Phonology

The phonematic phonology , or , is a branch of the Linguistique which studies how are organized the sounds of a language in order to form statements. It should not be confused with the Phonétique which, it, is interested in the sounds themselves, independently of their operation the ones with the others. In kind, phonetics is interested in the sounds as physiological units, phonology with the sounds as parts of a structure.

The phonological Transcription is placed between oblique bars: /ra/ is the phonological transcription of the French word rat . Each Symbole used must return only to one phoneme and each phoneme should be coded only by one symbol. The symbols used are close to those of the API but one finds many methods of transcription, according to the languages, the authors, the times.

See also: Contenu=Voir it [[: category: Method of transcription]], [[category '' method of transcription '']]

Exposed phonological method

To distinguish the sound from the phoneme

See also: Commutation (linguistic)

A French-speaking person can pronounce the word “rat” with a /r/ rolled, grasseyé or normal (known as “Parisian”); phonology will see however one /r/ phoneme there because it is not possible, in French, to oppose three words which would begin each one by one from these kinds of /r/ and would be followed of /a/: this distinction interests only phonetics. In kind, (with /r/ rolled), (with /r/ grasseyé as Edith Piaf pronounced them) and (with a /r/ normal), are reduced all three following phonemes /ra/ and these continuations of phonemes indicate all the same mot. One will say whereas the sounds, and are free alternatives of the /r/ phoneme, i.e. various possibilities of realization which do not contrast in French (whereas and are opposed in certain pronunciations of the Arab and constitute two distinct phonemes).

Phonology not requiring to aim at a as high degree of accuracy as phonetics, it does not use as many symbols as the latter and often follows notations which are specific to the study of each language. Thus, in the preceding example, if, and (phonetic notation) indicate different sounds, /r/ (phonological notation) is used to indicate any of the allophones as long as those are not opposed in the language.

Moreover, if one can describe the sounds phonetically as they are presented, after, it is necessary, in phonology, to comply with the rule a sign = a phoneme . For example, in the English word choose , which a French-speaking person would spontaneously analyze like a succession of two sounds + (“CH”), corresponds in fact to only one sound: a Affricate consonant. This sound, represented by only one symbol /t ͡ʃ/, also has statute of phoneme because it makes it possible to oppose minimal pair /t/ container or/ʃ/( tat and cat ). In the English sentence, one can find a /t/ succession perfectly +/ʃ/. Here, /t ͡ʃ/is opposed to /t ʃ/and is enough to modify the direction of the sentence; to compare in English:

/wai ' t͡ʃu: Z why choose?
/wait ' ʃu: Z white shoes

Let us note however that such an example does not constitute a minimal pair, because other phonemes (Intonation, Height) differentiate them.

But the succession of phonemes not Africas is sometimes necessary also in French (note: contrary to English, the tone is not noted in phonology French and realized phonetically with the liking of the interlocutor following the intention, it is the same for the phonetic length of the French vowels):

/s ɛtʃãkəʒɛm/ seven songs which I like , at least carried out ʃãk (ə) ʒɛm
to distinguish from:
/s ɛt͡ʃã (ŋ) kəʒɛm/ it is Chang which I like , at least carried out t͡ʃãk (ə) ʒɛm
The first version requires to mark a pause between the two phonological phonemes /t/ and/ʃ/to avoid the affrication, whereas in the other cases the pauses between words are often not marked neither phonetically nor phonologiquement and the phonetic affrication is carried out automatically in the fast usual speech. This affrication which creates only one phoneme in phonetics does not change the phonology of the words. Such a case where the phonological distinction is necessary produces only for the loans of foreign words starting with affricate consonants after a word finishing by a vowel, and the French use is to lengthen the vowel, or to mark the pause, or to mark the tone by pronouncing the affricate consonant of the borrowed word. It is noted here that a nasal final/ŋ/is often omitted phonetically in the French fast pronunciation before a consonant initial plosive, even if it is recognized implicitly phonologiquement by the listener.

The minimal pair

See also: Minimal pair

Distinctive features, relevant features and discrete units

In Phonétique one calls feature distinctive a sound which makes it possible the listener to distinguish two phonemes from close pronunciation; in phonology, one calls milked relevant a distinctive feature which, in the organization of a particular language, is used indeed to distinguish two phonemes; finally a discrete unit is the minimal sound sequence that a listener-speaker can identify like phoneme in a sound sequence.

Correlations

Distribution

The problem of the made up phonemes

Phonological notation of system

Ortograf Notation allowing to note the pronunciation normal of French.

List terms suitable for phonology

pathologies of the phonological system

The phonological disorders are disorders which reach the constitution of the phonological system, and consequently the construction of the phonological system of the words. They are central disorders, which touch the integrity of the representations of a linguistic level in the cognitive system.

Simple: Phonology

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