See also: Brunswick, New Brunswick (New Jersey)

The New Brunswick (English: New Brunswick ) is one of the ten Canadian provinces.

Of a Surface of 72.908 km ², the province is a little smaller than the Ireland, and the Belgium could enter there twice. The province counts 729.997 inhabitants (2006). Approximately 65 percent of the population are anglophone, and 35 percent are French-speaking. It is the only province with being officially Bilingue.

The capital of New Brunswick east Fredericton, and the three plus big cities are Moncton, Fredericton and Midsummer's Day. Edmundston is more the French-speaking unilingual big city of Canada outside the Quebec.

The territory of New Brunswick has been inhabited for at least six thousand years, and the province was officially creates the August 16th 1784. Its name comes from the antiquated English name of the town of Braunschweig in Germany. New Brunswick is one of the four provinces founders of the Canadian Confederation in 1867.

New Brunswick (in English, New Brunswick ) is the only one of the 10 Canadian provinces with being officially Bilingue, because of its important French-speaking minority: acadian . It counts 729.997 inhabitants (census 2006). Its capital is Fredericton. New Brunswick is one of the four provinces founders of the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The bilingualism of the province is thus distributed:

  • the English is the language of approximately two thirds (66%) of the population;

  • the French is the language of a third (33%) of Néo-brunswickois. The part Francophone of the territory is located in the east and north of the province: primarily in the peninsula Acadie nne but also in the area of Edmundston and around Moncton. Both plus French-speaking big cities are Edmundston (more big city French-speaking Unilingue of North America apart from Quebec) followed by Dieppe. The 250.000 Francophones of New Brunswick (the Acadie NS ) are very attached to their province like with their identity the Acadian ones and Canadians, independently of the nationalist sudden starts which agitate sometimes close Quebec. The Bilinguisme of New Brunswick guarantees Constitution nellement the cultural and linguistic blooming of the minority Francophone néo-brunswickoise within the Canadian framework, this whatever the possible political changes which would occur in the province of Quebec. -->

Geography

See also: Geography of New Brunswick

New Brunswick is one of the three Seaboard provinces Canadian. It is small on a country scale. Of a Surface of 72.908 km ², the province is a little wider than the Sierra Leone (the 117 {{E}} the widest country of the world), a little smaller than the Ireland, and the Belgium could enter there twice. The province extends on more than 300 km of north in the south and the east in the west. The Mer is omnipresent in New Brunswick, no point of the territory is with more than 180 kilometers of the sea. It is bordered in north by the Baie of Heats, in the east by the Golfe of the St. Lawrence and the Détroit of Northumberland and in the south by the Baie of Fundy.

It divides a border with the American state of the Maine, with the provinces of the Quebec and the Nova Scotia, in addition to one maritime border with the Island-of-Prince-Edouard.

New Brunswick is wooded with approximately 80%, the remainder being composed of Marécage S, of meadows, arable lands and urban spaces. It is located at the northern end of the the Appalachian Mountains, a cordillera of ancient and eroded mountains. More the high mountain is the Mont Carleton.

History

See also: History of New Brunswick, History of Acadie

Policy

See also: Political of New Brunswick

New Brunswick has a parliamentary system monocaméral. The legislative Parliament of Fredéricton has 55 seats. Normally, the party which directs is the party which obtains the most seats at the time of the provincial elections. The elections are held every five years or less but the Lieutenant-governor, on consultation of the Prime Minister, can start the elections constantly. The government can also be relieved by a Motion of censure. The Prime Minister is the chief of the party which has the most seats at the Parliament. The party at present with the capacity is the Liberal party and the Prime Minister is Shawn Graham.

There are two dominant political parties in New Brunswick, the Liberal party and the Parti progressist-conservative. The Nouveau Democratic party already obtained seats at the Parliament but never the majority. Time with others, other parties as the Confederation off Areas Party obtained seats at the Parliament, but only at the time of votes of protest. Therefore, New Brunswick is primarily directed in turn by the two same parties.

The dynamic ones of the policy in New Brunswick are different from those of the other provinces of the Canada. The fact that there is no dominant city in the province wants to say that the government must be concerned with subjects affecting all the areas of the province. Moreover, the presence of a broad minority Francophone makes that a political consensus is necessary, even when there is a majority present at the government. In this way, the provincial policy in New Brunswick tends to be aligned on the situation of the federal scene more concretely than the other provinces.

Bilingual character of New Brunswick in fact a single province in Canada, the Bilingualism of this province being guaranteed by the Canadian Constitution to put this territory at the shelter of the political risks.

During fifty last years, there was a tendency in the province to elect young chiefs and to give them long mandates with a strong majority. All the recent chiefs were Bilingue S. This combination of attributes tends to return important the Prime Ministers of New Brunswick on the federal scene. The former Prime Minister, Bernard Lord (progressist-conservative), is regarded as a potential chief of the Conservative party of Canada if the Prime Minister Stephen Harper withdrew himself from the policy. The former first liberal minister Frank McKenna was a candidate supposed with the succession of Paul Martin but decided not to try his chance.

See also: Political parties néo-brunswickois, List of the Prime Ministers of New Brunswick

Demography

August 1st Population of New Brunswick since 1851,

Néo-Brunswickoise culture

See also: Culture Néo-Brunswickoise, Acadie

Arts

August 1st

Sports

August 1st

Gastronomy

August 1st

Recent immigration

August 1st

Autochtones

The three people Autochtones of New Brunswick are the Mi' kmaq S, the Malécites and the Passamaquoddy S. The latter are not officially recognized by the federal government. These people belong to the family '' algonquienne ''.

According to the census of 1996, they were 10.250, including 5.215 alive in the 15 following nations: Bouctouche, Burnt Church, Eel Ground, Eel To rivet Bar, Elsipogtog, Strong Folly, Indian Island, Kingsclear, Madawaska, Metepenagiag, Oromocto, Pabineau, St Mary' S, Tobique and Woodstock.

On the linguistic level, the data of the Canadian government and provincial government of New Brunswick concerning the three people autochtones of New Brunswick are the following ones:

  • English like native tongue: 53,9  %
  • French like native tongue: 25,8  %
  • various languages autochtones like native tongue: 17,7  %
  • answers multiple: 2,5  %

Whenever they do not use an indigenous language, the Amerindians of New Brunswick use as language of use either English, or French.

More precisely, 82  % of Autochtones of the province use one or the other of the two official languages of New Brunswick.

Of this number, two thirds have English for usual language (50  % of the total of Autochtones), whereas a third has French for usual language (25  % of the total of Autochtones). Apart from these 75  %, there is 25  % of Autochtones which use either an indigenous language, or several languages.

It is thus noted that the distribution of French and English as spoken languages by Autochtones corresponds to that of the general population in New Brunswick (see Langue). Put aside Quebec, New Brunswick is the only territory in all the North America where the French is spoken by such an important proportion about Autochtones (with the Quebec it is more than the one Indigenous one out of two which uses the French like language of use, single or principal).

Language

See also: linguistic Demography of New Brunswick, Bilingualism in New Brunswick, French acadian, Canadian English

The two official languages of New Brunswick are the French and the English. Approximately 32,9% of the population have as a native tongue French and 64,6% English. 0,7% of the population have both like native tongue and 1,75% of the population are Allophone.

The French-speaking area occupies all north and is, i.e. upstream of the Midsummer's Day river, in the area of Saint-Quentin like on banks of the Baie of Heats and the Golfe of the St. Lawrence. The anglophone area is in the south, the center and the west, in other words on banks of the Baie of Fundy, downstream from the Fleuve Midsummer's Day and in the valley of the Rivière Petitcodiac. To simplify, have can say that a line diagnonale energy of the North-West in south-west separates New Brunswick in two “areas linguistics”.

The situation becomes complicated in the main cities. Although they are located in area mainly French-speaking, the population of Bathurst and Campbellton is with nearly 50% english-speaking. The Grand Moncton is located at the limit of the two linguistic areas. Moncton is to 35% French-speaking person, Dieppe is to 80% French-speaking person and Riverview is mainly anglophone.

There is in addition to the Enclave S, such as for example the anglophone population (declining) of Miscou.

Francophonie.

New Brunswick has the statute of " government participant" (as Quebec) because it is not a country.

It should be noted that the Quebec (unilingual French-speaking person) and New Brunswick (bilingual) are the two only provinces of Canada where the French has an official statute, the eight other provinces are unilingual english-speaking.

With New-Brunwick, the number of english-speaking adopting French as language second is much lower than the number of French-speaking people knowing English like second language. Among a total population of 465.170 anglophone inhabitants, 406.995 speak only English (percentage about bilingualism: 12,5% at the anglophone population). As regards the French-speaking people, for a population of 236.665, only 66.415 of between-them are unilingual (percentage of bilingualism at the French-speaking population: 71,19%) calculations carried out starting from the data of the Canadian census of 2001, according to native tongue, by province and territoireet according to the knowledge of the official languages, by province and territory. It thus should be said, by observing these figures, that bilingualism is of setting in New Brunswick, when you are French-speaking.

The english-speaking of the province who learn French, learn another great international language, which constitutes also a major asset on the labor market: the impact is not however enormous out of the seaboard provinces or Quebec. English is obviously essential in North America, but the knowledge of another language becomes immediately an added-value, particularly in Quebec. Times when the practice of the French in New Brunswick could constitute a handicap are quite completed: it is today an important asset, as well cultural as economic, as much for the Acadian ones as for the Anglophone S themselves. The english-speaking who decide to make the training of French as second language have an important asset vis-a-vis english-speaking who do not do it, when it has suddenly communicated with an important part of the population from this province.

Linguistic areas of New Brunswick

See also: Culture of New Brunswick, Acadie

Although the spoken language mainly in the province is English, French is the language of the third of the population: he is spoken mainly in an area forming a kind of arc which goes from the border with Quebec to the North-West (Edmundston) until south-east, while passing by the North-East, then the acadian Péninsule, then almost all the east coast, and finally to the border with the province of Nova Scotia in South-east. To summarize one can say that the French is spoken especially in the zones close to Quebec, in north, and on the littoral of the province, to the east. English is spoken everywhere else, on a zone " less étirée" and " more compacte" , which represents the great majority of the surface of New Brunswick.

Both linguistic areas (the French-speaking and the Anglophone ) of New Brunswick are not administrative divisions. It was sometimes planned to organize the province into two administrative Régions distinct, corresponding about to both linguistic Régions, but this forever succeeded project. It butted against many difficulties, in particular insofar as the two linguistic areas are not homogeneous at 100%, i.e. there exist anglophone minorities in the French-speaking area and of the French-speaking minorities in the anglophone area, without speaking about the bilingual city of Moncton (inhabited per two thirds of english-speaking and a third of French-speaking people) which there would be obviously difficult to attach to one or the other of the two areas which would be created. The consensus in the province today goes in the direction of a maintenance of the Bilinguisme on the whole of the territory, without creating two unilingual administrative areas.

  • the opponents with the creation of two administrative Areas, a very great majority of the population, think that this solution would involve more problems that it would not solve any and do not see any advantage with this project, more especially as linguistic peace reigns today between the two communities in the province. They recall that then there would exist in the long term a risk of a scission of New Brunswick in two distinct provinces, a province Anglophone and a province Acadie nne (thus French-speaking). However, Acadian themselves, in their great majority, not only are not favorable there, but do not even consider such a project. In the years 1970, certain Acadian were tried by this project and founded the acadian Parti, whose objective was then the creation of a province Acadie nne, which would have been the eleventh Province Canada and especially a second province Francophone in the country; but after some electoral successes, this party disappeared little by little from the political scene because the Acadie NS had obtained important and real rights - in particular the linguistic equality within the province of New Brunswick: consequently, they considered that the scission was not necessary any more and they gave up this option.
  • the partisans of Bi-regional New Brunswick think, for their part, that the linguistic minorities could preserve their linguistic and school rights in each of the two areas become officially unilingual, and specify that New Brunswick and its common institutions would remain as for them always officially Bilingue S. They take as example Ontario and Quebec, two unilingual provinces (one is anglophone, the other is French-speaking) where the linguistic Minorités have very important rights. However, it is not certain that the creation of two administrative areas unilingual would reinforce the rights of the acadian community, the only “asset” a priori for the Acadian ones would be to find itself majority in their administrative area, of which they would control the regional Parliament. However, the political experiment showed that the Acadian ones have today much more influence in New Brunswick while weighing effectively on the government decisions and of the Parlement of the province. Certain english-speaking having founded the party Horn - Confederations off Areas (or voted for him) was favorable to this option of two administrative areas, it was besides the objective of this anglophone party.

Nobody thinks seriously today of modifying the effective and co-operative balance linguistic and political which settled in New Brunswick between the two communities; the creation of two administrative Régions is thus not with the day order. -->

Administrative divisions

See also: List of the municipalities of New Brunswick

Basic division administrative is the county, which is 15. The counties are then subdivided in 154 Paroisse S. the parishes are finally subdivided into 8 Cité S, 26 Ville S, 68 Village S, 2 rural communities and 268 DSL (districts of local services). It should be noted that three of the parishes are in fact of the independent cities, that is to say Large-Sault Fredericton, Midsummer's Day and . Moreover, certain administrative divisions overlap.

Old and new system

The counties were created in 1784 for the réparttion of certain service public. Years 1850 until in 1877, all the counties were built-in municipality, having each one a elected Municipal council. Starting from the middle of the 19th century, certain parishes were built-in municipalities. This phenomenon continued until the Années 1960, where the government of Louis J. Robichaud abolishes the governments of counties. The responsibilities in health, education and other social services were transferred to the provincial government while the purely municipal responsibilities were left at the cities and villages. To offer these services in rural region, the government created the districts of local services.

These counties and these parishes do not have political power any more, but are always used for administrative ends, the needs for the census, to locate a place or to move.

Economy

The economy of New Brunswick is a saving in services dominated by the financial sectors and assuranciers, health, education and is primarily centered in the three plus big cities.

The Tourisme is very important there, particularly the summer for the visitors coming from the Quebec, of the Ontario and the American States surrounding. The most popular areas are south-east, in the surroundings of bay of Passamaquoddy (dominated by the town of St Andrews) and in south-east, with the towns of Shédiac and Moncton.

Heavy industry is centered with Midsummer's Day, the saving in Fredericton is dominated by the governmental services, the universities and the army. Moncton is a shopping mall, of transport and distribution, with important railway and air infrastructures.

The primary sector also occupies an important place in the local economy with in particular the forestry developments, mining, agricultural and piscicultural. The industry of Pulp paper occupies the first place, for the five pulp mills which are located at the four corners of the province. The most important culture is that of the Potato, while the most important fishings are those of the Crabe of snows, of the Homard and of the Pétoncle S. mining industry also is developed in New Brunswick. The discovery of large layers of Zinc, of Iron, Copper, Lead and Amiante allowed the development of mining industry, without speaking about the enormous layers of coal, but especially of Houille white discovered. A natural gas pocket feeds the south-east of the province. Its production of peat is very important on a worldwide scale and it produces more than 93% of the Canadian Bismuth.

The largest employers are industries Irving, several forest multinationals, the Government of New Brunswick and industries McCain

Forest industry

See also: Forestry development, Forestry development in Canada

Les information mentioned in this part comes from the following sources,

Forest industry in New Brunswick generates incomes of 2,1 billion dollars, that is to say 11% of provincial GDP. The forest products account for 40% of the value of exports of the province. Industry creates approximately 14.000 indirect direct uses and 13.000 employment. The direct uses with them-only represent a wage Bill of 480 billion dollars.

The province has a Superficie of 7,2 million Hectares. 6,1 million hectares is covered with Forêt and of this number, 5,9 million hectares represents an economic potential. There are two types of grounds with wood in New Brunswick: the grounds of the Crown and grounds private. The grounds of the crown are divided into 10 zones (licenses), which are rented with 6 large forest companies (bachelors) and approximately 50 under-bachelors.

The grounds of the crown account for 51% of the grounds with wood, the federal grounds 2%, the private grounds of the private individuals 29% and the private grounds of the forest companies 18%.

In the grounds of the crown, 150.000 hectares are protected, there is more than 800 winter zones for the Chevreuil S representing 280.000 hectares, 450.375 hectares of primary forests and 400.000 hectares of buffer zones around the rivers. 33% of the grounds of the crown are under a special direction.

Less than 2% (60,000 hectares) of the public grounds are crossed at each year, and two-thirds will push back naturally.

Fish

Tourism

August 1st

Transport

August 1st

Media

August 1st

See too

Related articles

External bonds

  • Official site Government of tourist New Brunswick
  • Official site of New Brunswick

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