Le Figaro

History

1826 : creation the January 15th of a satiric weekly in Paris by the chansonnier Maurice Alhoy and the writer and politician Etienne Arago. It is presented under a format of four pages, small-folio and is published with many interruptions. In 1830 it attacks Polignac violently, presented as simple of spirit, and takes party for the Révolution of July. Its director Victor Bohain gains a place of prefect there. The newspaper keeps its independence of mind however and, under the direction of Henri de Latouche, is shown very critical towards the Monarchie of July.
January 1832: Le Figaro is repurchased by the capacity to counter a satirical face carried out by the Caricature . It loses its satirical inventiveness on this occasion.
Fine 1833: the newspaper is stopped until in 1854 and essuie nine failures at the time of the various retries.
April 1854: the company is taken again by Hippolyte de Villemessant (death in 1879), which will transform it into daily newspaper 12 years later. The newspaper is especially Parisian and literary. Hippolyte de Villemessant can from the start be surrounded talented writers and innovates: it creates permanent headings, in which the readers find themselves and inserts short, a heading obituary and letters to the Editor. He is also the instigator of the heading “Echoes”, which makes the success of the newspaper, with force puns, anecdotes, indiscretions and pewters, which give to the readers the impression to belong to a public of privileged people put in the confidence.
1856 : the success of the Figaro is such as Hippolyte de Villemessant decides to double its frequency of publication. The newspaper then appears Wednesday and Sunday.
1863 : a daily competitor appears: the Small Newspaper . In reaction, Hippolyte de Villemessant creates the Event , daily newspaper also, refusing to him to engage Le Figaro in the battle. the Small Newspaper leaves victorious this confrontation and the Event disappears, little of time after, following an article on the right of the poor, which would have displeased with the government Napoleon III.
November 16th 1866: the Barber becomes a Quotidien but avoids the polemical subjects and thus the Censure. Pulling then reaches the 56.000 specimens, including 15.000 subscribers.
1867 : publication of the Literary Barber and Policy , where Henri Rochefort leaves free course to its talent of satirist. The appariton of such a newspaper is explained by the liberalization of the Empire. However, Henri Rochefort plank with the censure. Hippolyte de Villemessant creates a newspaper for him then: the Lantern .
1871 : at the time of the Common of Paris, the newspaper gives an opinion against this one. It is the first newspaper removed by the Commune, but takes again its publications when this one is finally overcome. Le Figaro thus creates for itself a public of aristocrats and middle-class man.
1875 : Hippolyte de Villemessant gets old and thinks in the future of the Figaro ; he passes the relay to Francis Magnard, which becomes the director of the newspaper.
April 17th 1879: Le Figaro appears framed of black: Hippolyte de Villemessant died the day before with Monte Carlo. Many people go to its funeral. Authors like Alphonse Daudet or Gustave Flaubert leave a testimony of the loss then felt by the literary and political world.
1897 : the Affaire Dreyfus carries in the columns of the Figaro the initial reactions of Emile Zola, which written three articles before the publication of famous “the I show there” in the columns of the Dawn .
1904 : disclosure of the Business of the cards
March 16th 1914: Gaston Calmette, director of the newspaper, is assassinated by Henriette Caillaux, woman of the Minister for Finance, that the newspaper had blamed in a press campaign.
1922 : the newspaper is repurchased by the perfumer François Coty, who re-elects it Figaro and in 1928 for the Friend of the people forsakes it. François Coty is dependant with the Extrême right-hand side, in particular the fascistic militia French Solidarité. During the Inter-war period, the newspaper preserves a society man spirit, especially in his chronicles; only the Carnet Society man remained nowadays about it.
1929 : Figaro becomes again Le Figaro . The first cross Mots appear.
1934 : Lucien Romier becomes the director of the newspaper and Pierre Brisson his director literary. They constitute a brilliant team of writers of which François Mauriac, Georges Duhamel, Jean Giraudoux, Tristan Bernard and André Maurois. The first photographs make their appearance in the newspapers, which use them then abundantly.
1939 : great reports are covered by the daily newspaper like the War of Ethiopia, the Sino-Japanese war or the Guerre of Spain. The newspaper undergoes the continuous Censure but to appear with Tours.
1940 : Le Figaro settles with Bordeaux, Clermont-Ferrand then Lyon before undergoing the effects of the censure because of a leading article of Pierre Brisson.
During the Second world war, Le Figaro is published in Lyon in free zone until the German Occupation of 1942.
November 11th 1942: Pierre Brisson decides to scuttle the newspaper and publishes a leading article whose publication is prevented except for the subscribers: “the imperative instructions which have just reached to us do not make it possible us any more to continue our task without offending our most intimate feelings and without betraying the confidence of the public. It is a question of lying or of being dislocated. Our choice is made. I thank the readers for their attachment, their comprehension, the regard which they mark with this newspaper made by noble-hearted mans in difficult situations. I give them the insurance which they will find at the first day the Barber, faithful to his duties and in conformity with his wishes. ”
August 25th 1944: Le Figaro reappears in Paris with a leading article of François Mauriac on Charles de Gaulle, it becomes the newspaper of MRP vis-a-vis the Communists and to the Socialists.
1945 : pulling reaches 213.000 specimens, but the public requires much more.
1946 : publication of the Literary , weekly magazine free and published apart from the daily newspaper. It joins together Pierre Brisson, Paul Claudel, Leon-Paul Fargue, Colette, Julien Green, etc…
1947: the Arts person becomes the Literary Barber .
1950 : the woman of François Coty yields half of her actions in the daily newspaper to a group formed by Jean Prouvost, which decides that there will not be from now on more majority shareholder.
1958 : with the advent of Ve République, the hostility of Pierre Brisson to the RPF ceases and it joins in De Gaulle.
1964 : with died of Pierre Brisson, the woman of François Coty sells all her actions.
1970 : Jean Prouvost recovers the remainder of the Coty actions and becomes thus the majority shareholder of the newspaper.
In 1975, the newspaper is repurchased by Robert Harrowing, director of a group of periodic publications which had begun its rise ten years earlier by amalgamating two regional newspapers of Brive-the-Strapping woman, and had as of this moment noticed by the magazine Press-Topicality like possible “new a Axel Springer”.
the supplement of the weekend Le Figaro Magazine , launched in 1978, is violently attacked by the left ( the Duck connected calls it merry FroMage Nazi , anagram very polemical).

1980: Le Figaro amalgamates with the Dawn, daily Socialist known for his publication of “I show” Emile Zola. -->

the May 10th 1981, Le Figaro becomes for the first time since years a body of opposition. Louis Pauwels will publish a collection of its articles of the time under the title freedom guides my steps .
Harrowing Robert repurchases in this beginning of the year 80 what remains of the Boussac group: the daily newspaper the Dawn . This title, resulting from the Resistance, had been created by Robert Lazurick, in memory of the famous newspaper of Georges Clémenceau which published, on January 13rd, 1898, the “I show” of Emile Zola. The name of this newspaper, powerful in the years 1950-1970, figure always associated with that of the Barber . In 1985, the Dawn is indeed completely integrated in Le Figaro. This title survives today in that of the edition without supplements of Saturday " Le Figaro - Aurore".
June 1999, the group of American investment Group Carlyle, preceding little the French group Dassault, invests 1 billion euros in Le Figaro, thus holding 40% of the shareholding of the daily newspaper (the 60% remainder being held by the Socpresse).
November 29th 1999: change of formula, with inter alia big events the disappearance of the drawing of Jacques Faizant of the first page of the newspaper.
June 2004: the Groupe Dassault (GIMD) is authorized to take the control of the Socpresse, head office of the Figaro . During the summer, Serge Dassault refuses to publish the interview of Andrew Wang, the intermediary in the center of the Affaire of the frigates of Taiwan. (It will be finally published by the Point on September 9th, 2004). The same year, the airframe manufacturer had sold a whole of Mirage 2000 with their armament Matra (missiles Mica).
October 2004: the concern of the trade unions on the independence of the newspaper sharp whereas Serge Dassault alters the direction of the newspaper, from now on is directed by Nicolas Beytout and Francis Morel.

19 August 21st, 2005: Le Figaro leaves 37, rue du Louvre to settle with 14, boulevard Haussmann.
October 3rd, 2005: Le Figaro has changed format for the first time for more than thirty years. The title appears from now on in a blue cartouche. Moreover, it contains from now on a book economy and a book leisures entitled And you . This new formula is officially supposed to make it possible the company to propose with the sale more ad spaces in one and fourth of cover.
February 2006: Le Figaro also evolves/moves on Internet with the transformation of the site www.lefigaro.fr
November 2007: Etienne Mougeotte becomes director of the draftings of the Figaro group. He is assisted by Jean-Michel Salvator with the direction of the daily newspaper.

Leading line

Nowadays, the Barber is a newspaper of right. One of the slogans of its publicity campaign of 2005 was “as regards economy we are for free trade. As regards ideas also”.

Serge Dassault, senator UMP, president of the company of Barber SA, explained on France Inter the Friday December 10th 2004, and in Le Monde dated from the December 12th, that the newspapers must diffuse “healthy ideas”, because “we are bursting because of the ideas of left”. Serge Dassault does not control however the leading line of the newspaper.

Personalities

Directors

Of 1879 to 1914:

Francis Magnard
Fernand de Rodays
Jules Cornély
Gaston Calmette, assassinated by Henriette Caillaux in 1914

List of the directors as from the years 1930:

Writers

Wrote with the Figaro (except platforms):

Théophile Gautier
Charles Nodier
George Sand, which made its beginnings there;
Octave Mirbeau, which there in particular published its famous call to the strike of the voters and launched an unknown Gantese poet Maurice Maeterlinck;
Emile Zola, which approaches initially there the Affaire Dreyfus;
Marcel Proust, which takes again even some of its articles in With the research of time lost ;
Andre Gide;
Eric Zemmour;
François Mauriac, which holds a lasting scratch pad of the years, being opposed in particular to torture in Algeria;
Raymond Aron;
Omar Sharif, chronicler of Bridge;
Jean d' Ormesson (as director);
Paul-Marie of Gorce;
Helene Carrère d' Encausse;
even Jean-Paul Sartre (which, politically did not carry the newspaper in its heart) published a report on the the United States with the Libération.

Le Figaro is often regarded as the “newspaper of the academicians”, because of the great number of “immortal” which wrote there.

Draftsmen

Jean Sennep in the Years 1950 and at the beginning of the Years 1960
Then the young draftsman Jacques Faizant whom one until had especially known there for his drawings of old women and sailors. He appears (with his team, because it is about a work to several people) adapted well to this new style since today its name is more associated in the general public with its political drawings that with its old collections. Jacques Faizant is deceased the January 14th 2006.

Drafting

Directing of the drafting: Etienne Mougeotte
Delegate president drafting: Jean-Michel Salvator
Assistant editor of the drafting (Macro-economy): Nicolas Barred
Assistant editor of the drafting (Political, Company, Sciences): Paul-Henri of Limbert
Assistant editor of the drafting (Undertaken and Gone): Gaëtan de Capèle
Assistant editor of the drafting (Culture, Arts person, Figaroscope): Emmanuel Fessy
Assistant editor of the drafting (DEBATEs and Opinions): Stephan Merchant
Assistant editor of the drafting (Foreign): Pierre Rousselin
Assistant editor of the drafting (Sports, Photograph, Special operations): Yves Thréard
Assistant editor of the drafting (Mode, Tourism, Leisures, Car): AsSophie Von Claer

Editions

The every day, the daily newspaper is accompanied by a supplement printed on paper salmon, the Figaro Economy , as well as third book, And You. .

Moreover,

the edition of the Monday is accompanied, since April 3rd, 2006, of a new book " sport" , to which the traditional supplement with the format tabloïd is added, the Figaro To make a success of .
the edition of the Tuesday.
the edition of the Wednesday is accompanied in Paris region by a supplement spectacles and leisures, the Figaroscope .
the edition of the Thursday is accompanied by a supplement of 8 pages, the literary Barber .
the edition of the Saturday is accompanied by bulkier supplements of type Magazine: Le Figaro Magazine , '' Mrs Figaro '' and a magazine of television: TV Magazine . In October 2006 is added the first number of Miss Figaro . In 2007 it will appear in a quarterly way with the other magazines.
an edition without supplements is published saturdays under the title Le Figaro - the Dawn (This double title existed like daily newspaper in the Eighties after the repurchase of the Dawn by Harrowing Robert, there remained some time before disappearing, there was different from the Figaro only by the one).
In 2005, each week, a volume of “essential” of the Encyclopædia Universalis was sold in supplement Tuesday, the first volume being free. This Encyclopédie contained 6000 articles, 17.000 notes and 200.000 bonds.
Le Figaro Patrimoine is also a supplement of the Barber published monthly.

Diffusion

Diffusion paid in France of the Barber . Sources: OJD, 2004.

The free diffusion (universities, doctor's offices, airline companies, companies, etc) exceeds 70 000 specimens, that is to say more than the paying diffusion of Humanity , for example. To compare with the diffusion of the other French national daily newspapers: Press in France.

Currency appearing in the one

“Without freedom to blame, it is not flattering praise”, Beaumarchais, the marriage of Barber .

Barber is a character of Beaumarchais, hero of Barbier of Seville , Mariage of Barber and the guilty Mother . A barber is a barber.

Le Figaro comprises other references to the character from which it draws his name, like “Barber, Figaro-là”, the barber of Seville .

At one time, this currency was replaced by another quotation of Beaumarchais where it was a question of P' tit quinquin, then the initial currency was restored, a time discreetly, then again on first page since the last model.

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