Pole

The Polish is a Langue pertaining to the Slavic group Western of the family of the Indo-European Langues.

Distribution

One speaks it in Poland, but also in several Central European countries and Eastern, in particular the Bielorussia and the Ukraine, the republics Czech and Slovak, in North America and Australia.

History

Polish is a Slavic language, as well as the Russian for example, but which belongs to a particular subfamily. The Polish language was very early detached from the Slavic languages of the East, with the result that it preserves the nasal vowels (ą and ę) and adopts a Latin writing, contrary to the majority which preserves the Cyrillic alphabet.

Polish received the influence of foreign languages (especially Latin , German , Czech , French, Italian , Belorusse and Ukrainian, Russian and English). The first traces of Polish come us from Latin texts of the 12th comprising century of the proper names. But it is necessary to go back to the 14th century before finding texts significant.

Phonetics

See also: basic Amorce=Articles:, Phonetic, Articulatory phonetics

Vowels

The Polish Voyelle S are 8: six oral, and two nasal. The vowels do not combine between them: oi decides o-i (not oua' as in French). Oral vowels:

Contrary to the other Slavic languages, nasal vowels ( ę corresponds to the French “ein” and ą corresponds to “one” (##)) were preserved in Polish, although they start to disappear (in the pronunciation, but not with the writing) - especially at the end from a mot. These vowels, marked of a Ogonek, never begin a mot.

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(##) IMPORTANT REMARK: This comparison aims giving a coarse idea in the way in which the letters ę and ą decide, however these indications of pronunciation could not in no case to constitute a completely reliable support or at applying such as it is. Indeed, “one” and “ein” seem to be the sounds closest to the real pronunciation of these letters; nevertheless they remain far away from reality.

These vowels specific to Polish do not decide “curtly”, because their “stamp” evolves/moves to some extent during the pronunciation with a final “extinction”, this lasting only one fraction of a second without particular strain well-heard in spite of the apparent difficulty. For example, in reference to the examples of the table which follows, Polish has real chances not to include/understand “snake” if you to him said and even less “of the snakes” if you pronounce i.e. It will absolutely be necessary for you to pronounce rather for “snake” but WITHOUT separating the syllables, in other words with the tonic accent gathering the syllables “year” and “one”. In the same way, to say “snakes”, you will have to pronounce or (little différenciables here considering the speed of pronunciation), with an accent closer to that of the South of France, stops less open for the “one”, and always the single tonic accent on the unit “one” - “one” without chopping.

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Before an occlusive , the nasal vowels are followed of a nasal Consonne: for example kąt will be pronounced, phonetically, kont (to pronounce the T ), and gęba will be marked gemba . At the end of a word, the nasal ę is often ignored with the profit of a E normal by the Poles. The majority of the nasal vowels are preserved before a fricative Consonne, and at the end of the words for nasal the ą .

Contrary to French, the nasal vowels of Polish are asynchronous: it is in fact two sounds, an oral vowel immediately followed by a nasal Semi-voyelle. For example ą will be marked ɔ̃ (have-year) rather than ɔ̃ (year). However, this point is not essential and the majority of the nasal vowels of Polish are regarded as ordinary vowels, i.e. synchronous.

In Polish, the length of a vowel is not phonemic: the presence of long vowels does not change the direction of the mot.

Consonants

Polish has 35 Consonne S, of which the use is a little more complex than that of the vowels: there exist series of consonants palatal affricate consonants and . The affricate consonants are sometimes Digramme S: dz, ts…. The “soft” palatals, or consonants, either are marked by a Acute accent, or followed by a I .

One can gather the consonants in three great groups:

  • the alveolar ones: Z S dz C

  • postalvéolaires: ż sz dż cz
  • alvéolo-palatals: ź ś dź ć

In certain dialects, for example Masurien, it arrives that a consonant of a group passes in another group.

The palatal consonants and alvéolo-palatals ( ź ś dź ć ń J ) as those which precede the vowel I are “soft” consonants. All the others are “hard”.

tonic Accent

In Polish, the tonic Accent falls on before last syllable: zro bił ( it made ), zro' bi' Li ( they made ).

Make exception to the rule:

  • verbs, conjugated with passed with the first or the second nobody of plural: zro' bi' liśmy ( we made ) - accent on the antepenultimate.

  • verbs, conjugated on the conditional mode: zro biłbym ( I would make ) - accent on the antepenultimate.
  • verbs conjugated with the first or the second nobody of plural to the conditional one: zro' bi' libyśmy ( we would make ) - accent on the syllable preceding the antepenultimate.
  • certain words resulting from the Latin (example: mate' ma' tyka ) can be accentuated on the antepenultimate. , although this use tends to be lost.

Writing

He is written by means of the Latin alphabet enriched by diacritic: the Ogonek (Ą ą Ę ę), the Acute accent (Ć ć Ń ń Ó ó Ś ś Ź ź), the Barre obliques (Ł ł) and the Point superscribed (Ż ż). It makes also use of seven Digramme S (CH, cz, dz, dź, dż, rz, sz). The letters Q, V and X exist only in the foreign loans and words.

I/there

The difference between i and y is not only orthographical: contrary to other languages, it is considerable.

The I decides in a way similar to French, while the is there a sound located between the E French and the have (attention, as in me eu' it but not as in b' eu' rre), makes some nearer to the E - although slightly more serious, almost equivalent.

ci, si and zi decide, and respectively, but to in no case.

Note that l'i modifies the preceding consonant, it palatalizes this one. While l'y does not offer this modification. Certain consonants change their pronunciation particularly.

Grammatical characteristics

See also: Polish Grammar

Like several Baltic and Slavic languages, Polish comprises seven Cas (Nominatif, Génitif, Datif, Accusatif, Vocatif, Instrumental and Locatif). There exist five kinds (personal masculine, animated masculine, inanimate masculine, the female one and the neutral) and two numbers (singular and plural). The inflection of the verb is not only made to indicate to the anybody and the number, but also to determine the kind. The use of personal pronouns is thus superfluous and is used for example as emphase. The conjugation of the verbs is strongly irregular. The word order in a sentence often has little importance, so that the subject and the object can fit as much before after the verb. They can also disappear if the context makes them superfluous, particularly in the case of personal pronouns.

Examples

See too

internal bonds

External bonds

  • English Course of Polish language

  • Knowledge of Polish in France, Belgium and in the other European countries Study

Beats-smg: Lėnku kalba Be-X-old: Польскаямова Nds-nl: Pools Simple: Polish language

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