counts also several companies which radiate internationally: Alcan, Bomber, the Circus of the Sun, Quebecor, Late bedder, Saputo, etc

Science and technology

Science and technology are determining factors in the economic positioning of Quebec. Being one of the world leaders in growth industries such as the Aerospace , information technologies, the Biotechnologies and the drug company, Quebec plays a part significant in the scientific community and technological. Moreover, one says of Montreal that it is now a turntable of the industry of the video game. Moreover, a British review specialized on the matter (Develop, October 2006) affirms that the metropolis is the place which made the greatest great strides in this field during the 10 last years. One allots this phenomenon to a culture of the video game avant-gardist, in particular thanks to Soft Image (founded by Daniel Langlois in 1986) and the arrival of Ubisoft, in Montreal, in 1997.

Export and importation

Thanks to the World Trade organization (OMC) and with the Agreement of North-American free trade (ALÉNA), Quebec knows an increase in its capacity to compete with the international market. Following these agreements, its commercial relations with the other countries became dynamic. Consequently, Quebec saw its exports increasing in an important way. These international exchanges contribute to the strength of the Québécois economy, in particular as regards employment. Nearly two thirds of its exports are realized elsewhere than with the Canada. In 2003, international Québécois exports added up: 133,640 million Canadian dollars (either 35 % of its GDP) and were intended for the the United States of America (83,2 %), with the Europe (9,6 %), with the Asia (4,4 %) and with the Latin America (1,5 %). In 2003, Quebec imported for 130 691 million Canadian dollars of goods and services. They came mainly from the the United States (37,4 %), of the Europe (29,3 %), of the Asia (18,6 %), of the Latin America (7,4 %) as well as Africa and the Middle East (6,0 %). The geographical proximity of Quebec with the United States explains the fact that a considerable part of its exports is intended for the American territory.

Tourism

Environment

Quebec obtained a green plan with an aim of achieving the goals of Kyoto. One of these objectives is to reduce the gazs to greenhouse effect (GES) of 6% pennies the levels of 1990, from here 2012. In spite of the fact that the GES increased in Canada of 30% since the signature of the protocol, Quebec makes much better figure since they increased there only by 6.6% between 1990 and 2003. Moreover, one of the reasons for which Quebec has a considerable advantage on the other Canadian provinces, it is that Quebec has like independent source of energy the Hydroélectricité, which is far from polluting.

National symbols

Armorial bearings

The currency

Other symbols

In 1987, the Harfang of snows ( Bubo scandiacus ), recalling the whiteness of the Québécois winters, the rooting in a semi-Scandinavian climate and the extension on a very vast territory, became the avian emblem of Quebec.

The yellow Birch ( Betula alleghaniensis ), commonly called Wild cherry tree, was selected like tree emblematic of the province, for its presence in the forests of Quebec and its at the same time artisanal and commercial use. In 1999, the vareigated Iris ( Iris versicolor ) was selected like flower-emblem of Quebec, to replace the white lily, which is not indigenous in Quebec. In addition to its resemblance with fleurdelized of the Québécois flag, it symbolizes, by the harmony of its colors, the diversity of the Québécois company and, by its habitat, the importance of moist environments in the province. Moreover, its flowering occurs towards the June 24th, the national feastday of Quebec.

Lastly, in October 1998, an insect-emblem was chosen by popular vote at the time of a poll sponsored by the Insectarium of Montreal: the butterfly white Admiral ( Limenitis arthemis ). This insect was in competition with four candidates: the mackled ladybird, the darkened young lady, the feverish bumblebee and the cicindèle at six points. The ministry for Sustainable development, the Environment and the Parks of Quebec supports and finances currently actions to make recognize officially the butterfly admiral like insect emblematic.

National festival of Quebec

The June 24th is the official date of the national Festival of Quebec, bank holiday and been unemployed, marked by various official and popular demonstrations (processions, concerts, etc). These areas are not political divisions of Quebec. They are used to organize the public administration and generally constitute the units of division for the various governmental services. These areas should not be confused with the 21 tourist areas of Quebec. Although two cuttings correspond, of the differences can be noted. Thus, the administrative areas of the Capital-Main road, Coast-North and North-of-Quebec are divided, have regard to tourism, in Quebec and Charlevoix, Duplessis and Manicouagan, and Bay-James and Nunavik, respectively. Also, the administrative area of Estrie is named Cantons of the East, when it is question of tourism.

See too

External bonds

Official site of the Government of Quebec
geographical Quebec
Statistical institute of Quebec
official Tourist site of the Government of Quebec
Québécois Office of the French language
General delegation from Quebec in Paris
Charts of Quebec of the Ministry for the Natural resources and Fauna

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Etymology of the name “Quebec”

Geography of Quebec

History of Quebec

Autochtones

First contacts with the New World

News-France

The British mode (1763-1867)

The Canadian federation (1867)

De Chauveau with Duplessis

Modernization and dispute (1960 with today)

Québécois policy

Political operation

Political dynamics

Election 2003

Scandal of the mixed liability companies

Andre Boisclair and interdependent Quebec

Recognition of the Québécois nation

Election of 2007

Language

The French-inhabitant of Quebec

English

Allophones

Culture

The song

The sport

Gastronomy

Autochtones

Religion

Catholicism

Protestantism and other religions

Today

Places of worship

Québécois economy

Science and technology

Export and importation

Tourism

Environment

National symbols

Armorial bearings

The currency

Other symbols

National festival of Quebec

See too

Related articles

External bonds