Odessa

See also the page of homonymy Odessa (homonymy) Odessa (Ukrainian Одеса , Russian Одесса , Rumanian Odesa , Turkish Hacıbey ) is a port of Ukraine on the Black Sea and the capital of the oblast of Odessa.

Of 1819 with 1858, Odessa was a Free port. During the Soviet period , it was a naval Base and since January 1st 2000, the port of Odessa is declared Free port and Free zone for 25 years.

Odessa has an important commercial harbor center which provides in goods and raw materials a good part of the country. The Turkey control the Dardanelles and the the Bosphorus, authorizing NATO to control the sea traffic between Odessa and the the Mediterranean. In fact, Odessa includes/understands two ports: Odessa and Youjny (important a Oil terminal) in the suburbs. Illitchivsk, another important port, is in same the Oblast in the south-west of Odessa. Together, they form an important node of railway communication. Oil industries and chemical of Odessa are connected with strategic pipelines to the Russia and the European Union.

The city is one of the economic poles most important of Ukraine, equipped with industries agroalimentary, textile and manufacturing. Moreover, Odessa in the open air shelters a considerable number of markets which provide all the country in consumer goods. Its annual rates of growth often exceed the 10%.

Odessa is, with nearly 1,1 million inhabitants, the 5th more big city of Ukraine, and one of richest of the country. At the 19th century, it was the 4th town of Russia after Moscow, Saint-Pétersbourg and Kiev. Traditionally, its architecture more Mediterranean than Russian, is very influenced by the styles French and Italy N. Odessa always had a spirit of freedom and of irony, under the terms of its geographical location of opening the abroads. It is often called Marseilles of Ukraine.

The city is a tourist destination of first order, with many coffees and discotheques (Arcadia), kilometers of sand beaches end and a certain southernmost atmosphere.

History

In antiquity, the area of Odessa was populated by the Daces and the Scythes. Migrating people arrived as from the 3rd century (Huns, Avars, Gépides, Pétchenègues, Sarmates, Goths, Slaves). Odessa was temporarily under the Polish and Lithuanian influence. After the great invasion of 1241, the area becomes a territory of the Tatars (khanat of Bug). These Tatars were fought during centuries by the Moldavie and the Poland. The Othoman included the area and Tatars Islamized in their Empire about the 16th century.

During the War Russo-Othoman, of 1787 with 1791, the Cosaques conquered the positions tatares of Khadzhibei (Hacıbey) and the Turkish fortress of Eni-Dunia, near the current site. The Spanish admiral De Ribas, with the service of the Russians, helped to carry out this conquest.

Odessa was officially founded in 1794 like Russian fortress on the territories annexed to the Ottoman Empire after. The city was named according to the old Greek colony of Odesso (certainly located close to Varna in Bulgaria) and in 1795 Catherine II wished that the name was feminized.

Of 1803 with 1814, Armand of Plessis, duke of Richelieu, was governor of Odessa. Having fled the French revolution, it was useful in the Russian army against the Othomans. One allots to him the layout of the city and the organization as of his installations and his infrastructures. He is regarded as one of the founding fathers of the city.

Of 1823 with 1824, the large Russian poet Alexandre Pouchkine was sent there in exile. In its letters, he wrote that Odessa was a city where “One can feel Europe. One speaks there French and there are European newspapers and magazines with reading”.

During the Crimean War, of 1853 with 1856, Odessa was bombarded by the navy British, Othoman and Frenchwoman. The increase in the trade involved the growth of Odessa, which became the largest Russian port of cereal export. In 1866, the city was connected by rail to Kiev and Kharkov like to Iassy in Romania.

The family of Leon Tolstoï had a palate downtown which can still be visited.

The majority of the urban houses of the 19th century are built in calcareous stone extracted the places of construction. The abandoned careers were used and increased by the Contrebandier S. What created a Labyrinthe tunnels under Odessa, called “Catacombes”. Today, they attract the tourists. But these visits can be dangerous because there does not exist exact chart of this network.

During S, a great migration coming from Poland in made most Jewish of the big cities of the Russian Empire.

In 1905, Odessa was the place of the rising of the workers supported by the crew of the armoured Potemkine. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Odessa was occupied by the Verkhovna Rada, the French, the Red Army and the army with the Russian white. Finally in 1920, the Red Army took the control of Odessa and joins together it with the RSS of Ukraine integrating the the USSR later on. The film the Battleship Potemkine , adapted to the cinema by Sergueï Eisenstein in 1925, comprises the famous scene where hundreds of people are killed on the monumental stone staircase (today known under the name of Escalier of Potemkine ). In top of the steps, which go down towards the port, draws up the statue of Richelieu. The real massacre proceeded in the close streets, not on the steps themselves, but the film causes many visits with Odessa.

At the beginning of the Years 1930, the population of Odessa, as in all the Ukraine, suffered from large a Famine orchestrated by the Soviets. During the Second world war, of 1941 with 1944, Odessa was occupied by the armies Rumanian and German and suffered from important damage. From October 22nd to 24th 1941 from 25000 to 34000 Jews were assassinated at the time of the Holocauste of Odessa. Roughly 280.000 inhabitants, of which many Jews, either were massacred, or off-set. Odessa was finally released by the Red Army in April 1944. It was one of the first four cities to receive the title of Heroic Ville in 1945.

During years 1960 and 1970, the city developed enormously.

During years 1970 then 1990, the majority of the Jews emigrated towards Israel, towards the the United States of America and worms of other countries of the West. The emigration towards Moscow and Leningrad was enormous, formant of true communities. In fact, more than 50% of the musicians, type-setters, producers, etc are Ukrainian Jews of Odessa or other towns of Ukraine.

Economy

Today, Odessa is a town of 1,1 million inhabitants (without taking account of the not recorded migrants). Industries of the city are the Naval construction, the refining, the Chimie, the Métallurgie and the Agroalimentaire. Odessa is also a naval base and the Home port of a fishing fleet. The recent socio-economic movements led to the establishment of the “7th Kilometer” - the largest European market non covered the large one located in the suburbs. People of all the Ukraine come there to buy and resell consumer goods (mainly manufactured in China).

The port of Odessa is the principal site of export of the Ukrainian Blé S. The importance of the “origin Black Sea” in the worldwide market is of foreground.

Geography

Odessa is located on hills in terraces giving on a small port. The climate with Odessa is soft and dry with average temperatures in January of -2°C and 22°C in July. Odessa receives only 350  mm of annual precipitations.

Odessa remains an important destination of holidays and has many therapeutic centers. The principal spoken language is the Russian , although the Ukrainian is the official language. The city is a mixture of many nationalities and ethnicities including/understanding a Russian majority of and Ukrainian, and minorities of Juifs, Rumanian, Bulgares, Greek, Caucasien S, Turks inter alia.

Districts

  • Moldavanka (Old district), of the Rumanian Moldoveanca , name which means " Moldavian (with female) " : It is the district of the Bohemian life, of the " milieu" , of new and former rich person, where lived Jewish and Rumanian populations, described by the writer Isaac Babel in its " Odessa Stories".

Transport

  • road Station:

    • Odessa is very well connected to the more big cities of the country by connections in the coach.

  • international Airport:

    • Odessa is connected to the more big cities of the country, of the countries bordering (Russia, Poland, Hungary) like to Vienna, in Austria and with Istanbul, in Turkey.

  • maritime Port

    • Odessa is connected to several cities of the Black Sea and the the Mediterranean by sea links. Odessa is a big step of tourist cruisings at sea Noire.
    • the seaport is accessible since the famous Potemkine staircases, and is a place of walk extremely appreciated of the inhabitants of Odessa.

Celebrities

Since their success in the years 1970, Odessa is recognized like the capital of Soviet humor. Since, some Festival S of humor takes place in the city.

Twinnings

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