Luisiana

There exist two built Langues bearing the name of interlingua . The first, the interlingua of Giuseppe Peano, is more known under the name of Latino sine flexione. The other, the interlingua worked out by the International Auxiliary Language Association , is that for which one holds today this name and which will be treated in this article.

The construction of the interlingua was completed in 1951. One of the principal contributors was Alexander Gode, author of a grammatical precis, a dictionary interlingua-English and a work of introduction to the language entitled Interlingua a prime Vista .

The Vocabulaire of the interlingua is borrowed primarily from the Romance languages like with English considered as Romance language because of most of its vocabulary. The Grammaire is also inspired by these languages but with simplifications.

The principle is based on the fact that there exists an international vocabulary, of origin gréco - Latin E, included/understood in the whole world, it would be enough to employ it to render comprehensible itself partout.
This principle runs up against reality where the use of the term “emer”, of Latin “emere” “to buy” was clear only for few people, one prefers from now on “comprar to him”, which is clearly however only for the Spanish-speaking , the Portuguese-speaking and the italophones.
A solution would be to proceed as formerly for the Latin proses where one had the right to employ only the words used by Cicéron and César: one used of periphrases, of which most current were listed in the dictionaries. One could thus translate to buy by “acquerer per moneta” but at the price of a heaviness of the language.

Alexander Gode, the founder of Interlingua, had at the head the model of the Hochdeutsch, artificial common German created by the imperial chancellery starting from the most common forms and that Luther promoted with the literary row of language by employing it for the translation of its Bible. But up to now there does not exist in Interlingua of writer recognized by the speech community like a model to imitate. Whereas the Plena Analiza Gramatiko ( analytical Grammaire supplements ) esperantists Kalocsay and Waringhien could be compared with the Grevisse by its way of proposing a good use while being pressed on the large Masters who were Zamenhof or Kabe, never such an attempt did not take place in Interlingua. But as of the years 1960 Pierre Burney pointed out that this situation was desired: in the spirit of its founder Interlingua is a reality which already exists in the common vocabulary of the great languages of culture; it should not thus be created, it is necessary only that the world becomes aware of it. To impose a word or a form, whereas they can be false, would be to prevent the progressive evolution towards the end result. With the remainder Pierre Burney, by noticing that one had especially not wanted to create an Academy, mentioned a risk of dislocation of the language and émiettettement in dialects, which did not occur: unit than Esperanto, Interlingua remains less easily comprehensible about it between the speakers of the various countries.

There exists today a world Union for the interlingua ( Union Mundial pro Interlingua ), which counts members in the whole world, and a Union interlinguist of France. One finds also an abundant literature in interlingua, as well as Web sites and reviews.

Goals and criticisms

One opposed for example the regularity of Esperanto in the training of the semantic families of words to the disorder of the interlingua: for the series bœuf, cow, bull, calf, étable Esperanto offers bovo, bovino, virbovo, bovido, bovejo opposite bove, vacca, tauro, vitello, stabula. That the partisans of the interlingua answer that which knows a Latin language, a French for example, or includes/understands from the start these last forms, or may find it beneficial to learn them since it will find them in compounds (like “stalling”). This last remark explains why certain professors, in particular in Sweden, had the idea to replace the study of Latin (practically excluded from teaching during the years 1960) by that of the graeco-latin vocabulary, while being useful for that of the interlingua. It seems however that this initiative was abandoned.

One also reproached the Grammaire for being too complicated whereas she endeavors to follow the general use of the Latin languages. Thus in the sentence “If io habeva sapite io haberea venite” (If I had known I would not have come) the assumption is expressed in the principal one by the last Conditionnel and in the subordinate clause by the Plus-que-parfait, whereas in Esperanto one employs in both cases the Conditionnel: “Semi scius, semi come”. The partisans of the naturalism into interlinguistic supported that it was necessary to work out a kind of common Romance language without thinking of the goal, that they judged unrealizable, to carry out a language for the whole world (of Wahl had called at the beginning its project “Occidental”). One could say the same thing for the considered one employed to the place of the liability: “ist vino debe beber multo fresc” (this wine must be drunk very fresh).

The difficulties of the interlingua come especially from an ideological conflict at the base between its partisans. At the beginning of Esperanto, two designs clashed: the ones, filled with enthusiasm by the prospect for a universal fraternization, saw in the new language the means of reaching that point; the others only considered it as one instrument which would make it possible to the scientists of the whole world to communicate between them. The crisis of the Ido precipitated the departure of the seconds who were thereafter the first members of the Westerner then of the interlingua: for them, and Meillet their fact echo, it is a dream to want to build a new world on a new language . To the linguistic base, Gode added a historical base by estimating that the interlingua was to develop little by little, with the manner of Hochdeutsch, which was in the beginning only one common language worked out by the chancelleries to make it possible different the courses German to exchange administrative documents.

Little by little the first founders were supplanted by former esperantists that various reasons had resulted in giving up the language of Zamenhof. And one saw to be introduced a neologism like coidealista (in favor of the same ideal), copied on the samideano of the esperantists; one even tried to create a labor movement have-national to compete with the SAT-Amikaro. One can see in Cinque proclamation of Gode theses has clavar AD carried it of Babel a warning statement against these deviations, but it seems not to be included/understood and the site of UMI made it disappear. It is on wikibooks that one can still consult it.

At the origin of the interlingua, its creators could hope to be financially constant during a sufficiently long time, and it was the case towards the end of the year 1940, when Mrs Morris was the patron of the IALA; but, converted with Catholicism, it ignored the project. Taken of short, Gode published the language in the state where it was. According to other sources, it is the death of Mrs Morris which, by stopping the financing, accelerated the development and the publication of the language.

Example of text in interlingua: the Our Father

To listen

Nostre Patre, which are in the celos,
that you nominate sia sanctificate;
that you regno veni;
that you voluntate sia facite
super como etiam in the celo.
will terra it Da our hodie nostre side quotidian,
E forgave has our nostre debitas
como our forgave has nostre debitores,
E not duce our in temptation,
sed released our from malo.

Five theses of Alexander Gode

To try to know the exact thought of Gode, it is advisable to read its Cinque theses has clavar AD carried it from Babel :

the idea of a universal language survives today only in the false designs uncultivated people ( in the uncultivated conceptiones false of personas ); it is that the basic differences between the languages are initially differences in the conceptual models and not in the form of the words ( differentiated it fundamental inter the linguas its primemente differentiated in the patronos conceptual, not in formed LED parolas ). To endeavor to provide to humanity a common tool of communication, it is thus to flee of the difficult problems while taking refuge in impossible solutions ( to fugir of problemas difficult per refugiar in solve yourself impossibile ).
It is absurd to argue against the Esperanto by saying that it would be ineffective, not very practical or feeling reluctant ( be absurd to assert countered Esperanto per dicer that illo are ineffective, not practic, O repulsive ); no language is feeling reluctant in itself and it is proven until the obviousness that one can perfectly in Esperanto not only hold one conversation but be made the court and to marry ( facer the corte E maritar ). The problem it is that the Esperanto remained up to now a language of initiates; of course these initiates do not seek to hide and dream on the contrary at the day when their language will be taught in the whole world like language second, but that could be done only by one authoritative decree of a world assembly equipped with all the capacities or by the benevolent wisdom of a world dictator ( per decreto; per the decision of a assemblea mundial of plenipotentiarios; per the benevolentia sapiente of a dictator mundial ). However in the field of the intelligence and the spirit, where the roots of the languages plunge, it is impossible to carry out by authoritative decrees a revolutionary project. The operations of the world of the spirit constitute a liberal economy where the administrative plans can guide and direct but never force ( in dominio LED intellecto E LED spirito, ubi its radices LED lingua, it are impossibile realisar per decretos a plano revolutionari. Operationes LED mundo negro spiritual constitutes a economia releases ubi the planos administrative pal guidar E to direct but not never compeller ).
the claim of the Esperanto or even of the interlingua to want to dislodge English of the position which it occupies as international language does not make think of the combat of David against Goliath but of the frog which wants to be done as large as ox. The preeminence of English is not due to any merit suitable for the language, but it is well established and it is probable that it will remain it, but it is not a question of a monopoly.
It is the scientific progress and technological which multiplied the contacts between the people during a hundred and fifty last years; however science and technology were born in Occident, so that the language of science has a Western base and an origin. However the later contributions to this progress were done in a growing number of languages, so that the requirement in translations will increase.
As the Western languages can be regarded as simple alternatives of a common language, it is possible to be expressed in this common language in a way which will be immediately included/understood without prior study by any person who will know a Western language. It is the role of the interlingua.

Comparison with the Esperanto

According to Pierre Burney, the interlingua would be easier to include/understand immediately but more difficult to use actively than Esperanto, but Edo Bernasconi pointed out that he spoke only by hearsay, not having never practiced any of these two languages.

References

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