According to the journalists the Conclave would be divided between two favorites: Giuseppe Siri, archbishop of Genoa, and Giovanni Benelli, archbishop of Florence and close to Jean-Paul {{Ier}}. Karol Wojtyla is elected the October 16th 1978 Pape of the Roman Catholic church, with the eighth ballot. It is known that M gr. König, archbishop of Vienna, were very close to him, and appear to have been one of its Great Electors. Atypical fact: it was as a priest with most extremely of the election.

The surprise is then very large: it is the Slavic first Pape of the history and first not-Italian since Adrien {{VI}} in 1522. The Cardinal protodiacre sorrow to pronounce besides its name at the time of the Habemus papam and even forgets some to give the name chosen by the new pope; crowd initially believes to deal with African cardinal and many commentators is taken of run at the time of the advertisement, being unaware of all the new pope. Press service of the Vatican not having envisaged itself of biographical card. Jean-Paul II dissociates himself in the succession of the popes by his nationality, his age and his condition of former athlete. Especially, it comes from a communist country, of beyond the Iron curtain.

It takes the name, in total continuity with its three immediate predecessors. It inaugurates its pontificate the 22 same month.

Its pontificate will be the longer third (9 664 days) of the history bimillenary of papacy. On its 263 predecessors, only Pie {{IX}} (1846 - 1878) reigned longer than him (31 years 7 months and 17 days), but holy Pierre, the first of the bishops of Rome, would have reigned even longer (34 years or 37 years including 25 in Rome). During its reign, he will have known three presidents French, five presidents of the the United States of America, and seven Heads of State of Soviet Union then of Russia.

See the tv news of October 16th, 1978 (INA files) 1/2h hardly after the nomination of Jean-Paul II

Jean Paul 2 was pope of 1978 to 2005 is 27 years.

Pontificate

Pastoral

See article détaillé : List of the pastoral visits of the pope Jean-Paul II out of Italy

During his pontificate, Jean-Paul II accomplishes 104 voyages representing 576 days apart from the Vatican, 143 voyages in Italy, 740 visits in Rome like at Castel Gandolfo. He returned visit to 317 of the 333 parishes of Rome. The distance covered at the time of its apostolic voyages is of 1.163.835 km is 28 times it tower of the ground or almost three times the distance ground - the moon.

He visited 129 nations (the majority of them accommodated a Pope for the first time) and 614 cities. The country more visited is its native Poland (8 times), France (8 times), followed by the United States (7 times), Mexico and Spain (5 times), Brazil, Portugal and Switzerland (4 times), Austria, Germany, the Czech republic, Guatemala, the Dominican Republic, Canada, the Ivory Coast, Kenya (3 times).

During its more long voyage, the 32e, which took place in November - December 1986, Jean-Paul II traversed Bangladesh, Seychelles, Singapore, the islands Fiji, New Zealand, Australia.

Whereas some of its voyages (as with the the United States or Jerusalem) carry out it on the traces of Paul {{VI}}, much of other countries had never been visited by a Pape. He becomes the first Pape to be gone to the the United Kingdom where he meets Elisabeth {{II}}, chief of the Église Anglican. He and the archbishop Anglican of Canterbury embrace themselves in front of the Média S in the cathedral of Canterbury. During its voyages, it shows a devotion particular towards the Virgin Mary, visiting many places being devoted him, of which Lourdes (France) by twice, Fátima (Portugal), Guadalupe (Mexico). Its visits have the characteristic to accommodate gigantic crowd, the world Journées of youth, often exceeding the number of the million.

Jean-Paul II also opposed ideologies and policy such as the Communisme, Marxisme, Socialisme, Féminisme, Impérialisme, Relativisme, Matérialisme, Fascisme (including the Nazisme), Racisme, Ultra-liberalism and the Capitalisme. In several ways, it fought the Oppression, the Laïcisme and the Pauvreté.

Jean-Paul II confirmed the catholic traditions while being opposed to the Avortement, the Contraception, the Human cloning, the Euthanasie, and the In vitro fertilization. He also confirmed the catholic traditions on the Mariage while being opposed to the Divorce, the Homosexual marriage and the Ordination of the women

He gave again an impulse with the Culte of the saints, by celebrating 1.345 Béatification S and 483 canonizations including 402 martyrs and 30 French.

In October 1986, it decides to constitute a commission of cardinals and bishops to prepare a project of Roman universal catechism and entrusts the presidency of it to the cardinal Ratzinger. The Austrian cardinal Christoph Schönborn will be one of the principal writers and the Catéchisme of the Catholic church is approved officially by the pope the June 25th 1992.

It chaired 1.160 weekly general audiences in the presence of more than 18.512.300 pilgrims coming from the whole world and more than 1.500 private audiences.

More than 160 million people came to Rome to see it.

Administration and diplomacy

It more than doubled the number of nonciatures (embassies of the Saint Sits) of 85 in 1978 (with its election) with 174

He convened 9 consistory S ordinary to name 232 cardinal, He also convened 6 full sessions of the college of the cardinals. He named more than 3.500 of the 4.200 bishop S current, He joined together 15 Synode S of the bishops: 6 standard general meetings (on the family in 1980, the reconciliation in 1983, the laic ones in 1987, the training of the priests in 1990, the consecrated life in 1994 and 2001 on the episcopal ministry), 1 extraordinary general assembly (on the Concile Vatican II in 1985), 7 special assemblies (on the Europe in 1991 and 1999, the Africa in 1994, the Lebanon in 1995, the America in 1997, the Asia and the Oceania in 1998) and a particular Synod (for the Netherlands in 1980).

It devoted approximately 10.000 audiences to the come bishop S with Rome in visit " AD limina (apostolorum" , i.e. " with the thresholds apostoliques").

It took part in more than 1475 discussions with political personalities, including/understanding the 38 official visits: 738 audiences with Heads of State and 246 with heads of government, 190 Foreign Ministers, 642 Ambassador S accredited close the Holy See. (at October 16th 2004). These figures do not include/understand the various meetings which take place in end of liturgical ceremonies, so much in the Vatican than all over the world.

In February 1984, it founded: the institute Jean-Paul II for the the Sahel and in February 1992: the Foundation " Populorum Progressio" for the poor of Latin America. It also founded the Pontifical Academies for the Life and Social sciences.

Moreover, it instituted the day of the patient (celebrated each year on February 11th) and the World Journées of Youth (JMJ), the world day for Peace, the world day for the migrants and the refugees, the world day for the communications like six other days world.

He was the first Pope to be held of the press conferences in Avion S and one in the press room of the Holy See (24/01/1994), to go down in a hotel and not to nonciature from the visited country (Irshad Hotel with Bakou, Azerbaïdjan in May 2000), to say the Messe in a Avion like in a hangar of aviation (December 2002 with the Aéroport Léonard de Vinci in Rome), to call for one day of forgiveness (jubilée of the year 2000), to say the mass for the catholic community located more at North (to 350 km of the north pole with Tromsø in Norway in 1989).

It made build two immense basilicas close to Cracow: the basilica of Nowa-Huta (as a Bishop of Cracow) and that dedicated to the Divine mercy. It was received 11 times “doctor honoris causa ”.

Spiritual action

He added 5 new mysteries to the rosary in October 2002: luminous mysteries: baptism in the Jordan, the wedding at Cana, advertisement of the Kingdom of God, Transfiguration, institution of Eucharistie.

Interreligieux dialog

The pontificate of Jean-Paul II was characterized by an intensification of the exchanges with the others Religion S. During its voyages, it met good number of their dignitaries and requested in several their holy places. Twice, it invited the persons in charge of all the religions to a prayer common for peace to Assise  : October 27th 1986 and January 22nd 2002.

Judaism

Jean-Paul II writing and gives a great number of texts and speech on the subject of the relations between the Church and the Juif S, paying homage to the victims of the Shoah. Its first voyage, which is also the first of a Pape in this place, is with Auschwitz. It grew in a context of flourishing Jewish culture, its interest for it going back to its childhood. He is the first pope to visit a Synagog, with the Grande synagog of Rome in April 1986. He declares thus that the Jews are " our beloved brothers and, in a certain manner, (...) our older brothers ".

In 1993, Jean-Paul II decides to recognize the State of Israel, establishing for the first time of the diplomatic bonds with the Hebrew State. At the time of a conference in 1997, Jean-Paul II affirms that a " lucid examination of the past (...) can show clearly that the Antisémitisme is without justification no and is absolutely reprehensible. "

In March 2000, Jean-Paul II returns Memorial of Yad Vashem, where it finds an survivor whom it had helped, and is sorry God for the acts Antisémite S made by the Christians, in a ticket slipped into a slit of the Wailing Wall.

Islam

Jean Paul II became the second pope to have visited the Turkey while going in this country in November 1979.

The pope pays a visit in 1985 with Casablanca with the Morocco. He carried out a speech in front of 80.000 Musulman S. Several negative reactions in the Arab countries followed this meeting; Iran and the ayatollah Khomeini did not recognize any more the title of Commander of the believers to the king Hassan II. The Pape paid a one day visit to Tunis the April 14th 1996.

In May 2001, Jean-Paul II is the first pope to be gone in a Mosquée. Eager to collect itself on the place where holy Paul converts, it enters and requests near the relics of Saint Jean Baptiste with the mosque of the Omeyyades to Damas (Syria).

Buddhism

Jean-Paul II met the 14th Dalaï Lama, Tenzin Gyatso in the Vatican in 1980, 1982, 1986, 1988 and 1990. More recently, the January 27th 2003, after an audience with the pope, this last declared at the time of its meeting with the president of the Italian Senate Marcello Pera: “I said to the pope my admiration for what it did for peace and the religious harmony in the world”.

In 1989, Taï Sitou Rinpoché, one of the 4 regents of the Karma Order - Kagyupa and abbot of the monastery of Palpung to the Eastern Tibet, the Kham, made in Italy a pilgrimage for an active peace. With the head of ten spangled, it was accepted several days with Camaldoli, visited Assise and was accommodated in Rome by Jean-Paul II.

Oecumenical dialog

On the subject of the primacy of the pope, he proposed to the Christians other confessions of “  to seek, obviously together, the forms in which this ministry will be able to carry out a service of love recognized by the ones and by the others” at the time of the encyclical Ut unum sint (1995).

In 1999, Jean-Paul II visits the Romania with the local personalities of the orthodoxe Église. He is besides the first pope to visit a country with orthodoxe majority since the Schisme of 1054.

Policy

Its support for the dissidents of the Soviet ex-block, in particular trade union Solidarność of Lech Wałęsa as well as the symbol of its election, played a big role in the collapse of the Communist regimes in Europe of the East at the end of the Années 1980.

At the time of its voyage to the Chile, Augusto Pinochet required of the pope: “Why the Church speak does unceasingly about democracy? All the methods of government are worth.” Jean Paul II answered: “Not, the people have the right to enjoy his fundamental freedoms, even if it makes errors in the exercise of those.” (Interview of the Angelo Sodano cardinal, December 13rd 1996 quoted in Weigel, Georges, Jean Paul II, witness of the hope , ED. J. - C. Slats, 1999 p. 652.).

Scientific questions

• on May 1st 1991, it promulgates the encyclical Centesimus ass, centenary Rerum Novarum, where one finds recommendations on knowledge and the organization.
• the October 31st 1992 it decides in favor of the rehabilitation of Galileo.
• the October 22nd 1996 it recognizes in a message with the pontifical Académie of sciences that the Théorie of the evolution is “  more than a hypothèse  ”.
• the September 14th 1998, it promulgates the encyclical Fides and Ratio on the relationship between the Foi and the Raison, and on the Philosophie.

Morals

On several occasions, he pointed out the teaching of the Church concerning the requirement for marital fidelity and the recommendation to avoid the artificial methods of contraception. He in addition maintained the judgment biblical of the Homosexualité as well as the prohibition of the communion for divorced remariés.

In April 2002, he convened eleven cardinals, all come from the the United States. On this occasion, it has déclaré : “  people need to know that there is no place in the priesthood and the religious life for those which would make evil with the young people.” He added to be “  deeply peiné  ” and made a point of expressing its “  solidarity with the victims of sexual violences and their families, where which they are.” See related article Priest paedophile.

He forever marked the word nor spoken about Preventive, but on the other hand insisted of many times on the absolute effectiveness of the abstinence and fidelity against the sexually transmitted diseases.

He was made the tireless defender of the Droit to the life, recalling the opposition of the Church to the Avortement, the Euthanasie and with any form of Eugénisme. He also called with a firmer judgment of the Capital punishment.

Organization of the Church

It has work for ordination of men married in certain case very precise (e.g. married pastors Protestant which converts with Catholicism), like with the promotion of the diaconate.

He also wanted to associate the women with the operation of the Church “  on all the levels, including in the development processes of the décisions  ” (apostolic exhortation Vita consecrata , 1996). He writes a letter with the women of June 29th, 1995. He appoints on March 9th, 2004 Mrs. Mary Ann Glendon (law professor in Harvard, and old head of the pontifical delegation to the conference of Beijing on the Woman in 1995) president of the pontifical Academy of social sciences. Previously, it had already named: Sister Sara Butler, M.S.B.T., professor of theology at the University “St Mary off the Lake” of Mundelein (Chicago), and Mrs Barbara Hallensleben, of the university of Freiburg, in Switzerland at the international theological Commission (Source Zenit N°ZF040307).

The attack of May 1981

See also: Attempted murder of Jean-Paul II of May 13rd, 1981

The May 13rd 1981, Jean-Paul II is victim of an attack. Ten seven months after Mehmet Ali Ağca drew to him above on the Place Saint-Pierre with Rome, in front of a crowd of 20.000 faithful, the pope went in his cell to grant his forgiveness to him. Jean-Paul II allots his miraculous survival to the intervention of the Virgin of Fatima and does not give up displacements and the diplomatic action. He circulates from now on among crowd in a called armored car “Papamobile”. He is the first Pope to visit the cell of a prisoner, that of Ali Agca.

Several theses were formulated on a possible silent partner. According to certain sources, this attack could be the work of GRU, the intelligence services of the Soviet army. It is Mehmet even which would have informed sovereign pontiff of this fact and Jean-Paul II carried the secrecy in his tomb. Other sources would imply that it would be about an action taken by the Turkish Mafia financed by the Maffia Italian.

Health issues and death

It underwent six surgical operations. At the time of the hospitalization which followed the attack of 1981, it was transfused with blood contaminated by a Cytomégalovirus, which will weaken it enormously thereafter. Jean-Paul II suffered from the Parkinson's disease from the medium of the Années 1990 and to his death.

The April 2nd 2005, in the vigil (after laying down it sun) of April 3rd, 2005, celebrates divine mercy, which it itself instituted in the year 2000 in remembering Happy Faustine Kowalska. The pope died out in the Vatican with 21  h  37, local time, at the 84 years age and after a pontificate of 9  673 days, the 3rd longer of the history of the Church. According to the certificate of the death published the April 3rd by the the Vatican, its death is due to a septic Choc and a cardiac failure. It was buried in the Vatican on April 8th. The Ratzinger cardinal succeeded the April 19th to him 2005 under the name of Benoît XVI.

See also: Died of Jean-Paul II

Funeral

Three airports - Fiumicino, Ciampino, and the military airport of Pratica di Mare - accommodated some 110 planes of States and an about sixty civil aircrafts for the arrival of these delegations which included/understood to about fifty members; were in particular present at the time of the funeral George W. Bush, president of the United States, Jacques Chirac, president of the French Republic, the king of Spain Juan Carlos and the king of the Belgians Albert II. Among religious dignities, inter alia, Mgr Rowan Williams, archbishop of Canterbury and president of the World council of the bishops Anglicans, and * Bartholomée I {{er}}, patriarch orthodoxe of Constantinople, had gone to Rome.

More than 3 million people arrived at Rome from April 2nd to 8th 2005. Those which went, in the basilica vaticane, to greet the skin of the pope, ravelled at the rate of 21.000 per hour, that is to say 350 people at the minute. Waiting went from 13 to 24:00, with a maximum tail of five kilometers.

The day of the funeral, 500.000 faithful was Place Saint-Pierre and Via della Conciliazione, 600.000 in the urban sites equipped with giant screens installed by the municipality. The press room of the Holy See and the pontifical Council for the social Communications delivered more than 6.000 accreditations (journalists, photographers, reporters of radio-television) for the cover of the event. 137 chains TV of 81 countries announced to the pontifical Council to have diffused the Mass of funeral.

The Mass of funeral was concélébrée by 157 Cardinals, in the presence of 700 archbishops and bishops, 3.000 prelates and priests. The communion was distributed by 300 priests. Many countries issued one or more days of mourning following the death of Jean-Paul II: some with catholic majority like Brazil, Italy, Philippines, Poland, others where the Christians themselves are minority, like India, Chad, Albania, etc In other countries, whose France and Switzerland, the flags were put in Bern on the public buildings.

See also: Funeral of the pope Jean-Paul II

Beatification

At the time of his funeral chaired by the cardinal, senior of the college cardinalice, Joseph Ratzinger, on April 8th, 2005, crowd had stressed in Italian holy “Santo subito” “immediately”, supporting the request by banners written in large red letters.

May 13rd, 2005, only 41 days after its death, the day of the 24e birthday of the attack achieved against him places Saint-Pierre, on May 13rd, 1981, the pope Benoît XVI, elected on April 19th, grants to him the five years exemption of waiting before the opening of this phase, following the authority presented by the cardinal vicar of the pope for Rome, Camillo Ruini.

Jean-Paul II had brought back itself thirty years (canonical code of right of 1917) to five years after the death of the candidate the time necessary for the opening of a cause. But it had transgressed itself this rule while authorizing in 1999 the lawsuit diocesan two years only after the death of Mère Teresa. Antoine de Padoue was canonized one year after his death, but since Sixte Quint set up, in 1588, the modern procedure of canonization, never any cause was not open also quickly.

The postulator of the cause in beatification of Jean-Paul II is Monseigneur Slawomir Oder. The documents gathered, currently rise with more than 600. A first miracle, in the course of investigation with évêché of Aix-en-Provence, would have been allotted to its intercession (cure of a nun, Sœur Marie Simon-Pierre, reached Parkinson's disease).

See also: Process of canonization of Jean-Paul II

Others

• the father Stanisław Dziwisz was the personal secretary of during all his pontificate. The pope named it in 1998 bishop and assistant prefect of the pontifical house, then in titular September 2003 archbishop of San Leone in Calabria (diocese which does not exist any more). After the death of the pope, M gr. Dziwisz is named archbishop of Cracow by Benoît XVI, then created cardinal.

• the father Jacques-Desired Laval was the first beatification of which placed its Pontificat under the protection of this humble missionary.

• According to an article of February 2002 of the New York Post , proceeded personally to three Exorcisme S during its pontificate. The first exorcism which it has conduit took place in 1982 on a woman who convulsait herself on the ground. Second had in September 2000 place when it practiced the rite on a 19 year old woman who had become furious on the Saint-Pierre place. One year later, in September 2001, he exorcized a 20 year old woman.

• Jean-Paul II had been created cardinal by the Pope Paul {{VI}} in 1967. With its death, he was thus the oldest prelate having received dignity cardinalice, no other cardinal not having then as much seniority.

• By exception, the daily newspaper Le Monde written Jean Paul , without Hyphen. It can be a question of a Latinisme, because the Latin does not know the Hyphen, not even when he is employed by the Catholic church of today as an official language.

• Before its burial the crypt of the Vatican received 1.000 visits per day. Since, the figure approaches the 2.000.

• the place of the square of Notre Dame de Paris is called from now on also " Place Jean Paul II". The mayor of Paris, Bertrand Delanoe took up the idea suggested by Claude Goasguen (UMP), appointed of XVIe district.

Works

Jean-Paul II made 20.351 speeches during his only pontificate including 3.438 out of Italy. Its writings and texts of speech represent, in writing, more than 80.000 pages (either approximately 40 times the volume of the catholic bible).

The only official writings of Jean-Paul II represent 55 volumes of acts of the Holy See for which it is necessary to add his personal writings published and undoubtedly of the thousands of letters and various private documents.

Encyclicals

Jean-Paul II has writing 14 encyclicals:

• Ecclesia de Eucharistia , April 17th 2003, on Eucharistie in his report/ratio with the Church

• Fides and Ratio , September 14th 1998, on the relations between the faith and reason.
• C Unum Sint , May 25th 1995, on oecumenical engagement
• Evangelium Vitæ , March 25th 1995, on the value and the inviolability of the human life.
• Veritatis Splendor , August 6th 1993, on the moral teaching of the Church
• Centesimus Ass , May 1st 1991, updated of Rerum Novarum, on knowledge and the social organization
• Redemptoris Missio , December 7th 1990, on the permanent value of the precept missionary
• Sollicitudo Rei Socialis , February 19th 1988, on the social question, at the time of the 20 years of Populorum progressio
• Redemptoris MATER , March 25th 1987 , on the place of the Virgin Mary in the faith
• Dominum and Vivificantem , May 30th 1986, on the Holy Spirit in the life of the Church and the world
• Slavorum Apostoli , July 2nd 1985, on Saints Cyrille and Méthode
• Laborem Exercens , September 14th 1981, on the human work
• Divine in Misericordia , February 2nd 1980, On the divine Mercy
• Redemptor Hominis , March 4th 1979, on human dignity

Other writings

Jean-Paul II wrote:

• 14 apostolic exhortations,

• 11 apostolic constitutions,
• 28 motu landlord,
• 42 apostolic letters,

of which: Novo millennio ineunte , at the beginning of the new millenium. Presentation per M gr. Jacques Perrier. Bayard editions/Centurion/Cerf/MAME. 2001. ISBN 2-227-91151-4.

Books

• Memory and identité : Conversations with the passage between two millenia , François Donzy (translation), Flammarion, 2005, coll “  Various sciences  ”, 217 pages, ISBN 2082105024.

• Message for tomorrow , Presses of Châtelet, 2005,60 pages, ISBN 2845921209.
• Enter the Hope , with Vittorio Messori, Pocket, 2003,331 pages, ISBN 2266140914.
• Homme and woman it them créa : a spirituality of the body , Stag, 2004, Documents of Church, 694 pages, ISBN 2204075892.
• Jean-Paul speaks to the children , illustrations of Giulia Orecchia, Flammarion, 2004, Albums youth, 84 pages, ISBN 208162639X.
• With you young people. Words of a spiritual father , as a coll with sister Joelle-Marie Micaud (comments), Saint-Augustin, 2004,108 pages, ISBN 2880113431.
• rosary of the Virgin Mary , Salvator, 2002,52 pages, ISBN 2706703342.
• Roman Triptych. Meditations , 2003, the Italian version of Grazyna Miller published by the Edition of the Vatican, 49 pages, ISBN 8820974517.
• you Raise! Let us go! , François Donzy (translation), Pierre-Marie Varennes (Translation), Pocket, 2005,182 pages, ISBN 2266149245.
• spiritual Will , Salvator, 2005, ISBN 2706704047.

Works on Jean-Paul II

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