Packing

History

The history of packing is indissociable exchanges and displacements between the men. As soon as it is necessary to move away from the tribe and to carry vivres, packing should be invented, to gather, transport, protect and preserve. The first packing dates from Prehistory. They was then skins of animals (the gibecière of the hunter, the gourd), certain shells or sheets, Calebasse S (dried marrow, hollowed out). Towards 6000 av. J. - C came then. ceramics and the baskets (the Amphore where the wine ages, where preserves oil; basket makings which transport vegetables or lock up the poultries).

Towards 1500 av. J. - C., the Egyptians manufactured containers in Verre.

The barrel would be a Gallic invention, at the time where the Romans used clay amphoras. However, if one refers to a low Roman relief going back to 68 before J.C, it is reproduced a boat there sailing on a river, charged with two enormous ringed wood casks. Until the end of the 19th century, this ancestor of the barrel, with extremely variable dimensions, is especially an instrument of transport of the goods: wines, alcohols and beers, but also of the lard, anchovies, olives, the powder…

Among Roman vestiges, an earthenware jar containing an ointment with a lead lid indicating the name of the manufacturer, was discovered. Not astonishing that the oldest known pieces of furniture are robust trunks and trunks, with their handles they were nimbly charged to flee or to conquer and their solids ironwork protect from the flight the furs, the jewels and silk; with their way, they are the precursors of the Conteneur S.

It is in England, in 1746, which the first product packed under a mark appeared: a powder box against the fever. This country was still distinguished with packing from soaps, oil and mustard of mark. Until the end of the 19th century, the men as well as possible used, for packing, the materials which nature placed at their disposal:

Is directly: wood, cork, leather, clay, the fibers (Hemp, Jute, Raffia, wicker…)
Is after transformation: glass, metals, paper.

Under Napoleon i, Nicolas Appert invents about 1800 canning, process of hot sterilization in containers hermetically closed: it is the beginning of the cans.

C `is the invention in 1850 by French Lefranc of the flexible tube of painting which made it possible to the painters to traverse the countryside, not to more be obliged to paint in workshop or by the window of a residence. One can say that this packing allowed the advent of the Impressionnisme.

After great explorations and the conflicts which contributed to the innumerable ones discovered to protect food, it is the rural migration which will create new needs. The rural ones and their families do not consume any more the products of their fields or of the close markets, it is necessary to set up a logistics to supply them. Thus Paris as of the end of the 19th century, for example, was surrounded by a belt of dairy farms which supplied it daily. Later, the completion of the Paris-Lyon-Mediterranean line and the use of the Cageot contributed to condemn the orchards of the same suburbs.

The 20th century is the century of the plastic packagings. Leger, resistant, inert, multiform, the plastic asserts himself in all the fields: bags and bottles out of polyethylene, small boats and pots of yoghourt out of polystyrene, cans, plastic films…

The sector of packing

The production of packing is an economic activity of foreground. It consumes mainly plastic , paperboard and their derivatives.

In France, packing is the 8^e industrial sector (SESSI 2004), as much as aeronautics. Turnover: 19 billion euros; with 2.000 paid establishments and 122.000, France covers 30% of the sector packing in Europe. France is also the third world exporter of packing, behind Germany and the United States, the plastic accounting for with him only 40% of exports.

The French sector of packing out of glass is concentrated on some heavy industries, although it is distributed better 29%

Metal 15%
Glass 14%
Wood 9%

The distribution in tons differs obviously, because for example salurt its goes copurant direction first of a motne not exceeding 500 paid.

The various types of packing paperboard are divided into:

41% for the printed paperboard folding (boîtage running of any type of products)
24% for the corrugated cardboard especially intended for packing of protection (transport, storage)
10% for the paperboard known as covered (with aluminum and/or plastic for food packing)
7% for the tubes, barrels and barrels (out of paperboard known as spiral) and the remainder in various products.

Plastic packaging: figures

Everywhere in the world, packing is the first outlet of the plastics. In France that represented, 2002,39% of the plastic consumption, in front of the building and the car. In Europe, the rate is of 40%.

The plastic is in the forefront of packing in France, with 34% of the market, in front of paper paperboard. It is also the first material of packing of number of conditioned UVC.

the agroalimentary one absorbs 65% of the plastic packagings (reciprocally, 50% of food are packed in plastic).

Come then:

the maintenance products 13%
Hygiene health beauty 12%
industry and transport 10%

Various packing

The above mentioned European directive establishes a very precise distinction of packing. For example, the case for CD, reusable and essential to the good safeguarding of the disc, is not a packing. On the other hand, the film which surrounds it for the sale is a packing. The stretchable film sold in roller for domestic use is not a packing but that which packs the meat chosen with the ray butchery is a packing. The skin of sausages, the toners, the sticks for Touiller the coffee, the sachets of the are not packing. It is true that this text determines the framework for the payment of the contribution to recycling, it matters that it is precise. The statisticians have as a practice to split each branches of activity in sectors. For the plastic packaging, here the categories retained by Sessi (turnover 2003):

Bags and sachets (25,2%)
Stopping and surbouchage (21,8%)
Bottles, bottles and barrels (21,6%)
Various: labels, covers, films and flakes of chock… (17,1%)
Boxes, pots, goblets and cases (14,3%)

Some examples (nonrestrictive list!) :

Small boat in expanded Polystyrene
Can tin
Bottle in Glass: to see size of the containers for the Wine and closing by Capsule or Stopper
Brick or complex material packing: " paperboard polyethylene aluminum" = Combibloc, Elopak, Tetra Pak
Case out of corrugated cardboard, wooden or plastic
Container (or container)
Case in Paperboard
Sheet in Plastic Aluminum
Film in , shrinkable film, multi-layer protective film
Paper sulphurized
Plate of Drugs
metallized Plastic bag, gold or aluminum
Sachet “Doypack” or sachet which hold upright
Sac of case, bag congelation, bag dustbin
woven Sac: out of cotton or plastic for vegetables with the detail, out of jute for wholesale or out of synthetic fiber for the flexible containers

See too

Packing list

Functions of packing

Packing is known to provide three traditional functions: to protect, transport and inform. It is conceived today to fill some of others:

To protect the product against the external aggressions to which it will be sensitive according to its nature, in order to ensure the conservation of this product in perfect state.

physical dangers: solar shocks, heat, cold, rays, chemical dust…
dangers: moisture, corrosion, projections of detergent, fuel or any pollutant
microbiological dangers: pathogenic yeasts, moulds, germs for food…

To transport and to allow:

of the storages simplified for the Wholesaler. The packing, often conceived like an element of the circuit of Distribution, adapts by a form appropriate to space available on a pallet or in a container,
a setting in fast ray for the Détaillant; for example of the socks will have a support provided with a hook to allow their suspending rod immediately, sometimes they will be delivered in a support paperboard, with fast opening, of 20 matched pairs, easy to suspend or slip in ray for the warehouseman,
an easy handling for the customer. The small objects will be grouped: for example, a box of 100 screws is easier to carry than 100 screws in bulk. Contrary, the products which the professionals use in bulk (flour, salt…) will advantageously be sold in small packages for a domestic use.

Informer the customer became very important. Packing conveys lawful elements and of information on its employment. How to transport, use or throw the product can be detailed on packing, on a note which it contains or on the label. Packing supports the Traçabilité which makes it possible to check the freshness of a food product (Deadline of consumption (DLC), Deadline of optimal use (DLUO)). Legal information is numerous and sometimes illustrated by Pictogramme S. Certaines information are obligatory in Braille for the partially-sighted persons (drugs for the human health)
Promouvoir the product by its packing to incite the customers to buy. The Design must be used to define the universe of the product so that there is no possible confusion on the nature of the contents; impossible for example to confuse a wine bottle of Bordeaux with that of Burgundy. See the paragraph hereafter " Marketing and packaging"
To facilitate the use of the product, because packing must render service. The box has a spout, the stopper becomes dosing, the can offers a handle, the small boat passes to the furnace microwaves and becomes a plate… It is evolutionary packing.
To defend on the one hand the Consuming : packing must guarantee inviolability before purchase (“ tamper obviousness ” in English), to avoid the frauds, in order to prohibit whoever from introducing a foreign substance into the product, or to prevent the consumer tasting it or from feeling it. The means of detecting an unspecified deterioration are the legs of closing, the seals of the containers, the “plop” with the opening of the bottles which announces the rupture of vacuum or the ring which breaks by unscrewing the stopper of the water bottles. Packing makes it possible to prevent that the children reach the hazardous substances, chemical or medicinal, while remaining easily usable by the elderly or handicapped. One speaks about ergo-design of packing. In addition, it must protect the Fournisseur: certain packing is voluntarily increased not to disappear in the pockets from the robbers. For example, a software which holds on a disc is sold in a box which could contain tens of them. Lastly, by easy ways of shaping (invisible marking, Hologram, electronic chip…), it can make it possible to avoid the Contrefaçon (perfumes, drugs).
To preserve environment: the Waste of packing, after use, must be which may undergo beneficiation to minimize its impact on the Environnement. One speaks about eco-design of packing.

Marketing and packaging

In Marketing, the choice of packing is paramount in large distribution. Packing is familiar for us because it divides our daily newspaper, but it is far time when the housewives returned from the market with food products in old newspapers, where the itinerant salesman served his chips in a folded paper cone! The concept of sale in bulk, with the unit, the weighing is from now on marginal and relates to nothing any more but one transitory state of the product between two types of packing: simple protection during transport, with the final packing which becomes for the salesman an object of seduction near the ultimate consumer. To be convinced some, it is enough to look at the televised publicity of a product, it always presents its packing during a short moment even all the duration of the sequence. Packing is always the first vision which one has of a product…

Which product isn't packed today? It is to it often several times, with an increasing technology, in order to satisfy the increasing requirements of logistics, safety. Beyond that, packing is carrying dream, by stimulating attraction for the product, it becomes driving sale. Packing reaches even the statute of work of art thanks to Christo which, by packing the New Pont in Paris in September 1985, gave its noble letters to this industry. Before that, it is in Japan a secular tradition, the Furoshiki, to make pretty packages when one offers one present.

Packing becomes a tool of seduction because some efforts of design can instigate the sales. From now on, when the innovations are difficult on the product, its manufacturer differentiates it by the packaging. Indeed, how to point out itself for example among all the choices of partially skimmed milk UHT? And well for example by choosing a brick with the conspicuous colors, by offering a handle, a stopper, an octagonal bottle, etc All the materials have their assets and their market.

Packing is the first expression of the mark on the place of sale, it is the “dumb salesman”. When the consumer seizes a packing in linear, in a fraction of a second it chooses a mark, thanks to the logo, with the visual recognition of the product. Only a strong bond between the product and the mark can start the desire and makes it possible to be different from the competitors, even of the copies.

Even in the packing of usual products, in particular food, one distinguishes from main tendencies in the design:

the cosmetic tendency : The design plays more and more with the colors until creating confusion with the high-end and the luxury, it takes as a starting point the ideas of the perfumers. To note that some of them, contrary, are inspired sometimes by usual packing (ex: the dressmaker Jean-Paul Gaultier with a can!) for their perfumes.
the tendency câline : While Internet opens potentially planetary markets, the room and the concept of membership become values which reassure the consumer. One puts hearts where one expects it less (mineral water, ice), of the flowers on toilet paper, one calls upon old designs to point out the packing of our childhood. Softness is a rampart and a cultural reference mark extremely in a world where the future is sometimes dubious,
the tendency formerly : not with gigantism, universalization. The marks are humanized by preaching the artisanal one, the soil. This concept, which reassures and wakes up the memory, is used to give in front of the products present for a long time to even launch new products evoking an older time to point out the labels of our childhood. In packing, that will result in the use of paper, wood, the sandstone (or imitations).
the practical tendency : to be distinguished while offering to the user more who returns packing practices, for example the cheese box which makes bell of presentation, the softener out of bottle with handle and measuring cap… The individualization of conditionings belongs to this adaptation,
the event-driven tendency : thermochromic inks which announce the temperature of the product, the images (bottles of cocktail) which appears only in the black light of the discotheques, holographic impression which change the vision according to the angle of observation…

Sometimes the companies unite, with the product, of the gifts or the goods of reduction so that tries more the customers. This practice is entitled Co-packing.

Packing and innovation

The sector of packing is a very reactive sector, attentive with the diversity of its users: agroalimentary, perfumery, hardware store or pharmacy whose waitings are varied and evolutionary.

The integration of new technologies enables him to accompany, to even precede certain evolutions of consumption like distribution of the goods. Each year since 1955 the Oscars of Packing are allotted which reward the best solutions for packing and conditioning. One will retain in 1955 the carton Tetra Pak for pasteurized milk, in 1958 flexible the PVC Javel amount of Recluse, in 1960 the advent of the apéricube of the Bel cheese dairies, in 1962 the first plastic bottle for the packing of oil by Lesieur, in 1966 Cébal is preceded for his box aluminum with a lid with strip which makes it possible to tear a strip in spiral, into 1972 the flakes of Flo-Pak chock in form of 8, into 1975 the famous parcel out of paperboard of the Post office, in 1982 the flexible woven polypropylene container of Saint Brothers, in 1985 mini-was it in the shape of Obernai barrel by CarnaudMetalBox, still beer with the honor in 1994 with bottle BSN with the relief 1664, the Roquefort Company sees its “hollow system” rewarded in 1996, while in 1999 it is a process “Actis” of Sidel which receives a Oscar. It was a beautiful introduction into the Third millennium of packing since it brought, by an internal form of vitrification, astonishing characteristics of conservation to a plastic bottle.

Recycling

Packing accounts for 50% in volume and 30% in weight of waste of the households. Even if the weight of waste of packing remains stable, the number of packaging units continues to increase.

The Recyclage of packing is possible with the Recycling.

The collection of empty packing progresses, such as for example Empty Packing of Plant health Products (EVPP)

The companies which condition the packing given to the ultimate consumer (to France because elsewhere to Europe that can also concern the professional users) must contribute to the device “Not Green” for each marketed packing.

The Green Point on packing means that the company paid a contribution to Éco-packing (on average 0,7 centimes of euros by packing, according to material and its weight). The payment of the contribution authorizes the companies to use this logo representing two rolled up green arrows. As opposed to what one could think, the green point does not want to say that packing which can be recycled or is recycled.

The suremballage and other definitions

the suremballage consists in adding a packing to an object who is already packed. The goal is often Marketing; it can also improve protection (shock-proof chock) or bring information: for example a sachet of frozen food products is difficult to print; by slipping it into a case, one easily reads the receipt and the composition. Moreover, the paperboard plays a part of insulator, the consumer does not have the cold fingers, the product is better preserved increase of temperature, the paperboard varnished avoids with the boxes sticking between them in the cooled windows… The suremballage can also facilitate handling: case surrounding 12 pots of yoghourt or film grouping 6 water bottles. It can be easily eliminated without obstructing the final use of the product.

The Sac of case can be regarded as a suremballage. To re-use to make other races, the same day or later, to employ it then as bag dustbin is a gesture for the environment.

disposable Packing : packing of single use, only intended to protect the contents until its complete use, then it is eliminated. One will always privilege the Recycling worn packing in order to develop this waste.
reusable Packing : this packing can be used several times for the same use, after possible cleaning. Generally, this type of packing is consigned: the consumer pays an amount of money to carry it and recovers this sum by restoring empty packing. The heaviness of the device, the ecological constraint of the transport of empty packing and their cleaning reduced the re-use considerably. From now on, it is limited primarily to industrial packing: barrels, special cases, pallets…
flexible Packing : in opposition to rigid packing, formerly the bag of jute and maintaining the sachet plastic.
the Unit of Sale Consumer (UVC): it is packing with the unit of the product, as marketed. It is sometimes about a primary education packing (ex: a can of oil) but sometimes of a batch of already packed articles (ex: a candy sachet in Curlpaper, a batch of 3 balls of tennis…)
vacuum packaging : the oxygen in air is an important factor of deterioration of food. By making the vacuum, one eliminates it and one supports the conservation. To gain place, feather bed S, Parka S can be delivered packed vacuum. This practice was spread with the coffee, the salted peanuts… However the meat has tendency to grisailler in the absence of oxygen.
packing under modified atmosphere or protective atmosphere : one makes the vacuum in packing then one reinjects a very precise very pure gas proportioning, generally oxygen + carbonic gas + nitrogenizes. Thus oxygen maintains pleasant coloring the meat. This mode of conditioning gains ground and relates to from now on the sandwiches like the cooked dishes or the dry fruits. Industrial articles can also be protected from moisture or deterioration thanks to a protective atmosphere (welding electrodes, electronics components…)
active packing modifies the environment of food in its packing to extend its lifespan. For example, Absorbent (of oxygen, moisture, ethylene) the Relargueurs of additives: antimicrobic, flavor, etc the Préparateurs (actions on food to improve its conservation)
intelligent packing is active with the characteristic to give information on the quality of the contents. First of all, chromatic indicators: their color changes irréversiblement if the temperature of one frozen is excessive or better if the couple " is reached; time/température" (going beyond of the DLUO or the temperature of storage); or if the gas composition is modified (oxygen introduction into a tight packing). Then, active detectors, for example of transparent packing which will be darkened if the light threatens longevity of the contents, like certain lenses. Miniaturized electronics is already present with labels at radio identification (see RFID) for the traceability or the passage in case without emptying the carriage. The future promises cases with drugs to us which will speak “you already took a tablet such day at such hour… ”. About the years 2020, certain packing equipped with such an electronic chip will transmit infos on the quantity, the urgency to consume the contents… directly with the micro computer incorporated in the refrigerator. Thanks to these devices, the consumer will be able to publish on the screen of his kitchen a receipt which will take account of that of which it lays out, all its stock being known without any seizure with the keyboard! The current limits with the use of intelligent packing are their cost, the legislations in force and the reserves of the consumer (chip RFID would make it possible to track it…).

Packing of French accountancy

Packing is goods containing of the products or the goods (packagings) but also of the goods used for the storage of matters within the company (packaging material). The accounting treatment depends on their nature.

The packaging material

This packing is used exclusively by the company and neither are lent nor consigned. They constitute redeemable fixed assets entered in account 2151 (specialized complex Installations) or 2154 (industrial Material) of PCG. One finds there the silos, the installations of storage of the oil refineries, and a more general way any container intended for storage of the matters necessary to the production of the company.

Packagings

In packagings, one distinguishes:

lost packing :

They are the containers of the products delivered to the customers without consignment (such as the cans, plastic bottles, yoghourt pots, etc). Their value is a component of the selling price of the goods concerned. They have the nature of provisioning entered in account 60261 of PCG (stored Purchases - lost Packing) and with the Inventaire in the account of stock 3261 (lost Packing).

recoverable packing :
Ces packing is reusable and is the subject of successive deliveries by the means of consignment. One distinguishes 2 types of recoverable packing:

identifiable packing :
Ces packing can be individualized, either by means of a serial number, or by means of their date of manufacture. For example the cisterns, the containers, the barrels or the numbered cases are gathered there. One enters them in the account of immobilization 2186 (recoverable Packing) of PCG.
nonidentifiable packing :
Ces packing cannot be individualized. One finds there the bottles out of glass, the racks, the pallets, etc According to their nature, they can be nonrecoverable, recoverable or of mixed use (i.e. indifferently sold, consigned or lent). This recoverable packing is entered with the purchase in accounts 60265 (stored Purchases - nonidentifiable recoverable Packing) or 60267 (stored Purchases - Packing of mixed use) of PCG. With the Inventory, they are entered in the accounts of stocks 3265 (recoverable Packing nonidentifiable) or 3267 (Packing of mixed use).

Consignment of packing

The consignment is a loan with use by assigning an amount of money in guarantee to a creditor. That it is about packing corresponding to fixed assets or provisioning, the accounting of packing is identical. The invoicing of the consignment is done generally net of tax. At the time of the return of packing, the consignment is cancelled by an invoice to have or a resumption of packing in an invoice of later delivery. This recovery can be carried out at the price where packing was consigned but also at a low price (average for the company to reflect the cost of wear of consigned packing).

French-speaking trainings in packing

Level Master and Engineer or Level I:

3Ecole Nationale Sup3erieure of Agronomy and Food industries - ENSAIA (Nancy), diploma for the occupation of engineer recognized by the commission of the titles of engineer * University of Engineers in Packing and Conditioning - ESIEC (Rheims), diploma for the occupation of Engineer recognized by the Commission of the titles of engineer * University of PACkaging - ESEPAC, level Master (the Puy-en-Velay) * Marketing Strategy Packaging Design - BOLETUS (Angouleme) * French school of Paper mill and Graphic Industries - EFPG (Grenoble) * Industrial institute of higher learning in Packing and Conditioning - ISIEC (Liege)

Level License or Level II:

professional License Packing and conditioning of the products of the alive one - ALIPACK (before BIOPACK) (Montpellier)
professional License Industrial production, Option Adaptation of Packing and Industrial Design (IUT of Evreux)
professional License Industrial production, Option Design of Packing and Industrial Design (Rheims)
professional License Technical-commercial in packing and conditioning - FORMAPACK (Morlaix) * Diploma European of Studies Superiors in Packaging - School of Etablières (the Rock On Yon) * Higher formation Packaging - (Bron) * Formation High-level technicien Packing and Conditioning - (Dijon) * Formation Marketing Packaging Design - (Cognac)
Formation Industrial engineering of Packaging - (Cognac)

Level University degree of technology or Level III:

HAD Genius of Conditioning and Packing (IUT of Evreux, of Rheims, of Castres, Avignon) and of Chambéry

Level Professional Vat or or Level IV:

BT Packing and Conditioning - GRETA (Marseilles)

French bibliography

Jean-Paul POTHET, “Packing and conditioning - Marketing - Techniques - Implementation - Quality - Regulation” Collection the Dunod Reference frames - 4200 pages - 2003
Thierry KAZAZIAN, “the cycle of packing: the conditioning of environmental quality” ED. Masson - 1995
Marie-Agnes BERNARDIS, “Packing packing” ED Quoted of sciences and industry - 2000
Yvette DARDENNE, “With the happiness of the boxes” ED. WEST France - 2004
Gerard BERTOLINI, “double life of packing” ED. Economica - 1995
“materials of packing. Regulation, technique and environment” ED. Packing Digest - 1995
Maurice REYNÉ, “plastics in packing: polymers, technology of working, recycling” ED. Hermes Science Publications - 1991
Eric ROCK, “Of good packing for good products” ED. Editions of Organization - 1997
Jacques BOTREL, “Packing. Socio-economic and legal environment” ED. Tech.& Doc./Lavoisier - 1999
Packing magazine, “the guide of packing” ED. GISI - 2007
“Packing out of paper, paperboard, wood, plastics” ED. French association of Standardization (AFNOR) - 1986
“Metallic containers, congestion, generators of aerosols” ED. French association of Standardization (AFNOR) - 1986
Graphis Packing, “Packing. An international repertory of the forms” ED. Graphis Close - 1959
“the market of packing in Canada” ED. Center French Foreign trade. Directorate of Industries and Departments
Eric SINGLER, “Packaging of the products of great consumption: to include/understand the behaviors of purchase and to optimize its strategy packaging” - 2006
Marina CAVASSILAS, “Keys and codes of the packaging: semiotics applied” ED. HERMES SCIENCE PUBLICATIONS - 2006

Internal bonds

Manufacture of the sheets and bands of aluminum
the Council in logistics

Random links: