Justinien II
Justinien II (668 - 711), known as Rhinotmetus (“cut Nose”), is Basileus of the Byzantine Empire of 685 with 695, then of 705 with 711. He is the son of Constantin IV and the last one representing dynasty héraclide.
First reign (685-695)
Intelligent and energetic, it is however struck by a pathological madness.
Justinien II consolidates the position of the empire by gaining several battles against the Sarrasin S. It adopts a firm policy in the Balkans and orders massive displacements of the populations Slaves towards the provinces of Asia Mineure.
Its fiscal policy of massive increase in the taxes makes it odious unpopular then to its people, so much so that from many Slaves subjects of Arménie passed to the enemy; Justinien II then orders the massacre of all the Slavic families of Bithynie.
Quinisexte
In 691, he convenes a synod of 75 Eastern bishops to regulate the businesses left outstanding by the oecumenical Concile S. This synod, known under the name of Quinisexte , and must deal with questions of unimportant importance: obligation for the hermits to cut the hair, penitence six years inflicted to the tellers of good adventure, prohibition made to the women dance, prohibition to carry the buckled hair.
It sends to Rome an address with the pope Serge I {{er}}, peremptorily ordering to him to subscribe to the guns approved by this synod. As several of these guns were contrary with the Roman uses, the pope refuses, causing the anger of Justinien II, which orders then with exarque Ravenne, Zacharias, to carry out the arrest of the pope.
Deposition
The failure of this attempt at arrest increases the anger of Justinien II, more unpopular than ever, as well for its military defeats than because of tortures as its tax collectors inflicted with the aristocracy.
In 695, Justinien is reversed by a revolution carried out by Leonce II. One cuts to him the Nez ( rhinokopia ), then it is exiled with Cherson, in the Crimea.
Its ministers are trailed in the streets of Constantinople and burned alives on the Forum of Ox.
He manages to escape from the Crimea into 698 and finds asylum at the Khazars, which will remain thereafter a faithful ally of the empire, and marries the sister of the khan Ibuzir, baptized under the name of Théodora, which gives him a son, Tibère (of its first marriage with Eudoxie, he had had a son which did not survive to him).
Second reign (705-711)
To spring 705, it turns over to Constantinople with the support of the army Bulgare. The weather manages to penetrate in the city by an old sewer and to be captive Tibère III which succeeded Leonce. The execution of the two usurpers and all those follows which Justinien reproaches treason or that he suspects of plot.
In 711, the Crimea revolts and is chosen for chief Philippicos. This one obtains the allegiance of the fleet sent by Justinien II which finally is stopped and carried out the November 4th, while his/her Tibère son, 6 years old, is cut the throat of.