Omeyyades

The Omeyyades or Umayyades (rear RTL الأمويون umayyûn, or rear RTL بنوأمية banû umayya) are a dynasty of Caliph S Sunnites which controlled the Muslim world of 661 with 750, establishing their capital with Damas. They hold their name of one their ancestors, Omayya , great-uncle of Mahomet. They belonged to the tribe of the Quraych ites, tribe dominant with Mecque at the time of the prophet Mohammed. After being itself opposite with this one, they had joined it at the last time.

Omeyyades were dependant with the third caliph, Uthman. When this one was assassinated by opponents who carried to the capacity Ali, cousin and son-in-law of Mohammed, all those which were related to Uthman shouted revenge, in particular Omeyyade Muawiya, which was then governor of Syria. Following some engagements, Ali was isolated capacity in Syria by an arbitration, and Muawiya was proclaimed caliph by the Syria NS in 661. Ali having been assassinated by the Kharidjites, his former partisans, plus nothing then did not oppose the reign caliphs omeyyades.

However, as from the years 680, a series of internal disorders failed to put an end to this dynasty, but it always succeeds in taking again the top:

In 680, at died of Muawiya, the notable ones of the Shiite city of Kufa, in Mésopotamie, wanted to put on the throne Husayn, second wire of Ali. They were crushed in Karbala by an army omeyyade.
In 683, notable Quraychite, `Abd Allāh B. Al-Zubayr, raised in Arabia the two Holy Cities of Mecque and Médine, and extended its capacity to Basra (Bassora), in Iraq. At the same time in Kufa a revolt organized by Mukhtar in the name of one of wire of Ali burst.
Moreover, various kharidjites groups caused disorders in southernmost Arabia, central Iran and High-Mésopotamie.

Fortunately for Omeyyades, the various insurgent groups did not have any union between them. Kharidjites did not extend out of the deserts; 'Abd Allāh was overcome by the caliph (Abd Al-Malik), while Mukhtar was crushed by the brother of Abd Allāh, which controlled Basra.

The adversaries of the mode showed it impiété for various reasons:

it had usurped the place and had poured the blood of the family of the Prophet;
it would have been too indifferent to the Islam and its rules, in particular while neglecting to convert the conquered populations.

It is true that Omeyyades a long time preferred to make pay to the not-Moslems taxes rather (Capitation and tax on land) than to convert them. However the successors of Abd Al-Malik chose a more flexible solution: conversions were encouraged, and for the converts, capitation was replaced by the legal alms of the believer; but the tax on land was maintained on their grounds (under pretext that those were not converted).

Omeyyades were then détrônés into 750 by the Abbassides, which founded their own dynasty. Almost all the family members were massacred, but the prince “Abd Al-Rahmān Ier succeeds in fleeing, gaining the Spain and establishing there a new dynasty with Cordoue. The emir 'Abd Al-Rahmān III took the title of Caliph in 929, thus affirming supplements it independence of the Califat of Cordoue.

The consequence of that is that the caliphs Omeyyades suffer from a bad reputation in the Moslem Historiographie, and titrates it of Caliph (successor of the prophet) their is refused with almost all, for the more secular title of Melik, king.

Dynasty of Omeyyades of Damas

the numbers indicate the order of succession
the dates are those of the reign

Omayya ├───Harb │ └─── Abû Sufyân │ └ 1─ Driven `âwîya I {{er}} (661 - 680) │ └ 2─ Yazîd I {{er}} (680 - 683) │ └ 3─ Driven `âwîya II (683 - 684) └───Abû Al `Ace ├─── `Affân │ └─── '''`Uthman''' └─── Al-Hakam └ 4─ Marwan I {{er}} (684 - 685) ├ 5─ `Abd Al-Malik (685 - 705) │ ├ 6─ Al-Walid I {{er}} (705 - 715) │ │ ├12─ Yazîd III (744) │ │ └13─ Ibrâhîm (744) │ ├ 7─ Sulayman (715 - 717) │ ├─── Maslama │ ├ 9─ Yazîd II (720 - 724) │ │ └11─ Al-Wâlîd II (743 - 744) │ └10─ Hichâm (724 - 743) │ └───Mu`âwîya │ └── Omeyyades de Cordoue ├─── `Abd Al-Aziz │ └ 8─ `Umar (717 - 720) └───Muhammad └14─ Marwan II (744 - 750)

See too

List of the caliphs
Art omeyyade
Quraych

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