Of Provence

The of Provence is a regional variety of the Occitan or Langue of oc. He speaks himself primarily in Provence. Its name into of Provence is noted provençau (traditional standard) or prouvençau (Standard mistralienne).

Geographical distribution

According to Ronjat (1930-1941) and Nozzle (1995), the of Provence one speaks itself:
  • in the south of the area Provence-Alp-Coast-in Azur (in the Worthy south of ),
  • in the east of the Department of Gard, in area Languedoc-Roussillon (and around Nimes, the limit coinciding with the Vidourle and Piedmont of the the Cevennes),
  • in the principality of Monaco, where the of Provence one (niçois) coexists with the Ligure Monégasque.

According to certain authors, the of Provence one extends to all the speeches occitans from the Alps (known as alpine or gavots ), namely in north of the area Provence-Alp-Coast-with Azur (in the north of Worthy) and in the Valleys Occitanes neighbors of the Italian State. However, certain classifications arrange the speeches of the Alps in the Vivaro-alpine occitan and not in the occitan of Provence. The inclusion of the speeches of the Alps in the of Provence one is explained more by one reference to large historical Provence than by dialectologic classification.

There exist zones of transition between the of Provence one and thealpine one. The dialectologists preferably allot them to thealpine one: extreme south-east of the Ardeche, south of the Drome (known as Drome Of Provence ), Worthy area of , high Country Niçois.

Dialectologic classifications

Under-dialects of the of Provence one

  • Of Provence niçois , called sometimes in French under his name occitan: nissart (in traditional standard) or nissart (mistralienne normalizes some) (one pronounces in the two standards). He speaks himself in the Pays Niçois (or County of Nice) and with Monaco (at the sides of the Ligure Monégasque). Sometimes, he is regarded as a dialect distinct from of Provence itself.

The Vivaro-alpine is a dialect distinct from of Provence by its features north-occitans ( cha instead of Ca , ja instead of ga …), attachment with of Provence being more cultural than linguistic.

However the populations concerned are unaware of the erudite name " vivaro-alpin" and their speeches regard in general as the of Provence alpine one, also called " gavot".

Place du of Provence in the occitan

According to Nozzle (1995), the of Provence one and the Languedocien forms the unit south-occitan (or occitan southernmost ), which is distinguished from the north-occitan (Vivaro-alpine, Auvergnat and the Limousin) and from the occitan Gascon .

Distinctive features

The majority of the linguistic characteristics whose sum is specific the of Provence one appear as of the Middle Ages and are confirmed starting from XVIe century: vocalization of - L final in - W (soleu/soulèu, sau/sau for " sun, sel"), diphthongization of the tonic ò in most of the field. Others develop starting from XVIe: fall of the final consonants (and in particular of the grammatical marks like - S of the plural of the nouns and the adjectives, which disappear or are replaced by - (E) I (" mow bèlas filhas" becomes " lei bèlei filhas/L (E) I beautiful (E) I fiho" , the - S final being amuï).

Between recognition and substitution

The of Provence one is lived by Provençaux like an element of their heritage; he has enjoyed a certain support the population and local government agencies and profits from a Net renewal in the public life for a few decades (publicities, road signs, festivals, theater, buildings…).

However, this recognition remains symbolic system. It is not accompanied by real a linguistic planning nor of an officialization likely to develop the of Provence one efficiently. The use of of Provence thus knows a serious retreat in the company and yields the current functions of communication to French. This reveals an alarming Diglossie.

He however is especially recognized like language threatened by UNESCO. Indeed, the centralizing action of the kings de France (progression of French in the social elites as of XVe century, then Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts of the August 10th 1539 instituting French as the language of the administrative documents) drew aside of Provence official and prestigious functions during the Old Mode. To the XXe century, the Republic jacobine relegated it in the private uses, then weakened it like all the other subordinated languages, by the obligatory teaching of French, the marginalisation of his use at the school and in the media.

The of Provence one remains however a language of culture having a dynamic and brilliant literature since the Middle Ages, whose international reputation in particular was crowned by the Nobel Prize of literature of Frederic Mistral in 1904 and was continued by great writers with XXe and XXIe centuries, of which most famous is probably the poet Delavouët Farmhouse-Felipe.

There exists specifically for of Provence grammars, dictionaries, methods of teaching, publishers and research centres. The of Provence one is taught nursery school at the university in France, in many courses associative and studied in very many foreign universities.

Many provençaux movements require an official recognition of the of Provence one.

Coding, standardization, C-Ws communication

The of Provence one knows two concurrent standards which differ especially by the orthography (but also, sometimes, by the oral form of the words): for this reason, one often speaks about " graphies". Cependant it is more exact to speak about different standards (including each one a orthography and oral forms ).
  • the traditional standard is based on the medieval uses, modernized and adapted to of Provence modern. This standard proposes convergent solutions between all the dialects occitans, while recognizing their specificities. It is used by part of the writers, singers and teachers and is recommended by the Institut of Estudis Occitans (in particular by its section of Provence, the CREO Provença) like by the schools Calandretas . It was fixed, in its variety of Provence, by Robert Lafont (1951, 1972), by the Institut of Estudis Occitans then, since 1996, by the Conseu of Lenga Occitana (CLO) .
  • the Norme mistralienne rests on a phonetic orthography and nearer of the practices to the writing of French. It was promoted by the famous writer Frederic Mistral (but initiated since 1852 by his/her friend Joseph Roumanille). It was adopted officially by the movement of the Félibrige as of its foundation in 1854, like by more recent movements like Parlaren and Unioun Prouvençalo (today, the section of Provence of Félibrige remains faithful to the standard mistralienne, the sections of the other areas oscillate between the two standards). It is used by part of the writers, singers, teachers, local institutions (public posting, etc).

There exist very complex controversies between the partisans of the two standards, but there are also unit actions.

For each of the two standards, there exists, on the one hand, of the attitudes favorable to the stability of the standard and, on the other hand, the attitudes which encourage a use floating and individualist (in rupture with the standard). One finds also partisans of the standardization (standard regional) and partisans of localism.

Examples

Different orthographies, identical oral form

Different orthographies, different oral forms

Expressions

Here some usual expressions (traditional standard/standard mistralienne):
  • Bòna annada, Ben granada E Ben acompanhada/Bono annado, Ben granado E Ben acoumpagnado . In French: happy new year, quite prosperous, and accompanied well (of health) .
  • fai not lo civier avans of aver the lèbre/fai not lou civié avans of ave the lèbre . In French, literally: one does not make the stew before having the hare . In proverbial French: One should not count his chickens before they are hatched (Jean of the Fountain, delivers 5, fable 20 the bear and the 2 companions ).

French words of origin of Provence

It is also to note that several words passed from of Provence to French:
  • strolls and Ballade: strolled/balado (dance)
  • twaddle: fadesa/fadeso
  • esclafer: esclafar/esclafa (to burst)
  • mascot: mascòta/mascoto (magic spell)
In particular in the maritime field:
  • fixes: calar/fixed (to lower the veils)
  • bastinguage: bastenga/bastengo (matelassée fabric)
  • gauge: gabarrit/gabarrit
  • undertow: ressaca/ressaco

Directions of " provençal" and d'" occitan"

The word " provençal" is ambiguous. According to the context, it gathers all the speeches of oc, or then it indicates only the forms specifically of Provence of this language. Thus, in the first case the auvergnat or the Limousin is the of Provence one; in the second they are not it.

When Frederic Mistral publishes Lou Tresor dóu Felibrige , monumental dictionary of the modern language of oc in two volumes, the term “of Provence” includes all the speeches of oc; in subtitle of the dictionary, it is well specified: “Dictionary of Provence-French, embracing the various dialects of the modern language of oc” (to note employment in the singular of language ), is, as it is specified in note 1, “all the used words in the South of France”. But it written qu'" there; occitan" is synonymous with the language of oc as a whole, or " languedocien" (today abandoned narrow direction).

The use of the contemporary linguists is to use the word " provençal" specifically for the alternative spoken in Provence and the formula " language of oc" or " Occitan " to speak about the language as a whole.

Corpus

  • oc: Cansoun of Coupo (texts in traditional C-W communication and C-W communication mistralienne), or Copa Santa (text in traditional C-W communication)
    • to see: http://tplantevin.free.fr/Provence/Cours/Analyses/Coupo-Santo/analyse-CoupoSanto.htm
  • Treasure of the language of Oc (of the hundreds of literary works to be downloaded freely)

See too

Internal bonds

References

Random links:Karl Almenröder | University of Crete | Wished De Haerne | Saint-Laurent-Cartierville | Aristide Filiatreault | 1500