News-Spain

The News-Spain ( Nueva España in Spanish) indicates a territory, under Spanish domination between more or less 1525 and 1821. It is also the " Mexique" old man; .

This administrative division included/understood the totality of current the Mexico, and the whole of the Central America to the southernmost border of the Costa Rica. It gathered also certain States of the the United States, namely the California, the Arizona, the New Mexico, the Texas. The Spain asserted also other areas more in north but without delimiting them with precision. The Filipino were also attached, with the statute of colony, in News-Spain.

History of News-Spain

Explorations and conquests

Chronology

See also: List of the viceroys of News-Spain

Mexico

Hernández de Córdoba and Juan de Grijalva explored the southernmost coasts of Mexico, respectively in 1517 and 1518. The Conquistador Hernán the Cortes invades the area under Spanish banner in 1517, starting from current the Veracruz. The Aztec empire crumbled in a fast way because of the Spanish technological superiority and the internal weaknesses (many enemies, superstitions on the return of Quetzalcoatl). The capital Tenochtitlan falls after a seat 75 days in 1521.

Central America

Christophe Colomb recognizes the coasts of the Central America at the time of its fourth voyage (1502-1504). In 1523, the Cortes sent 100 riders, 300 infantrymen as well as indigenous auxiliaries ordered by Pedro de Alvarado to conquer the Guatemala. Alvarado benefitted from the traditional competition which opposed the independent groups Maya of the area, the Quiché and the Cakchiquel. It was combined initially in Cakchiquel to overcome the Quiche.

Florida

Territories of north

At the 16th century, the legends which circulate in connection with mythical cities like Cibola and the mining resources of the area attract the conquistadores. These explorations allow the exchanges between the various cultures, but bring also diseases to the Amerindian S, of which epidemics of Variole. Very early, the franciscains and Jesuits set up several missions in the area to convert the inhabitants with the Christianisme. The territories of north, and more particularly Texas, are used by the Spaniards like a glacis turned against the expansion of the French in Louisiana: this is why it was strengthened in a way altogether rather loose by forts (presidio) with San Antonio or Los Adaes. In 1660 the Révolte of Pueblos temporarily pushes back the Spaniards until the New Mexico, but Arizona is reconquered in 1694. In 1752, the Pimas Indians raise themselves in San Ignacio de Tubac. With the secret treaty of Fontainebleau (1762), France yields La Nouvelle-Orléans and the Western bank of the Mississippi to Spain. However, the effective taking possession by the Spaniards is late (1766) and Spanish-speaking immigration remains weak. Certain French colonists were not never satisfied of the Spanish mode, and made multiple petitions to turn over under that of the France. October 28th, 1768, a group of creole colonists tries to drive out the Spaniards of the city, following the establishment of the Exclusif. The resumption in hand is done by a troop sent in July 1769: the leaders are stopped and nine are condemned to death. In 1774, a track is open between the territories of New Mexico and the coast of the Pacific.

Political organization, administrative and legal

Flag of News-Spain

The town of Mexico City was the capital of News-Spain, which was controlled by a viceroy named by the king of Spain. Each colony was managed by a governor and comprised a court of justice ( audiencia ). The governor had military capacities and had troops, among which engaged of the Amerindians. Lastly, the Catholic church played a decisive part in the framing of the populations.

Economy of News-Spain

the Encomienda and slavery

A métissée and hierarchical company

the purity of blood
the social groups

the Hidalgo
the Comanchero S are the mongrels resulting from unions between Spaniards and

Amerindian; they live in the Indian communities

Various colonies

Mexico

Colonies on the current territory of the United States of America

Located at the north of the heart of News-Spain, the colonies of New Mexico, from Texas and California remained are relatively isolated and under-populated, in spite of the efforts of the Crown. Once per annum only, the royal mail arrived at Santa Fe and constituted the only bond with the metropolis. These colonies of north lived a long time in Autarcie and were finally lost after the américano-Mexican Guerre.

New Mexico and Arizona

See also: History of New Mexico, History of Arizona

At the beginning of XVIe century, the Spaniards explore the area of New Mexico and Arizona. The most famous forwardings are those of Marcos de Niza and Francisco Vásquez de Coronado.

Although the Spaniards did not create yet true cities in the area, the end of the 17th century sees the arrival of colonists, who are attracted by recent discovered money deposits around the camp of minors of Arizonac. The majority of the colonists leave after the advertisement by Juan Bautista de Anza which it was acted in fact of a buried treasure; however a considerable number remains in the zone and saw Agriculture. During first half of the 18th century, these pioneers try to extend their territory to north, but are prevented by the tribes Tohono O' odham and Apache. Mexico City orders to exterminate Apaches since 1784: it is a question of massacring any Apache of more than 7 years. The Bautista governor works to bring closer Commanches and Utes, in order to divert their force against Apaches. He distributes to each warrior commanche a chart on which he will be able to note each Apache killed

See too

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