Order of Santiago

History.

In the beginning, this order was composed of Galicians who, about 1160, were concerned with lodging of the pilgrims on the road leading to Compostelle. The ones were canons of the monastery of Santa Maria de Loyo, in Galicia, close to Portomarín, the others trained a brotherhood of a dozen laic.

August 1st, 1170, Ferdinand II of León and Galicia (1137-king 1157-1188), entrusts the protection of Cáceres, in Estremadura, very right recovery with the Moslems, Pedro Fernàndez, (first Master of the order - 1170-1184), and with his/her twelve brothers in arms who helped it to take the city. Eager to base an order of knighthood on the model of those created in Holy Land, Pedro Fernàndez concludes in May 1170, in the presence of the king and of the archbishops of Tolède and Saint-Jacques-with-Compostelle, an agreement with the prior of the monastery of Santa Maria de Loyo.

Subjected to the spiritual authority of the augustiniens of Loyo, the congregation takes the name “of the Brothers of Cáceres”, and ensures the protection of the old people's homes held by the canons on the road of the pilgrimage, like those of Portomarìn or San Marcos of León (Spain).

At the beginning of 1171, in front of the threats of the Moslem army, Ferdinand He convenes in León the Master of the new militia to prepare the regrouping of his forces. To this occasion, on February 12th, 1171, the archbishop of Compostelle, Pedro Gudesteiz, solemnly gives to Pedro Fernàndez the red fabric banner appearing in its center the Son of the thunder, holding up the sword of a hand, holding of the other the cross and the reins of its white mounting. It is from now on under the name of Jacques saint, owner and defender of Christian Spain, which the Brothers of Caceres, become will serve Caballeros of Espada, “Knights of the Sword” in remembering the sword held up by the apostle and constituting the “Militia of Christ and Jacques saint” vis-a-vis the soldiers of Mahomet. It thus places under the patronage of Jacques saint the matamore.

The archbishop became honorary brother of the Order, raised his Master the honorary dignity of canon of Saint-Jacob, and devoted the vassal brothers “ and knights of Saint Jacques the Apostle to fight under his banner for the honor of the Church and the propagation of the Faith ”. He promised his support to them: he would help them of his councils and would provide them weapons, troops and subsidies. For their part, the brothers committed themselves defending Albuquerque, possession of the archbishop's palace compostellan in Estrémadure.

Pedro Fernàndez gives rapidemant to the order an international scale by acquiring goods with the Portugal, in Castille, Aragon, France, Italy and Holy Land. The Order copies its organization on its establishment: under the authority of a Master, large commanders direct the five areas or, kingdoms of the order: Leon, Castille, Aragon, Gascogne and Portugal (in 1290). The “kingdom” of Portugal is made autonomous in 1316.

After having lost their head office of Caceres, taken again by the Moslems in 1173, and to be themselves scrambled with Ferdinand II of León, the knights decide to gain Castille, where Alphonse VIII the Noble one (1155-king 1158-1214), surrounded of the Master of the Ordre of Calatrava and the large prior of the Ordre of Midsummer's Day of Jerusalem, accommodates them with all the honors. In January 1174, the Castilian monarch gives to them the city and the fortress of Uclés, hitherto held by the Hospital ones of Midsummer's Day of Jerusalem.

The following year, Pedro Fernàndez goes to Rome near the pope Alexandre III, (1105-pope 1159-1181), which ratifies, on July 5th, 1175, the bubble of approval of the religious order and soldier of Santiago. In 1176, some knights returned in the kingdom of León and were established in the convent San Marcos, on a ground located close to the bridge on Bernesga, where existed, since 1151, a church and a hospital for pilgrims. They also founded the hospital of mow Tiendas, at the border of Castille. The number of knights was then 400 and they could gather more than 1000 lances.

Kings de Castille after the Battle of Mow Navas de Tolosa (1212), in which the knights took part, granted to them privileges who allowed the order to repopulate wide areas of Andalusia and of Murcie.

At the 16th century, the Order had a hundred commanderies, of which three were reserved to the Large Commanders, as many castles, about thirty convents, 26 hospitals, 240 churches, 5 hospitals, 178 cities and villages, and 1 university with Salamanque.

January 2nd, 1492, day of the rendering of the emir Boabdil, the banner of the order will float on the highest lathe of the Alhambra to Grenade. (Muhammad XI, Grenade 1452 - emir 1482-1492 - Fès 1528.)

Extract of the rule.

These pontifical acts, gathered in " Bullarium" all the privileges and exemptions of the Order fixed.

The organization of the order.

In 1174 the king Alphonse VIII of Castille yields Ucles to them, in the Province of Cuenca, and since was regarded as the seat of the order; there the Large Master usually resided, and them files of the order were preserved until 1869. They are currently with the " Archivo Historico Nacional " from Madrid.

A branch about Santiago groups the clerks, under the direction of a Large Prior, according to the rule of the canons of Saint-Augustin, and established in Uclès. The clerks live there dîme of all the acquisitions of the order. They take care of the religious life of the knights who all, once the year, must make retirement with Uclès and make there raise their sons.

These knights of Santiago, remained laic, form the second branch of the order, under the direction of the Master, layman like them and elected by them in general chapter with San Marcos de Leòn. The knights lend wish of individual poverty, obedience to the Master, and marital fidelity. In the event of widowhood, from insulation or poverty, the knights and their wives withdraw themselves in Uclès.

While having chosen for the rule of saint Augustin instead of the rule cistercian, her members did not have the obligation to make vow of chastity, and could contract marriage (some of the founders were married). The right to marry, that other military orders did not obtain at the end of the Middle Ages, their was granted to the beginning of the order under certain conditions, such as the authorization of the king, the commitment to observe the continence during the festivals of Christmas, and the Lent, and on certain religious holidays of the year, like for the period of retirement made in Uclés once per annum. The softness of this rule promoted the fast diffusion of the order, which eclipsed the older orders like those of Calatrava and of Alcantara. The knights transmit their patrimonial goods to their sons, which can remain apart from the order, but they give to the order the grounds gained in the Reconquest. [[Commandery]] the S, entrusted to knights Commanders, are built on these new Christian territories, and said them of all the incomes go to the clerks of Uclès. Beyond the Master, the only sovereign of the order is the pope, and the order is owner of the grounds conquered in Estrémadure and in [[Andalusia]]. But the Order lends its contest to the king in all military operations. Thus, the third Master, Sancho Fernandez, die into 1195 of wounds received at the time of the battle of Alarcos and the Master Pelayo Perez Correa (1242-1275) is the principal craftsman of the catch of [[Seville]] in 1248. The order protects the roads and the old people's homes from the pilgrimage in Santiago, where the women of the knights find to get busy. The Spaniards of all the social layers affiliate themselves there as brotherhoods, helping the order of their sums of money and their care. Lastly, of the commanderies rise in the grounds offered in Aragon, Catalogne, Valence and in Portugal. The Brothers wore the white dress, cover and of the same hood color marked, on the left side of the chest, the famous sword of red satin and a shell, in same fabric, posed damages some on the sword. With a bearing gold shield in cross a handle sword of lily. == the Dissolution of the order. == The order was dissolved by the sovereigns of Spain, without same eagerness however as that which had to undergo to them [[Order of the Temple|Templiers]] in 1307. The monarchs acted with a great political direction. With died of Gift Alonso de Cardenas, fortieth large main of the order, [[Isabelle Anger of Castille|Isabelle I {{er}} the Catholic]] (1451-1474-1504) making so that her husband was elected large Master of the order in 1493. What facilitated its programmed end. The nomination of the Large Master had thus passed under the royal supervision. With an aim of dissipating the mistrust of the knights at the time of the general chapter of 1513, [[Ferdinand II of Aragon|Ferdinand II the Catholic]], king d' Aragon (1452-king 1479-1516), become regent of Castille (of 1504 to 1516), decided the rebuilding of [[Hostal San Marcos de León|monastery-hospital of San Marcos]] of [[León (Spain)|Leòn]], and offered the sum of 300.000 maravédis. In 1501, the pope [[Alexandre VI]] (Rodrigue Borgia, born with Xativa, meadows of Valence - 1431-pope 1492 - 1503) Ferdinand II appoints perpetual administrator of the military orders, which will be from now on orders of care, police forces and rewards of good services. In 1523, the pope [[Adrien VI]] (1522-1523) fastening with the Crown of the Castilian orders confirms. In 1556, under [[Charles Quint|Charles I {{er}} of Spain]] (1500-1516-1556) a general advice of the orders makes them amalgamate. Finally in 1592, the king [[Philippe II of Spain|Philippe II]] (1527 - reign 1556-1598) incorporates all the orders in the crown. For this time, the kings of Spain have preserved the titles and dignity of large Master and administrator of the order which is thus placed under the protection of the crown. At the time modern the order was transformed into a means of rewarding the faithful ones for the sovereign. Thus [[Diego Vélasquez]] was knight of Santiago. With the {{XIXe century}}, the goods of the order were joined together with the crown and the order transformed into simple [[honorary order]]. It is decreed still today by the king of Spain. The Portuguese branch of the order was secularized in 1789 by the Maria queen. It is preserved today by the republic as order of merit in the fields of sciences, the literature and arts. == Masters about Santiago == # Pedro Fernández de Fuente Encalato (1170-1184) # Fernando Díaz (1184-1186) # Sancho Fernández (1186-1193) # Gonzalo Rodríguez (1193-1204) # Suero Rodríguez (1204-1206) # Fernando González de Marañon (1206-1210) # Pedro Arias (1210-1212) # García González de Candamio (1214-1217) (first) # Martín Peláez Barragán (1218-1221) # García González de Candamio (1222-1224) (second) # Fernán Pérez Chacín (1224-1226) # Pedro González (1227-1237) # Rodrigo Yánez (1239-1242) # Pelayo Pérez Correa (1243-1275) # Gonzalo Ruiz Girón (1275-1279) # Pedro Núñez (1279-1286) # Gonzalo Martel (1286) # Pedro Fernández Subdued (1286-1293) # Juan Osórez (1293-1310) # Diego Muñiz (1310-1318) # García Fernández (1318-1327) # Vasco Rodríguez (1327-1338) # Vasco López (1338) # Alonso Meléndez de Guzmán (1338-1342) # [[Fadrique de Castille]] (1342-1358) # García Álvarez de Toledo (1359-1366) # Gonzalo Mejía (1366-1371) # Fernando Osórez (1371-1383) # Pedro Fernández Cabeza de Vaca (1383-1384) # Rodrigo González Mejía (1384) # Pedro Muñiz de Godoy (1384-1385) # García Fernández de Villagarcía (1385-1387) # Lorenzo Suárez de Figueroa (1387-1409) # Enrique de Castilla (1409-1445) # Álvaro de Luna (1445-1453) # [[Jean II of Castille|Juan II]] (1453 administrator) # Alfonso de Castilla (1453-1462) (first) # Beltrán of Cueva (1462-1463) # Alfonso de Castilla (1463-1467) (second) # Juan Pacheco (1467-1474) # Alonso de Cárdenas (1474-1476 in León) (first) # Rodrigo Manrique (1474-1476 in Castilla) # [[Ferdinand II of Aragon|Ferdinand the Catholic]] (1476-1477 administrator) # Alonso de Cárdenas (1477-1493) (second) ==Bibliographie== * [[Alain Demurger]], '' Chevaliers of Christ, the orders monk-soldiers with the Middle Ages '', Threshold, 2002 ISBN 2.02.049888.X {{multi stringcourse|Military gate history|Spain gate|Gate the Middle Ages|Gate Catholicism}} [[Category: Reconquista]] [[Category: Military order|Santiago]] [[Category: Pilgrimage of Saint-Jacques-of-Compostelle]] [[bg: Сантяго (орден)]] [[Ca: Orde de Sant Jaume]] [[of: Santiagoorden]] [[in: Order off Santiago]] [[be: Orden Militar of Santiago]] [[gl: Orde Militar of Santiago]] [[it: Process di Santiago]] [[ja: サンティアゴ騎士団]] [[No: Santiago-ordenen]] [[pl: Zakon Santiago]] [[Pt: Ordem of Santiago]] [[Ru: ОрденСантьяго

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