The Libya , in long form Large Arab Jamahiriya popular Libyan woman and Socialist , is a country of North Africa. Libya is member of the Arab Ligue. It is bordered in north by the Mediterranean, in the west by the Algérie (982 km) and the Tunisia (459 km), in the south by the Niger (354 km) and the Chad (: 1055 km) and in the east by the Sudan (383 km) and the Egypt (: 1115 km). It draws its name from a tribe Berbère which was named Libou, which gave the Greek word Libya .

Denomination

The official name of the country is Grande Jamahiriya Arab Libyan woman popular and Socialist (Al-ja' mâhîriyyatu l-°' ara' biyyatu l-lî' biyyatu HS-sha°' biyyatu l-ishtrâ' kiyyatu L 'rear °uZmà RTL الجماهيريةالعربيةالليبيةالشعبيةالإشتراكيةالعظمى).

In the ancient Greece, the term is used to indicate all North Africa until the west of the Egypt. The three traditional parts of the country are the Tripolitaine, the Fezzan and the Cyrénaïque. In the Greek Mythology and Roman, Didon comes from Libya.

History

See also: History of Libya

Ancient era

  • As of the III , the Lebous installed in Cyrénaïque trained dreaded people of the Égyptiens.

  • towards 1000 av. J. - C. : Foundation on the Libyan coast of the first counters Phéniciens.
  • fifth century BC : The Mediterranean coast is dominated by the Carthaginois.
  • seventh century BC-6th century : Conquests Greek, Roman, vandal and Byzantine.
  • 631 av. J. - C. : The Greek found the Royaume of Cyrène, which will become republic in 458 av. J. - C. and will pass then under the supervision of the Ptolémées of Egypt.
  • 321 av. J. - C. : Ptolémée I {{er}} appendix the territories bordering the the Mediterranean, which will be yielded to the Romains in 96.

The conquest arabo-Moslem woman

Othoman Libya

1551 : Annexation with the Ottoman Empire.

1710 - 1835: Dynasty of Qaramanlis.

From 1835, Tripolitaine, in which Istanbul let until there a local dynasty govern the destiny of the province, returns under Othoman direct administration. The Empire, following the loss of Algeria, occupied by the France starting from 1830, intends to protect its Western provinces from the European appetite .

1843 : Arrived at Beida of the sheik Al-Sanoussi, founder of the brotherhood Al-Sanoussiya.

Tripolitaine and Cirénaïque, contrary to the other Othoman provinces of North Africa, remain Othoman provinces until in 1911, date of the war between the Ottoman Empire and Italy.

Italian colonization, of 1911-1943

1911 (October 5th): the Italian Troops unload in Tripoli and undertake the conquest of Libya.

1912 (October 18th): Traité putting fine Ouchy with the italo-Turkish war Italy obtains Cyrénaïque, Tripolitaine and Dodécanèse

Colonization and resistance

1922 - 1931: Resistance armed to the Italian occupation under the aegis of Omar Al Mokhtar.

1932 (January 24th): the Italian Government announces the military occupation of all Libya after 20 years of Libyan resistance.

1941 (March 1st): the oasis of Koufra to the hands of the Italians is taken again by the Free French Army led by the colonel Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque. It is the first victory of free France.

1945 : At the conclusion of the Countryside of Libya, France and Great Britain shares the occupation of the country: Tripolitaine and Cyrénaïque under British control, Fezzan under French control

1949 (November 21st): UNO decides in favor of an independent State including the three provinces Libyan woman

1950 : the Emir Muhammad Idriss Have-Senousis is indicated as king.

1950 (November 25th): First National Assembly which represents the various Libyan provinces.

1951 (October 7th): Promulgation of the new Libyan constitution.

Independence

1951 (December 24th): Indépendance which opens the reign of Mohammed Idriss el-Sanoussi (Idriss 1st).

1953 (March 28th): Libya integrates the Arab League

1955 (August 10th): France evacuates Fezzan after an agreement concluded with Libya.

1955 (December 14th): Libya joined the United Nations 1959 : Discovered oilfields with Zilten by the Company Esso.

Regime change of 1969

  • 1978 (January 24th) : The State Department of the United States declares that Libya would be the first State against which the United States would take retaliatory measures, because of its position on the Palestinian question.

  • 1979 (December 2nd) : Libyan demonstrators sacagent the embassy from the United States in Tripoli, this political crisis is due to the unconditional support from the United States for Israel.

  • 1982 (March 6th) : The United States issues a commercial embargo against Libya.

  • 1984 (May 8th) : Assassination attempt in Tripoli against colonel Kadhafi.

  • 1987 ( September) : Signature of a cease-fire with Chad.

  • 1992 (April 15th) : Coming into effect of a Embargo international (soldier and air) against Libya following the presumptions of participation of the Libyan services in the attacks of the Boeing of the Side Am in the top of the Scottish city of Lockerbie in 1988 and of the DC-10 of ATU in the top Niger in 1989.

  • 1992 (September 15th) : The Libyan territory is divided into: 1500 self-managed communes.

  • 1993 ( October) : Hardening of the embargo: freezing of the financial assets and embargo on oil capital equipment.

  • 1994 (February 3rd) : End of the disagreement with Chad on the Band of Aozou, territory restored in Chad.

  • 1995 (July 5th) : Economic difficulties and policies, expulsion of Africans, Palestinians and Egyptians.

  • 1996 ( March) : Operations against the islamist ones in the area of Benghazi.

  • 1997 (July 12th) : The Libyan capacity decides to be invested in a “  African policy offensive  ”.

  • 1999 (August 30th) : Extraordinary summit of OAU in Tripoli which militates for the transformation of the African organization into African Union.

  • 2001 (March 1st) : Extraordinary summit of the OAU with Syrte  : adoption of the charter of the African Union which replaces the OAU.
  • 2001 (August 25th) : Critical official of the bureaucracy and the economic paralysis. Call to the private sector.

  • 2002 (March 17th) : One of the suspects of the attack of Lockerbie is condemned to the prison with perpetuity, the other is discharged.

  • 2002 ( October) : Libya threatens to withdraw Arab Ligue.

This old Italian colony is populated today of approximately: 5368585 inhabitants, in majority Arab and Berber. Although the official language is Arabic, Italian and English are also rather widespread.

Independent in 1951, Libya passes as of 1969 under the control of Mouammar Kadhafi, a colonel of army which intends to develop a policy based on the Panarabisme and the State socialism. Its mode is gradually put on the bolster by the International community because of its participation of several attacks and its support for certain movements of rebellion and resistance all over the world during the Années 1980.

Since 2001, probably with an aim of perennializing the mode of colonel Kadhafi, Libya undertakes to repurchase itself with respect to the western powers. She recognized her responsibility in the attack for Lockerbie and signed a protocol of compensation for the families of the victims. Moreover, she declared her intention to fight international terrorism and Moslem radical and sets up now in rampart against illegal immigration coming from the black Africa bound for the Europe. Lastly, it dismantled in 2003 its nuclear program and affirmed its intention to conform to the international treaties on the matter.

Unions of the colonel

Since his come to power in 1969, colonel Kadhafi tried on several occasions to link Libya with other Arab or African countries. Here the list (nonexhaustive) of these fallen through unions:

  • 1972: creation of the Union of the Arab Republics gathering Egypt, Libya and Syria (dissolved in 1977);

  • 1974: fusion enters Libya and Tunisia (remained without a future);

  • 1981: fusion enters Libya and Chad (remained without a future);

  • 1984: union enters Libya and Morocco (dissolved in 1986).

Policy

detailed Article: Political of Libya

Head of the State:

  • de facto : Colonel Mouammar Kadhafi (since 1969)
  • Head of the constitutional State, since 1990: Abd Ar-Razik Sawsa (General secretary of the popular Congress)

Carried with the capacity by a military coup d'etat in 1969, Muammar Al-Kadhafi founded an Arab and socialist Republic, on the model of Egypt directed by Gamal Abdel Nasser. It was controlled by a revolutionary Conseil. In 1973, were formed of the popular committees designed like places of the exercise of a Direct democracy. In 1977, a new Constitution instituted the Jamahiriya (State of the masses). Under the Constitution, the executive power is shared between the Guide of the revolution, Muammar Al-Kadhafi, sixteen representatives of the general Congrès of the people (CGP), the National Assembly and her political office. In fact, in the constitutional text, there exists a total overlap of the executive powers, legislature even legal, insofar as justice is supposed to be assured by the people within the Committee the people for justice. In practice, the Head of the State makes the great decisions, the popular committees undertaking those of less importance.

Subdivisions

Geography

See also: Geography of Libya

Libya is located in the septentrional part of the unintermitting African, delimited in north by the the Mediterranean. Although it extends on a surface from: 1750000 square kilometers, only a small portion of its territory was saved by the Désert.

Relief

9/10 be country extends on one from the most arid parts of the the Sahara: vast desert plates made up of Erg S sandy or rocky Hamada S, flat country going down soft inclined towards the the Mediterranean.

Libya knows indeed only few points of rise exceeding the 900 meters: the Djebel tripolitain (djebel Nefoussa) prolonged by a desert of red rocks (Hamada Al-Hamra), the djebel Akhdar in Cyrénaïque close to the coast and the djebel Al-Soda behind of the gulf of Large Syrte.

The culminating point, with 965 meters, is at the border with the Chad and belonged to the solid mass of the Tibesti. On the coast, in Tripoli taine, the Plaine of Djeffara does not exceed 120 km of width.

Climate

Climate of Libya Mediterranean east at the edge of the desert sea and elsewhere.

The rains are rare and irregular 300 to 500 mm on the cyrénaïques Monts where the rains appear in a torrential form (15 mm in the Fezzan).

The temperatures are of continental type, having great amplitudes (45°C in summer or 5°C in January). Desiccating wind of the south, the Ghibli, breath almost all the year.

The rivers are dry most of the year. Only the ground water are usable which feed from the thousands of well and the Grande Artificial River, pharaonic project under development, which will feed out of water the north of the country.

Economy

See also: Economy of Libya

Before the discovery of oil in 1958, agriculture constituted the base of the Libyan economy even if the cultures were limited to the coastal regions. The breeding played a big role in this company of wandering tradition. The oil exploitation modified the economy deeply: the rough National product (GNP) passed from 1,5 billion dollar in 1965 to 25,4 billion in 1985. The fall of the course of oil, since this date, was combined with the effects of the Embargo imposed by the Safety advice of the United Nations in 1986 and prolonged in 1993 (see: Resolution 748 (1992) and Resolution 883 (1993)).

This embargo, moved by the charges directed by France, the United Kingdom and the United States against the mode of Tripoli, suspected of being implied in various terrorist attacks (Attack of Lockerbie etc), does not relate to oil exports. It feeds inflation (30  however; % in 1994), contributes to the development of a Black-market and deprives the country of one access to Western technology. In 1994, the GNP, in regression continues since 1991, was of 26 billion dollars. The development programs had to be re-examined with the fall and the GNP per capita decreased by at least 25  % in one decade to reach: 5650 dollars in 1994.

In 2006 GDP of Libya with reached 50,33 billion dollars (PIB/habitant 8433 dollars)

Libya is an important producer of Pétrole (1,7 million barrels per day) it aims to increase its production to 3 b/j million from here 2010,2012, it is member of OPEC.

See also: oil Peak ~ nonrenewable Resource .

Demography

detailed Article: Demography of Libya

Libya counts more than 22% from abroad because it receives a strong immigration on behalf of Tunisia, of Egypt, of Turkey and more recently of Pakistan. It is a turntable of illegal immigration bound for Italy (Lampedusa) even of Malta.

Culture

detailed Article: Culture of Libya

Religion: Islam Sunnite

See too

External bonds

  • Report/ratio of the European Parliament on the human rights in Libya (format pdf, 32 KB)
  • Report/ratio of Amnesty International on the human rights in linguistic Libya
  • Situation of Libya

Beats-smg: Lėbėjė Be-X-old: Лібія Simple: Libya Zh-min-nan: Libya

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