Mongolia-Interior

The Mongolia-Interior (in Mongolian: öbür mongghul or євєрмонгол, in Chinese 内蒙古 Nèiměnggǔ , in Mandarin: 内蒙古自治区 Nèiměnggǔ Zìzhìqū ) is one of the five autonomous regions of the Popular republic of China (“Autonomous region of Mongolia-Interior”, with the particular status, like the Xinjiang or Eastern Turkestan, or the Tibet.

TheInterior one is the southernmost part of the Mongolia, area in center-is Asia. It is an area which is mainly desert, glaze in particular by the Gobi Desert . TheInterior one is distinct from the Outer Mongolia, which was a term used by the Republic of China and the governments preceding to refer with what is now the State independent of Mongolia and the Russian republic of Touva.

The government of Mongolia-Interior uses the term of öbür monggol , or “Mongolia of the South (southern of the Gobi Desert)”, instead of dotood monggol , which would be the Mongolian translation of “Mongolia-Interior”. The terms interior and external are derived from mandchou dorgi and tulergi , which is regarded as sinocentric by certain Mongols who prefer to use Northern and Southern ( aru and öbür ).

TheInterior one is bordering on the Chinese Provinces Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Autonomous region Today of the Ningxia, and Gansu, and has common borders with Mongolia and the Russia. It has a surface of 1,18 million square kilometers and a population of 23,76 million inhabitants. Its capital is Hohhot (呼和浩特 Hūhéhàotè).

History

Through its history, which is now theInterior one was controlled by Chinese farmers in the South and nomads Xiongnu (Huns), Xianbei, Khitan, Jurchen (Mandchous) and Mongolian in North. Under the Manchus of the Dynasty Qing, the Outer Mongolia and the Inner Mongolia were organized in leagues and banners. The Mongols (ordinary) did not have the right to travel apart from their leagues. The oriental party of the Inner Mongolia was attached to the Mandchourie.

Although there were Chinese farmers in what is now theInterior one since the time of Altan Khan, immigration in mass of Chinese started only at the end of the 19th century. In the middle of the 19th century, the Qing dynasty must face the foreign aggressions like with the rise of the secret societies (Guerre of opium, revolt of Taiping), and with advanced the Russian. Impossibility of solving the internal problems of China (modernization, famine) and the foreign aggressions involve the discredit of the Qing dynasty.

In order to calm the revolts, the dynasty will undertake reforms like opening certain grounds of the north of China to the Chinese peasants, it is as that which in 1878 in southernmost Mongolia the first offices of Colonisation appear, as well as the first Chinese districts. However these concessions will not save the dynasty at the end of the reign. The ground either was sold by the Mongolian princes, or rented with the Chinese farmers, or withdrawn purely and simply from the zones of pasturage of the shepherds wandering and given to the Chinese peasants.

Under the Republic, the Outer Mongolia, with the support of Russia tsarist, its independence in 1912 declared. At the same time theInterior one was divided into Chinese provinces of Rehe, Chahar, Suiyuan and Ningxia. The oriental party of the Outer Mongolia, then part of the Mandchourie, passed in 1931 under control Japan board then was integrated the State marionette of Manzhouguo during her creation on March 1st 1932, to which the province of Rehe was assistant.

After the war was declared between China and Japan, the Mongols of Suiyuan and Chahar established the State de Mengjiang (蒙疆, literally “Mongolian territories”), which was a State marionette of the north of China controlled by the Japan and directed by Demchugdongrub.

The June 28th 1936, it was called Joint committee of Mengjiang ( mengjiang lianhe weiyuanhui 蒙疆联合委员会) and was renamed in September 1939 in plain Self government of Mengjiang ( mengjiang lianhe zizhi zhengfu 蒙疆联合自治政府). The December 8th 1937, Mongolian prince Dewang (Demchugdongrub) declared the independence of Mongolia-Interior as Mengjiang or Mengguguo and signed agreements with Manzhouguo and Japan. The capital was established with Zhangbei, close to Kalgan (currently Zhangjiakou), with a control of the puppet government which extended on the surroundings from Hohhot. The capital was moved later. The August 4th 1941, it was again renamed of autonomous Federation of Mongolia ( menggu zizhi bang 蒙古自治邦). Although this State was created to channel the Mongolian Nationalisme and to support the Japanese ambitions, this objective was sapped because the Japanese drew the borders of Mengjiang so that it was a populated State with 80 % by of Hans.

The State of Mengjiang disappeared in 1945, after the defeat of the Japan. After the Second world war, the communist Chinese occupied most of Mongolia-Interior and of Mandchourie and established the Autonomous region of Mongolia-Interior on May 1st 1947. Starting from 1954 China will undertake to simplify its administrative divisions, and theInterior one will recover part of the provinces of Suiyuan and Ningxia in 1954, and part of the province of Rehe in 1955 to be established within its current limits. However it will lose its statute of area to become only one Chinese province.

The Cultural revolution literally made disappear, in 1969, more half of the surface of Mongolia-Interior to the profit of the close provinces (Ningxia, Gansu, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang) for obscure reasons. TheInterior one will find the whole of its territory only in 1979.

Geography

Most of Mongolia-Interior is composed of high plateaus, closed in its oriental party by Daxing' year Flax (Large Khingan). The chains of Yinshan are in the center of Mongolia-Interior of which the culminating point (: 3556 m) is in the chain of Helan Shan, in the west of the loop of the Yellow Fleuve (Huang He).

The Gobi Desert extends to north from the area. The plate of the Ordos, within the loop of the Jaune river is desert in its Western part. The oriental party of the Inner Mongolia nourishes the affluents of the Liao He and the Soungari, itself an affluent of the river Amour, natural border between the China and the Russia.

In general the Climat is continental with long Hiver S. the average temperature of January varies according to the place of less 20 °C with less 6 °C, not reaching 30 less; °C that in the extreme North-East, however that the average of July is established to more twenty or twenty-four degrees, not remaining lower than twenty degrees but in this same zone of the North-East.

Principal cities

Source: World Gazetteer

Administrative divisions

TheInterior one is divided into twelve prefectoral divisions including/understanding nine urban communities and three leagues.

The nine urban communities are:

Hohhot (呼和浩特市; pinyin: Hūhéhàotè shì )
Baotou (包头市 Bāotóu shì )
Wuhai (乌海市 Wūhǎi shì )
Chifeng (赤峰市 Chìfēng shì )
Tongliao (通辽市 Tōngliáo shì )
Ordos (鄂尔多斯市 È' ěrduōsī shì )
Hulunbuir (呼伦贝尔市 Hūlúnbèi' ěr shì )
Baynnur (巴彦淖尔市 Bāyànnào' ěr shì )
Ulaan Chab (乌兰察布市 Wūlánchábù shì )

The three leagues are:

Xilin Gol (锡林郭勒盟 Xīlínguōlè méng )
Alxa (阿拉善盟 Ālāshàn méng )
Xing' year (兴安盟 Xīng' ān méng )

The urban communities ( shì ) for the majority were converted starting from old leagues since 1983.

The twelve prefectures of Mongolia-Interior are subdivided in cent-un counties, including/understanding blackjacks districts, eleven counties cities, seventeen cantons, forty-nine banners and three banners autonomous.

Economy

The culture of Céréale S is done in the valleys close to the rivers. In the more arid meadows, the breeding of Goat S, Sheep S, etc is the traditional method of subsistence. The Sylviculture and the Chasse are important in the area of Da Xing' year in the east. The breeding of the Renne is the reserved task of the Evenks in their autonomous banner.

TheInterior one has largest mine of Rare earths of the world with Baiyun Obo close to Baotou. TheInterior one has also very important mining resources (Niobium, Zirconium and Béryllium) as well as very important coal mines.

Industry into Mongolia-Interior develops around the coal, of the electricity, the cashmere, the Chemical industry and the related industries.

A military base and space is established in the Western part of Mongolia-Interior with Jiuquan. It is starting from this base that the first Chinese manned flights were launched.

Demography

The Hans form the greatest ethnicity, representing approximately 80 % of the population. The migration han started at the beginning of the 18th century with the encouragements of the Dynastie Qing and accelerated at the 20th century. Hans live mainly along the Yellow Fleuve and in the urban centres of the center and the east of theInterior one. The Mongolian are the second ethnicity representing approximately 17 % of the population. Many Mongols, traditionally wandering, sédentarisés themselves during the period of Collectivisation of the Années 1950 and 1960.

The other ethnicities include/understand the Mandchous, the Evenks, the Korean, the Oroqen, the Daurs and the Hui.

Tourism

Hohhot

the temple of Dazhao is a temple lamaïste builds in 1580. The temple is known for its statue of silver Bouddha, its sculptures of dragons and its mural.
the temple of Xiaozhao, so known under the name of temple of Chongfu, is a temple lamaïste built in 1697, temple privileged by the emperor Kangxi of the Dynastie Qing.
the temple of Xilituzhao is the largest temple lamaïste of the area of Hohhot, and was formerly the center of the lamaïsme in the area.
falls It from Wang Zhaojun, a woman of the harem of the Dynastie Han having married the Xiongnu emperor, Huhanye, a marriage which would have allowed sixty years of peace between the Chinese and the Xiongnu.

Elsewhere

the Mausoleum of Gengis Khan in the Ordos.
meadows of Bashang, near of Beijing, place of retreat privileged by the urban residents in the search of calm.

Languages

The spoken languages into Mongolia-Interior are:

the Mongolian
the Evenki

Colleges and universities

University of Chifeng (赤峰学院)
agricultural University of Mongolia-Interior (内蒙古农业大学)
College of finance and saving in Mongolia-Interior (内蒙古财经学院)
Medical Board of Mongolia-Interior (内蒙古医学院)
Teacher training school of Mongolia-Interior (内蒙古师范大学)
University of Mongolia-Interior (内蒙古大学)
University of the minorities of Mongolia-Interior (内蒙古民族大学)
University of sciences and technology of Mongolia-Interior (内蒙古科技大学)
University of technology of Mongolia-Interior (内蒙古工业大学)

All the institutions above are placed under the authority of the government of the autonomous region. The institutions not having a second complete cycle are not listed.

Famous characters

Xi Shun : the largest man in the world still in life (2006)

See too

List of the prisons of Mongolia-Interior

External bonds

governmental Site -
Large chart of Mongolia-Interior the
Information on the camps of work in the autonomous region of Mongolia-Interior

Zh-classical: 内蒙古 Zh-yue: 內蒙古

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