Louis XI of France

Louis XI of France , known as Careful the , born the July 3rd 1423 with Bourges, dead the August 30th 1483 with the Castle of Plessis-lez-Turns (common of the Rich person, Indre-et-Loire), was king de France of 1461 with 1483, sixth king of the Branche known as of Valois of the dynasty capétienne. This monarch pushed back at such point the limits of cynicism in policy which it was also called the universal spider .

Dolphin

Wire of Charles VII and Marie of Anjou. During its childhood, it was raised by Catherine of Isle-Bouchard.

June 24th 1436, it married Marguerite of Scotland, girl of Jacques Ier of Scotland. It was 13 years old, it 11. It was to make it so unhappy that, dying in 21 years, the dauphine one sighed these ultimate words: " Fi of the life! That one does not speak… " more about it to me;.

As of the time of its marriage, it started to play a political role. It entered to Lyon and Vienna to receive the oaths of fidelity of their inhabitants. In February - May 1437, it visited the Languedoc and carried out only the reconquest of place-strong English in the Velay. Accompanied by his father, it made a royal entry in Paris, recently conquered by the constable of Richemont.

In May 1439, his/her father named it general Lieutenant in Languedoc. It could choose itself its advisers and captains. In December of the same year, it was transferred in Poitou, this time without truth decision-making power. In February 1440, after an interview with Jean II of Alençon, it joined the Praguerie, revolt of large dissatisfied lords, also including/understanding Dunois, the marshal of Fayette or Georges of Trémoille. This rebellion of the dolphin was explained by the absence of responsibility where his/her father maintained - this one had noted the disastrous effects of the Apanage S on the unit of the royal field. Its sling was quickly subdued. Louis had to offer his tender to Cusset, provided nevertheless to obtain the government of the Dauphiné, and other guarantees. Charles VII granted the government to him, but refused the remainder.

In 1441, it took again to the battle against the English parties and Burgundian pro . It carried out the royal army at the time of the battle which proceeded June 5th with the September 19th in front of Pontoise. In 1443, it made countryside against Jean IV of Armagnac, large vassal unsubmissive person. The following year, it was charged to carry out out of the kingdom the bands with “truck drivers”, i.e. the companies of weapons left without balances, which lived plunders. It led them in Suisse. August 26th 1444, it gained the victory of Pratteln, then moved against Basle. It was held to with it a council where the Antipape Felix V had been elected. Louis was named Gonfalon ier, i.e. protective of the Church, by the pope Eugene IV. Louis negotiated the treaty of Ensisheim, leading to peace, the September 26th 1444. In reward, it was named protective Comtat Venaissin the May 26th 1445.

In parallel, Louis devoted his important incomes to constitute customers. Since 1437, indeed, it received a royal pension of 21 000 pounds. He was necessary to add to it the subsidies granted by the States which it removed from the truck drivers. However, there remained dissatisfied with its situation. It was frustrated to have withdrawn only the Dauphiné of the Praguerie. In 1446, having conspired against Agnes Sorel and Pierre de Brézé, it was driven out Court and took refuge in its government, into Dauphine.

In 1445, Marguerite of Scotland had died (tomb in the Saint-Laon church with Thouars). The December 28th 1446, Marie of Anjou, mother of Louis, was confined of a son, who was baptized Charles. The February 2nd 1451, Louis, impatient to have a heir, married Charlotte of Savoy, girl of the duke Louis Ier of Savoy, old of only 8 years. The princess was sumptuously equipped with 200 000 ecus, including 12.000 cash. Nevertheless, Louis encountered thereafter difficulties to enter in possession of all the dowry. Parallel to the marriage, Louis and the duke of Savoy had signed an exclusive alliance. It also benefitted from the good graces of the pope to involve itself in the episcopal elections. Its relations with his/her father were woven of double game and intrigues.

Furious, Charles VII raised an army to go against the Dauphiné and the Savoy. Louis however managed to negotiate a truce. This did not prevent it from conducting a campaign of Libelle S against his/her father, showing it of manners dissolues. By prudence, it sent several embassies near the king to be justified. Charles VII was not let any tell, and sent Antoine de Chabannes to the head of an army to tear off the Dauphine one to him. The August 30th 1456, Louis flees in Franche-Comté, then with Leuwen, in Burgundian territory. It was accepted there, and in October, Philippe the Good paid homage to him.

The October 18th 1458 is born Louis his first wire born with Genappe in Belgium. He will die in 1460. The July 15th 1459 always with the castle of Genappe was born its second Joachim wire, who died the November 29th. In 1460, it was with the turn of a girl, Louise, to die in low-age. The same year, Charles VII fell sick. In April 1461 was born again a girl, Anne, which married Pierre de Beaujeu.

King

The July 22nd 1461, Charles VII died in Mehun-on-Yèvre. Louis affected the indifference, and was absent at the time of the royal funeral with Saint-Denis. He was made crown with Rheims three weeks after the death of fire king, before being entered Paris. The entry took place the August 30th 1461. Philippe the Good was noticed with its escort cash for half of the procession, and including/understanding a troop out of weapons. The new king did not live Paris a long time. As of the September 25th, it settled with Tours, city gained with its cause.

Its first action of monarch was to benefit from the crisis of succession in Aragon. Indeed, Alphonse Magnanime had died in 1458. Jean II, brother of late, disputed it with Charles de Viane, his son. This one was found died in September 1461, which started a civil war between Jean II and the cities, in particular Barcelona. Louis XI tried to be combined in the States Catalonia. In front of their refusal polished, it turned to Jean II, which yielded to him the incomes of the counties of Catalogne and Cerdagne in exchange of his assistance. Louis XI took possession simply of it. He also intervened in the Savoyard dynastic quarrel.

One month after the birth of his/her daughter Jeanne in 1464 it learns that the child is lame (she was of an ugliness proverbial, small, counterfeited, malingre) and decides at once to marry it with his distance cousin Louis of Orleans, wire of the poet Charles of Orleans, with an acknowledged aim that the marriage remains sterile and that dies out this rival branch capétienne his but this one, when he becomes king (under the name of Louis XII), will obtain the cancellation of its marriage.

Inside was formed, in March 1465, the Ligue of the Public property. Very comparable with the Praguerie, it had at its head Charles de Charolais, wire of the duke of Burgundy, which claimed more capacity. Its release was due to an incident with the Burgundian ones. In 1463, Louis XI had decided to repurchase the cities of the Somme which had been yielded to the duchy of Burgundy. This transfer, decided with the treated of Arras of 1435 was to compensate for the assassination of Jean without Peur with Montereau, in 1419. The news of the repurchase had caused a sharp hostility at the court of Burgundy. François II of Brittany, which renâclait with the royal yoke, was combined with the Burgundian ones. United with them Jean II of Bourbon and Jean V of Armagnac. Dissatisfaction did not stop with large vassal. The tax pressure had increased much following the repurchase of the cities of the Sum, for 400 000 ecus. Louis XI had required loans of the clergy, had forced the religious establishments to provide him an inventory of their goods, had deprived the University and the body of the archers and principal rafters of Paris of their privileges. He had removed the Pragmatic Sanction.

Against the league of the Public property, Louis XI put himself personally at the head of a great offensive. After the fall of Mills, the Bourbons were subjected. Louis XI made volte-face towards Paris, threatened by the Breton ones and the Burgundian ones. He fought a great battle to Montlhéry, on July 16th 1465, full with confusion and blood and without real winner, but the head office of Paris was broken. Louis XI however managed to negotiate a peace where he did not concede anything to reform the State. He released however the government of Normandy to his brother. This one did not manage to take in hand its government, and had to be exiled. Its fore-mentioned third wire François is born on December 4th, 1466 but dies 4 hours later. September 10th 1468, by the treaty of Ancenis, Charles and François II made their peace, and broke with the Burgundian ones.

The Téméraire proposed to him to negotiate in its turn, and invited the king in his castle of Péronne. Louis XI went there in person. During talks, Liege rebelled against the Burgundian supervision. It appeared quickly that royal police chiefs appeared among revolted. Furious, the Bold one was turned over against Louis XI. Personally threatened, the king had to sign a désavantageux treaty, to accompany the Burgundian one in his countryside against Liege and to look at burning, on October 30th 1468, the rebellious city. He also had to promise to give the Champagne in Apanage to his brother. As soon as party, Louis XI refused to be carried out and granted to Charles only the Guyenne, country pacified recently and difficult to hold. It made imprison its adviser, the cardinal Balue, in 1469 and denounced the treaty in 1470. It is the same year that future Charles wire Charles VIII is born its fourth and finally will come a fore-mentioned sixth wire also François born in Amboise on September 3rd, 1472 titrated duke from Berry and who will die in July 1473.

It was combined with the king of England, Edouard IV and undertook to reduce the powers of large vassal. In 1472, Bold the invades Picardy again. It was stopped with Beauvais by Jeanne Hachette. In 1477, when the Burgundian one died, Louis XI tried to seize its States, but ran up against Maximilien of Austria, which had married the girl of the late one, Marie of Burgundy. In 1482, it however managed to recover Picardy and Burgundy, by the treaty of Arras. By the set of heritages, of which that of Rene Ier of Naples, it entered in possession of the Anjou, the Maine and the Provence. Louis also recovered the Viscount of Thouars which it had taken again with Nicolas of Anjou in 1472 after it rejoined the Burgundian one. He allotted Talmont and Berrie with Philippe de Commynes and for the Viscount of Thouars, he ends up engaging his attribution with Louis II of Trémoille but the King died before the effective restitution of this Viscount.

Its life during, Louis XI is a perpetual patient: “heartburn, bilious attacks, drips, congestion hémorroïdaire which prevents it from going, purulent eczema”, according to Yvan Gobry who - for her physique - quotes Basin: “With its thighs and its legs skinny persons, it did not have, as of the first access, anything beautiful nor pleasant. Worse still: if one met it by being unaware of his identity, one could take it more for one buffoon or a drunkard, in any event for an individual of cheap condition, that for a king or a man of quality”. This judgment deserves to be however balanced by the hostility that old the bishop of Lisieux carried to the king following his banishment of the kingdom in 1465. Basin undertook to regulate its accounts in 1473 in a supposed biography to reveal “its tricks, its mischievousnesses, its perfidies, its stupidities, its misdeeds and its cruelties” under cover of objectivity.

Louis XI is made bury in the basilica Notre-Dame de Cléry, which it had made build about 1467.

The beer setting seems to have taken place with Lyon: Payments in Guillaume Gauteret, appothicayre, for six douzeines of torches pesans two taxable quotas four books, which were put and emploiées for funerals and seveliment of the roy Loys, cui God absoille, which seveliment fust makes in the esglise of Lyon

Reference: Files of Lyon, communal Accounts Department, 1583-1587, dimension DC 0518.

Illegitimate children

It had many illegitimate children:

Guyette de Valois (+1502) (legitimated), girl of her mistress Félizé Regnard;

Jeanne de Valois (1447+1519) (legitimated), girl of her mistress Félizé Regnard, wife in 1466 Louis de Bourbon, count de Roussillon, admiral de France, to whom it gave a son, Charles, count de Roussillon, died without posterity, and two girls (posterity Chabannes and Arpajon);

Marie (1450 - 1470) (legitimated), girl of her mistress Marguerite de Sassenage, wife in 1467 Aymar of Poitiers, Lord of St-Vallier, to which it gave a son died without posterity, Jean, baron de Sérignan. Widower, his husband remarie with Jeanne of the Tower of Auvergne (great-aunt of Catherine de Médicis), which will give him in particular a son, Jean, father of Diane of Poitiers, favorite of Henri II;

Isabeau, of Marguerite de Sassenage, marries Louis de Saint-Priest;

3 other children whose first names are unknown for us and of various mistresses.

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