Personality

See also: Personality (homonymy)

The idea of personality is complex, it followed a whole course determined by the ideas of the centuries that it crossed and still today it would be difficult to find a concept more interdependent of the schools and attitudes of the authors who make use of it.

The etymology makes it possible to better apprehend the direction of them: Persona, Latin term derived from the Etruscan, indicates the mask of Greek ancient theater, which was the interface between the actor, his role, and the public. Artifice of a Théâtre of effigy it presented the three following characteristics:

  • thanks to the mask the public was to be able to predict the action of the actor
  • there was a definite number of possible masks, twelve exactly.
  • each actor had the right to use one mask by representation

Today the general idea which arises from the various visions of the personality is that it is the whole of the behaviors which constitute the indivuality of a person. She returns account as what describes the individual: permanence and continuity of the modes of action and reaction, originality and specificity in its manner of being. It is the relatively stable core of the individual, left complex and evolutionary synthesis of the innate data (genes) and the elements available in social environment and the environment in general.

The knowledge of the personality is often an important issue in what it makes it possible to provide with a limited margin of error the behavior of the person in ordinary situations, for example professional. It is also the objective of the self-knowledge .

Modern technologies of personal evaluation on line allow analyzes more total now than formerly. The subjacent theory is that of intelligent and immediate interpretation. In 2007, the tool Web " personality 21" (or: " personnalité21") is the only known specimen of this new type of measuring instrument of the personality.

It is first of all necessary not to forget to distinguish temperament, character and personality.

The delicate concept of personality is sometimes put in connection with that of character. Who is the manner " ways of agir" and the attitudes which are specific to an individual and which make it possible to distinguish it from the others. This distinction is particularly used by the Caractérologie. A long time synonymous with personality, the term of character is hardly any more used a psychology and not the authors because it is associated with connotations morals, and refers to an often negative value judgment, " bad caractère" " character of cochon". It should all the same be announced that Cloninger integrates the dimension of character, in its model of the personality. The character then opposed to the temperament would be " dimensions of the personality determined by the social training, and the cognitive training, and it is thus not influenced by factors héreditaires".

The temperament refers physiological to the correspondences of the character more directly related to the ancient tradition morphopsychologic (Théorie of moods) or constitutional modern.

There exist at least two approaches different from the personality

Theory of the type

Concept of personality in the analytical Psychology

The analytical psychology of Carl-Gustav Jung describes the personality along three axes of characteristics:

  • introversion/extraversion,
  • intuitive/factual,
  • intellectual/emotional.

The preferences of a person for one of the two poles, out of these three axes, found the psychological Type. Questionnaires can contribute to the determination of the type (MBTI, GOLDEN DELICIOUS,…).

The discoveries of Carl Gustav Jung and work of Mrs. Myers, Briggs, are recent contributions: 1921 for " Types of personnalités" and 1942 for the first version of the " Standard Briggs-Myers Indicator®" Apart from this work, the theory of the type is intuitive, of many traditions developed on this model in the oldest civilizations and most various: horoscopes, numerology, ennéagramme,…

Theory of the feature

Concept of personality in social psychology

See also: implicit Theory of the personality

In the theories of social psychology (Osgood for example), a feature of personality is an adjective which describes a behavior, emotional states, but also of the formulations on the value of the individuals.

For each feature, psychometric tools can be elaborate, which make it possible to locate an individual compared to the remainder of the population of reference. The majority of the personality tests used are based on the theory of the feature.

Thus in the theory known as of the 2D (Osgood, 1962), the features of personality are divided into two groups:

  • features belonging to the notion of sociability (examples: Sympathetic nerve; dishonest persons…),
  • features belonging to the concept of evaluation of competences (examples: qualified; dynamics…).

In the theory known as of the 5D (or Big Five , Mc Crae and Costa, 1997), the features of personalities are gathered in five groups:

  • Introversion/extraversion,
  • Friendly/hostile,
  • Conscientious,
  • Stable/unstable,
  • Competence.
These categories come from the strong correlations observed between the various features of various tests.

Approach of the personality according to the large currents

Psychoanalytical

See also: Psychoanalysis

Behaviorist

See also: Behaviorism

The personality is a sum of reducible behaviors to the relationship between stimuli and answers. The approach behaviorist refuses the idea of unit, and in its form more extrème reduces the individual to hundreds of independent and specific practices.

Cognitivist

See also: Cognitive

Construction, from the personality, begin with categorization from the element seen in connection with elements already memorized, then the element is classified near the data presenting same the attributes. The starting follows then which consists has to facilitate the processing of data by a kind of preparation which involves the formation of milked concept, which binds between them the various contents mémoriels, making it possible to create mental racourcis.

The concept of diagram, another concept important cognitivist, refers to a concept of social categorization being articulated between 3 fields, the vision of oneself, others, world and time. These three fields constitute the triad of Beck. Diagrams referring to the early experiments of the subject, the traumatisms, the values and prejudices of its socioeducational and cultural medium. They are lates and inaccessible spontaneously, and constitute assumptions of reality to be confirmed or cancel.

Humanistic

See also: Humanism

Dimentionnel

See also: Big five

Attempt at quantification of the personality.

See too

  • Questionnaire of authoritative personality

  • Personality ()
  • Theory of Personality disorder personality NPA

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