List accelerators in physics of the particles

This article relates to the list of the Particle accelerator used for the experiments of Physique of the particles. The very first accelerators were especially used in Nuclear physics.

In the history of the physics of the particles, the cosmic rays were the first suppliers of particles ( astroparticules ) with very high energy. The radioactivity does not produce such projectiles. The cosmic rays have the disadvantage of being rare and to have unforeseeable energies (until 10⁸TeV times the energy of the particles of the Tevatron is 100 million). To explore the core, like producing particles, the experimenters wished to have beams of known particles, animated of a known energy, and to thus control the conditions of experiment. This is why the technique of the accelerators knew, after the second world war, of the successive improvements to which these instruments practically supplanted the cosmic rays like sources of projectiles with high energy.

The particle accelerators were built by taking account of the 3 following simple ideas:

They accelerate only the particles carrying an electric charge, sensitive to the electric fields and magnetic that technology can produce and use.
the accelerated particles must remain stable (not to disintegrate) during acceleration. The electron and the proton, the positron and the antiproton answer these conditions. The heavy ions charged and stable but are badly adapted to the study of the particles.
the particles must circulate in a sufficient vacuum not to run up against a molecule which would disturb their trajectory.

Primitive accelerators

They used all simple beams directed on fixed targets. They were used for short experiments, inexpensive, without qualifier (they did not bear a name).

Cyclotrons

With the greatest cyclotrons brought into service before the war, energy reached a ceiling. The cyclotron cannot accelerate particles as light as the electrons, because these particles behave quickly in a relativistic way.

First accelerator built on the current site of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, known thereafter under the name of Berkeley Radiation Laboratory (" Rad Lab" to make short)

Other primitive accelerators

Synchrocyclotrons

In a synchrocyclotron, it is the dimension of the electromagnet which determines final energy. The frequency of resonance of the system HF must be able to easily vary thanks to a variable capacitator inserted between the driver of duant ( dee ) and the wall. A continuous tension, superimposed on the tension HF is applied to the electrode accelerating to facilitate the extraction of the source of ions.

Synchrotrons

Less metal, less electric output: the synchrotrons allowed a jump in front of energy. The energy of Bevatron of Berkeley, 6,2 GeV was not arbitrarily selected: it is minimal energy necessary to produce antiprotons.

Fixed target accelerators

Many were the modern accelerators which were also used on the mode of the fixed target; often they were also used as pre-accelerators in systems colliders.

Colliders

The colliders electron-positrons (e⁺/e^-)

Colliders of High-energy particles ( p anti p and p )

The colliders proton-electrons (p/e^-)

Colliders of ions

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