Languages by family

This is a list of the natural Langue S or built , alive or dead, classified by families and groups. The genetic concept of family of languages is described more in detail in the article devoted to with the compared Linguistique.

Attempts at some Linguist S, frequent since second half of the 20th century, proposer to gather certain families of language in super families of languages (for example to consider that the altaïques languages and ouraliennes belong to the same family known as “Ural-Altaic”) not having given convincing results until now, only the super families whose recognition is the subject of a broad consensus, such as the languages austronésiennes or the Indo-European languages (which were highlighted as of the {{XIXe}} century) or the languages sino-Tibetans, are indexed.

List shortened

List

This list is not exhaustive

The languages dravidiennes

(They are Langues of India)

Indo-European languages

The Indo-European languages are most widespread. They are spoken in Europe, in septentrional Asia (Russia), in Iran, in the area of the India and in Americas.

group unknown (extinct languages)

  • languages thraco-daces
    • Dace (~100 words of origin dace in Rumanian and Albanian?)
    • Thrace

group tokharien: (extinct languages)

  • Tokharien has (agnéen)
  • Tokharien B (koutchéen)
  • Tokharien C (krorainien)

Anatolian languages: (extinct languages)

  • hittite, also called nésite or hittite-nésite.
  • Louvite
    • Mylien
      • Lydian Lycien
  • Palaite

Indo-Iranian languages

Group Armenian

  • Grabar (Armenian old spoken in the religious field)
  • Armenian:
    • Armenian Eastern
    • Armenian Westerner

group Greek

  • group Arcado-cypriote:
    • Arcadien, Cypriot, Pamphylien
    • Mycénien
  • group Ionian-attic:
    • attic (Greek old)
      • Koinè (average common Greek)
        • Greek modern
    • Ionian (of Asia, islander, of Eubée)
      • Pontique
  • wind group (Philistine, Lesbian, Thessalien)
  • Western group
    • Dorien (laconien, argien, Corinthian, etc)
    • éléen, étolien, Locrien, Phocidien
    • Grico

Albanian

  • Guègue
    • elbasan-tirana
    • mandrica
    • scutari
    • ship
  • Tosque
    • arbanasi
    • camerija
    • korca
    • srem

Italic Languages: (extinct languages)

Romance Languages

  • group ibéro-novel

  • group Rhéto-roman

  • group Italian italo-novel
    • (language standard, based on the Toscan and created by Dante. The Corsican is a dialect of the Toscan with marked local characteristics, the cismontano and the oltramontano , just as the two dialects of the north of Sardinia.
    • speeches gallo-italics
      • Bolonais or romagnol (these two last are close)
      • émilien
      • Istrien
      • Ligure
      • lombard
      • Piémontais
      • Corsican Vénitien
    • dialects Tuscan
      • the Corsican is a dialect of the Toscan with marked local characteristics, the cismontano and the oltramontano , just as the two dialects of the north of Sardinia: the gallurien and the sassarien.
      • Gallurien and Tuscan Sassarien
    • dialects central-Southerners
      • center: Marchigiano, Roman Ombrien and of Latium (the romanesco is a dialect of the Toscan)
        • Southern
      • :
        • Abruzzais (dialect of the Southernmost )
        • Campanien or Neapolitan
        • Lucan or lucanien (dialect of the Southernmost ) (two varieties)
        • apulien (dialect of the Southernmost or Neapolitan)
      • extreme-South:
    • Calabrian southernmost (very near to the Sicilian , in the north of Calabria one speaks Lucan as in Pouilles about north)
    • Salentin
    • Sicilien
      • Judéo-Italian

  • Sardinian

    • Campidanien
    • Gallurien and Sassarien which is in fact Corsican of the dialects S thus Toscan S, but often classified with the Sarde
    • Logoudorien
      • logoudorien of North
      • logoudorien of South-west
      • Nuorais

  • Rumanian group

Celtic languages

Germanic languages

balto-Slavic Languages

Afro-Asian languages

The Afro-Asian languages (in the past named Hamito-Semitic ) are spoken in Africa septentrional and Saharan like with the the Middle East and the the Middle East.
  • languages Berber S ( tamazight )
  • tchadic Languages
  • omitic Langues
    • Basketto
    • Gamo
    • melo
    • Seze
    • Wolaytta
    • Egyptian Yemsa
    • Egyptian old
  • couchitic
    • afar
    • Agäw or couchitic Langues exchange
    • Bedawi
    • Bedja
    • official reception (also called Oromo)
    • Gedeo
    • Sidamo
    • Somali
  • Semitic Languages
      • North-eastern
    • (extinct languages)
      • Assyrian Akkadien
        • Babylonian
      • éblaïte
    • North-western
    • Southern
      • Arab itself or north-Arabic:
      • south-Arabic: at the origin of the Semitic languages of the Horn of Africa
        • six languages of the Yemen threatened of disappearance
      • Semitic languages of Ethiopia and Érythrée

Nilo-Saharan languages

They are spoken in sub-Saharan Africa: with the Chad, the Sudan, the Niger, in the North of the Cameroun, in Central African Republic, with the Ghana, the Kenya, in Ethiopia and Tanzania.

Nigéro-Congolese languages

The languages khoïsan

They are spoken in southern Africa, in particular by the Bochimans and the Khoïkhoï.
  • khoi group of North
    • Aukwe
    • Kung
    • Maligo
  • Western khoi group
    • Gwi-khwe
    • Khoekkoe
    • Kun
    • Kwadi (extinct)
      • Zorotua
    • nama
    • San
  • khoi group of the South
    • Batwa
  • Hadza
    • Kamka! E
    • Khomani
    • Seroa
  • Sandawe

Genetic families of the Caucasian languages

See also: Caucasian Languages

The languages ouraliennes

They are spoken primarily in Europe and Asia.

The languages ienisseïennes

They are spoken in the east about Siberia:

The languages tchoukotko-kamtchatkiennes

They are spoken in the North-East about Siberia and the peninsula about Kamtchatka, in the extreme is of Russia:
  • Northern:
    • tchouktche
    • koryak-alyutor :
      • Alutor
      • Koryak
      • Kerek
    Southern
  • : itelmène

Altaïques languages

They are primarily spoken in Asia about the West, central and Eastern.

Turkish Languages

    • Azeri Altaï
      • Azeri of Azeri North
      • of the South
    • Bachkir
    • Dolgane
    • Gagaouze
    • Kabarde
    • Kazakh Karakalpak
    • Karatchaï
    • Kyrgyz Khakasse
    • Koumyk
    • Uzbek Nogaï
    • Ouïgour
      • Uzbek of Uzbek North
      • of the South
    • Shor
    • Tatar
    • Tatar of the Crimea
    • Chuvash Touva
    • Turkish (osmanli)
    • Turkish of the Crimea
    • Turkmène
    • Yakoute

Languages Mongolian be

    • Buriat
    • Mongolian Kalmouk
    • Oïrat
    • Xorein

Languages toungouses

    • Even
    • Evenki
    • Manchu Lamout
    • Oroch
    • Orok
    • Oudihe
    • Oulch
    • Toungouse
      • nanai

The languages sino-Tibetans

They are primarily spoken in East Asia and about the South-eastern. According to the linguists Joseph Greenberg and Merritt Ruhlen, they set up the group of spoken languages by the greatest number of speakers within the linguistic macro-family of the languages dene-Caucasians. The term of " languages sino-tibétaines" is prone to controversy. The origin of the writing Tibetan goes back to Songtsen Gampo (born towards 609 - 613 ~mort in 650) which was the 33e king of the Tibet. Songtsen Gampo sent in India Tibetans to study the Sanskrit there. The minister Thonmi Sambhota created the writing Tibetan starting from the Indian alphabet Devanâgarî.

Chinese Languages

    • Chinese antiquated
      • Chinese medieval and Chinese traditional
        • Cantonese
        • Mandarin
        • gan
          • Chang-Jing
          • Yi-Liu
          • Ji-Cha
          • Fu-Guang
          • Ying-Yi
        • hakka
          • Yue-Tai (Meixian, Raoping, Taiwan Kejia)
          • Yuezhong (Central Guangdong)
          • Huizhou
          • Yuebei (Northern Guangdong)
          • Tingzhou (Min-Ke)
          • Ning-Length (Longnan)
          • Yugui
          • Tonggu
        • min
          • min nan
          • Min EIB
          • Min dong
            • Fuzhou (fuchow, foochow, guxhou)
          • Min zhong
          • Pu-xian
            • Putian (putten, xinghua, hinghua, henghua, hsinghua)
            • xianyou (hsienyu)
        • wu
        • Xiang
        • Yi
    • to be classified:

Languages tibéto-Burmeses

  • group Bodique
  • group Karen
    • Bwe
    • Pwo
    • Sgaw
  • group Kiranti
    • hayu
    • limbou
  • group Burmese Milk-Burmese
  • Meitei
  • Naxi
  • Néware
  • qianguic
  • group sal
  • Trong
  • Tujia
  • group Karen
  • abor-miri-dafla
  • angami-pochuri naga
  • ao naga
  • bai
  • dhimal-louse
  • gongdouk
  • hruso
  • manchad
  • to mikir
  • mizo-kuki-chin
  • sulung
  • tangkhul naga
  • taraon-digaru
  • trong
  • zeme naga

The languages tai-kadai

They are spoken primarily in Southeast Asia.

, the Lao and the Zhuang, are related. Linguists seek if this Famille of languages (called Langues kadai) belonged to a larger unit, while seeking initially among the families of languages present in Southeast Asia (Langues sino-Tibetans, Langues miao-yao, austroasiatic Langues, Langues austronésiennes…). -->

The languages hmong-mien

Also called miao-yao , they are spoken primarily in Southeast Asia. Three groups are distinguished:

Austroasiatic languages

They are spoken primarily in Southeast Asia.

Languages asliennes

They are the spoken languages by the populations Aborigène S of the Malayan Péninsule.

Languages my-Khmer

    • Khmer or Kampuchean
    • Nicobar
    • Languages Vietnamese Vietnamese soldier-muong

Languages munda

    • Gorum
    • Kharia
    • Korku
    • Santali

The Languages austronésiennes

They are spoken with Taiwan, in Southeast Asia, in the Pacific Ocean and the west of the Indian Ocean.

Languages formosanes

They are the languages indigenous S of Taiwan.
    • Bunun
    • Taroko
    • Tsou
    • Yami
    • the atayalic Languages, of which the Atayal and the Taroko or seediq
    • the Friendly Bunun
    • the
    • the Basay
    • the Kavalan
    • the Siraya
    • the Paiwan
    • the Papora
    • the Pazeh
    • the Saisiyat
    • the Puyuma
    • the Rukai
    • the tsouic Languages: the Tsou, the Saaroa, the Kanakanabu
    • the Babuza
    • the Thao
    • the Ketangalan.

Austronesian Languages

The languages eskimo-aléoutes

(or languages eskaléoutes)

The languages Na-dené

Uto-Aztecan languages

  • Comanche
  • Cuahuila
  • Cupeno
  • Hopi, Luiseno
  • mono
  • Nahuatl
  • Paiute
  • Papago
  • Papil
  • pima
  • Ute

Algic languages

  • ( ritwain = wiyot + yurok)

The languages caddoan

The languages Sioux

Languages siouan or Sioux:
  • Assiniboine
  • biloxi
  • Chiwere (Iowa, Missouri, oto)
  • crow
  • Dhegiha
    • Kansa - Osage
    • omaha - Sandpapered
    • Quapaw
  • Hidatsa
  • Mandan
  • Moniton
  • Occaneechi
  • Ofo
  • Saponi
  • Sioux (lakota), Santee - Sisseton, Yankton - Yanktonai )
  • Stoney
  • Tutelo
  • Winnebago

Languages catawba:

  • Catawba
  • Woccon

The languages iroquoiennes

  • Huron Cayuga
  • cherokee
  • - Wyandot
  • laurentien
  • mohawk
  • Nottoway
  • oneida
  • Onondaga
  • Sénéca
  • Susquehannock
  • Tuscarora

The languages Tupi-Guarani

languages Tupi-Guarani

  • Ariqueme

  • guarani
  • Kawahib
  • Oyampi
  • Tupi

Pidgins and Creoles

  • with lexical Base German E
  • with lexical Base English E
    • of Africa
      • Krio
    • of the Antilles and of Creole South America
      • jamaïcain
      • creole surinamien (sranan, taki taki)
    • of the zone Southeast Asia, Oceania, Peaceful
  • with lexical Base Spanish E
  • with lexical Base French E
    • of the Antilles and South America
      • Créole Haitian
      • Créole inhabitant of Guadeloupe
      • Créole Guianese
      • Créole inhabitant of Martinique
    • of the Indian Ocean
      • Créole Mauritian
      • Créole réunionnais
      • Créole seychellois
  • with lexical Base Portuguese E
    • creole bissau Guinean
    • creole course-verdien
    • Forro
    • Papiamento
  • others

Languages of the signs

They are own languages with the Sourd S and deaf people, of which the iconic and space structure distinguishes them from the oral languages on the grammatical level.

Built Languages (or artificial)

Other languages, isolates and families of not classified languages

  • Aïnu
  • Basque
  • Birale
  • Korean Burushaski
  • élamite (extinct)
  • Etruscan (extinct)
  • haida
  • Hatti (extinct)
  • Hourrite (extinct)
  • Ibère (extinct)
  • Jalaa
    • Japanese
  • and related languages
  • Ket
  • Laal
  • the Australian languages papoues and languages
    • Taiap
  • Mekejir
  • Méroïtique (extinct)
  • Nahali
  • Picte (extinct)
  • Sumérien (extinct)
  • Yukaghir
  • the languages of Americas
    • Languages araucans 2 (Huilliche and mapuche)
    • Languages arawak, Arawak 74 (Arawak of North, Arawak of the South, Chapacuran, Arauan, Chamicura, Gahiban, Garifuna, Mahipuran, Purus)
    • Langues will aymaras, Aymara 3 (central Aymara, Aymara of the South and Jaqaru)
    • Langues chibcha 130 (Isthmien, Abura , Talamanca, Barbacoa, Paezan, Coconucoan, Popayanen, Rama)
    • Langues macro-I 32 (chiquitano, kaingáng, kayapó, xavánte)
    • Maya Langues mataco-gaicuru
    • Langues 69 (Tzozil, Chol, Tzeltal, Lacandon, Yucateco, Itza, Jacalteco, Yocatan, Ixil)
    • Langues natchez 4 (Atakapa, Chitimacha, Natchez, Tunica)
    • Languages otomangue 173 (Otomi, Mazahua, Choco, oaxaca, mango)
    • Languages panoanes 29 (Amahuaca, Nukuini, Poyanáwa, Tuxináwa, Xipináwa, Yora)
    • Languages quechuas, Quechua 47 (Chiquian, Corongo, Huaylas, Huallaga, Panao, Huaylla, Jauja, Chachapoyas)
    • Haida
    • Pirahã
    • Tarascan
    • ticuna
    • Coahuilteco

See too

Internal bonds

External bonds

  • of the charts of the families of language (English texts)
  • http://www.ciep.fr/reform/genetique/

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