Philippe III of France

Youth

Junior by family, the prince Philippe was not intended to reign on a kingdom. It with died of his/her Louis older brother in 1260 qu ' it becomes the crown prince. He is then fifteen years old and presents much less aptitudes than his brother, being of soft nature, subjected, timid and changeable, almost crushed by the strong personalities of his parents.

His/her Marguerite mother makes him promise to remain under her supervision until the thirty years age, but his/her father king Saint Louis makes break the oath by the pope, preferring to improve his son by an education without fault. For this purpose, it associates to him as from 1268 for mentor Pierre of Broce. Saint Louis is given the responsability moreover to lavish its own councils to him, writing its Enseignements in particular, which inculcate before all the concept of justice like first duty of king. It also accepted an education very turned towards the faith. Guillaume d' Ercuis was moreover its chaplain, before being the tutor of its son, the future king Philippe IV.

An advent in the pain

Recently married to Isabelle d' Aragon and father of a little boy, the future Philippe IV the Beautiful one, Philippe accompanies his father with the Eighth crusade, with Tunis, in 1270. After the catch of Carthage, the army is struck by an epidemic of Dysenterie, which does not save Philippe and his family. His/her brother Jean Tristan dies the first, then, on August 25th, king Louis dies in his turn.

Philippe is thus proclaimed king under the name of Philippe III in Tunis. Without much personality nor will, very pious, but good rider, it more owes its nickname of Bold with its valiancy with the combat that with its strength of character. It appears unable to order with the troops, affected which it is death of his father. He hastened to conclude, by letting his uncle Charles Ier of Anjou negotiate with the Moors, truce a ten years which enabled him to return to France.

Others dead still endeuillent this rout. Initially it was, in December with Trappani, his/her brother-in-law the king de Navarre Thibaut de Champagne. Then, one month later in Calabria, its wife Isabelle d' Aragon with its fifth child to be born. Lastly, with Hyères, his/her Isabelle sister, the woman of Thibaut. It arrives at Paris on May 21st, 1271, and returns before any homage to the victims, which were of course numerous also among the soldiers. He is crowned King de France with Rheims the August 12th 1271.

A reign hinge

The advent of Philippe III is accompanied quickly by an upheaval in the political scene: the death of the king d' Angleterre Henri III and the one vacancy end of the imperial throne long 19 years. Moreover the concern of Europe is not any more with the crusades. Thus, whereas those had been major components of the reign of his/her father, it his will be especially marked by territorial conflicts, disputes of heritages and wars of vassalage, phenomenon which still will be accentuated during the reign of his/her son.

Philippe III has as a great chamberlain Pierre of Broce (until its hanging in 1278, to see this name) and preserves the majority of the advisers of his father, like Eustace de Beaumarchais, seneshal of Poitou, Toulouse and Auvergne.

Interior policy

By heritages, annexations, purchases, unions, and wars, Philippe III unceasingly attempted to increase the royal field and to strengthen his authority there.

He operated in 1271-1272 his first territorial transaction by incorporating in the royal field the heritage of his uncle Alphonse of Poitiers: the County of Toulouse, the Poitou and part of the Auvergne. It was however constrained to yield the Resident of Agen, Saintonge and the Ponthieu with the king d' Angleterre Edouard I {{er}}, by the Traité of Amiens of 1279. He also inherited the county of Perche and the Comté of Alençon of his Pierre brother deceased in 1283.

He on the occasion to make his first personal feats of arms in 1272, when he convened the royal Ost against the counts of Foix and Armagnac which disputed its capacity to him. Armagnac goes and Foix is beaten and imprisoned. It restores its grounds in 1277 however to him. It also bought the counties of Nemours and Chartres in 1274 and 1284. It acquired also various cities, such Harfleur or Montmorillon. It also withdrew with king de Majorque the authority on Montpellier. On the other hand, it yielded to the pope Gregoire X the Comtat Venaissin in 1274.

Lastly, it followed an effective policy matrimonial, being the instigator of the marriage of his cousin Mahaut d' Artois with the count Othon IV of Burgundy, which prepared the bringing together of this area, imperial ground (current the Franche-Comté), with the kingdom. It also intervened in Navarre after the death of Henri Ier de Navarre which left a Jeanne girl under the supervision of her mother Blanche of Artois and of Ferdinand of Cerda. White of Artois Jeanne to the son of Philippe, the Philippe future is engaged the Beautiful one. The Champagne and Navarre are managed by the French from the treaty of Orleans of 1275, and the Champagne is definitively attached to the field in 1314. The marriage will take place finally in 1284.

From the point of view of the institutions, Philippe III introduced several innovations. It fixes the majority of kings de France at 14 years. It strengthens royal justice with the detriment of justices seigneuriales, instituting a royal court in each bailliage or seneschalsy. It strikes fines the noble ones not answering the convocation with the royal ost. It creates a tax on the transmissions of strongholds. Lastly, it institutionalizes the segregation towards the Jews.

Foreign policy

In Castille, after the death of his brother-in-law Ferdinand of Cerda in 1275, Philippe III took without success the party of the children of this one against Don Sanche, designated successor by the king Alphonse X.

In Italy, it supported the pope Martin IV against the Gibelins, making a punitive forwarding in Romagna. It also supported the sicilian policy of his uncle Charles of Anjou, after the massacres of the Sicilian Vêpres in 1282. the pope excommunicated Pierre III of Aragon regarded as the instigator of the massacre and gave his kingdom to Charles de Valois, whom it will not be able to preserve.

In 1285, after the business of Sicily, Philippe III, without his uncle Charles of Anjou died at the beginning of year, engaged the Croisade of Aragon and attacked without success the Catalogne (seat of Gérone of the June 26th to the September 7th 1285). Its army touched by an epidemic of dysentery, it was demolishes in September with Las Formiguas, and was obliged to make retirement. This one was disastrous, and itself died in Perpignan. Pierre d' Aragon died one month later, Gérone devoted himself to his successor and new king de France, Philippe IV Beautiful the decided the return in France.

Unions and descent

The May 28th 1262 with Clermont-Ferrand, it married in first weddings Isabelle d' Aragon (1247-1271), girl of the king Jacques Ier d' Aragon. Having accompanied the king with the 8 {{E}} crusade, it died tragically of a fall of horse, in Calabria, on the way of the return, then pregnant of its 5th child.

Of this union are resulting:

Louis de France (1264-1276)
Philippe IV (1268-1314), known as Philippe Beautiful the , king de France
Robert de France (1269-front. 1276)
Charles of France (1270-1325), count de Valois

The August 21st 1274 with Vincennes, Philippe III married in second weddings Marie of the Brabant (1254-1321), girl of Henri III, duke of the Brabant, and Adélaïde of Burgundy.

Of this union are resulting:

Louis de France (1276-1319), count d' Évreux
Marguerite de France (1282-1318), X 1299 Edouard Ier, king d' White Angleterre
of France (v. 1284-1305), X 1300 Rodolphe III, duke of Austria - extinct posterity

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