See also: Newton

Isaac Newton is a Philosophe, Mathématicien, Physicien and Astronome English born the January 4th 1643 of the Calendrier Gregorian with the manor of Woolsthorpe close to Grantham and dead the March 31st 1727. For that, it will be based on an abundant bibliography, of which following works:

  • Aristote, of the generation and the corruption

  • Théatrum Chymicum, of which Zosime, Jâbir ibn Hâyyn, Geber
  • Philalethe, the entry open to the palate of the king
  • Michel maier, Artifex Chymicus
  • Valentine, the tank triumphal of antimony
  • Sendivogius, known as the Cosmopolitan, the new chymic light
  • D' Espagnet, Arnacum hermeticum

It establishes a synthesis which, applied to astronomy, makes him draw the conclusion following: “Best water is attracted by the capacity of our Sulfur which to lie hidden in antimony. Because antimony was called Ariès by the old ones. Because Ariès is the first sign of the zodiac in which the sun starts to be exalté and that gold is especially exalté in antimony the air generates Chalybs or magnet, and that revealed the air. Thus the father of this one is the sun (gold) and his mother the moon (money). It is what the wind in its belly carries”. Later, he thinks of having discovered philosophical mercury and gives the precise method of the operation

The university, hostile world with its first attempts at publication, obliges it to be locked up in a deep dumbness. It will be introduced then into an underground grid “which makes it possible to the followers of Cambridge to better communicate between them”, learns art from the anagram and is provided with the pseudonym with `Ieoua Sanctus Unus' which means in French: " Single Jéhovah Saint" , but which is also an anagram of `Isaac Neuutonus'.

It will end up achieving its goal. It founds “assumption 3”: “Any body can be transformed into any other body, and successively take all the degrees of qualities”

To note

Isaac Newton gave his name:

  • in Physical:
    • with the unit of force of the Système international (IF), the newton, symbol NR , definite as the force which communicates an acceleration of 1 m/S ² with a body whose mass is equal to 1 kg.
    • with the experiment of the Tube of Newton , intended to show that objects of densities different have same the Speed of fall in the Vide.
  • in Mathematical:
    • with the Binomial theorem, formula giving the development in series of (has + b)^n for whole N positive, though its original contribution rather relates to the development in series of (1+x) ^ \ alpha where the exhibitor is a real positive unspecified (binomial series).
    • with the method of Newton-Raphson in numerical Analysis, used to calculate the approximate value of a solution of an equation.
    • with the method of Newton-Dimensions in numerical analysis, which extends in a general way the Méthode of the trapezoids and the Méthode of Simpson for calculation of the integrals.
    • with the Polygon of Newton, used to find the terms of developments of algebraic functions, though the method is primarily due to Puiseux.
    • with the formula of interpolation of Newton, similar to the formula of interpolation of Lagrange but written with divided Differences.
    • with the Newtonian Core, which is at the base of the mathematical theory unifying the Newtonian gravitation and the electrostatic of Coulomb.
    • with the Theory of the Newtonian potential, name given by Gauss to the theory evoked above, and which one calls also classical theory of the potential .
  • in Optical, with the Newton's rings , due to the phenomenon of Interference.
  • in Astronomy, with the Asteroid S (662) Newtonia and (8000) Isaac Newton.
  • in Astronomy, with the Telescope of the type Newton.
  • Newton will give also its name to the concept of " Newtonianisme ", principle of a single rule managing all the phenomena, which admits forces immanentes with the matter, against the Cartesianism which explained all by the mechanism, (the swirls for the movements of the celestial bodies.)

The theories of Newton did not fail to be the subject of controversies and scientific polemics during the 18th century. Starting from 1734, the partisans of the system of Newton were named the Newtonian , in opposition to the Cartesian .

Anecdotes

  • Newton was large a Alchimiste. But the documents showing it were dissimulated by its family, fearing that harms its future fame.
  • Newton is often presented like an enthusiast Végétarien, however nothing makes it possible to support this assumption if not of the regulations of a medical nature towards the end of its life which recommended to him to eat light dishes.
  • Newton is known to have established the law of the universal gravitation, but it should be specified that doubts remain on this fact. Indeed, Newton worked a long time with Robert Hooke, and “would have drawn aside it” in order to adapt this discovery. This discovery harmed the scientific activity of Hooke.

Newton in the literature and arts

  • Isaac Newton is one of the heroes of the Heading-to-brac , Cartoon of Gotlib. It appears there in a recurring gag in which the legend according to which it discovered the theory of the Universal gravitation struck of an apple falling to him the head is parodied various ways.

  • Isaac Newton appears in animates Vision of Escaflowne. It is a character who will bring to this fictitious extraterrestrial world more modernity, and that in several fields. However, these contributions there generally have a military application and use the technologies often deprived of bonds with work of this scientist (examples: constructions of matched (kind of giant robots), use of the Transgenèse (to improve of rate of chance of the warriors), etc…)

Works

August 1st
  • '' Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica '', London, 1687, 2nd ED. 1713, 3rd ED. 1726
  • Newton (Isaac), Isaac Newton' S Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica /assembled and ED. by Alexandre Koyré and Isaac Bernard Cohen, with the assistance off Anne Whitman.
    • Volume 1, Text. Cambridge: Harvard University Near, 1972. xl-547p. ISBN 0-674-66475-2.
    • Volume 2, Introduction to Newton' S Principia . Cambridge: Harvard University Near, 1971; rééd. 1978. ISBN 0-674-46193-2.
    • Newton (Isaac), Of the gravitation , Gallimard, Paris, 1995,261p, ISBN 2-07-072560-X
    • Newton (Isaac), Written on the religion , Gallimard, Paris, 1996,263p, Optical ISBN 2-07-073814-0
    • Newton (Isaac), , Christian Bourgois editor, Paris, 1989

Studies on the person and work

  • James Gleick, Isaac Newton: a fabulous destiny ; translated from American by Christian Jeanmougin, foreword of Trinh Xuan Thuan. Paris: Dunod, coll “Quay of sciences”, 2005. XX-294 p., 24 cm. ISBN 2-10-048739-6. Titrate original: Isaac Newton .
  • Westfall (Richard S.), Newton. 1642-1727 ; transl. Anne-Marie Lescourret. Paris, Flammarion, 1994. (Figures of science). ISBN 2-08-211199-7.
  • Koyré (Alexandre), Newtonian Studies . Paris, Gallimard, 1991. (Library of the ideas). 353p. ISBN 2-07-027142-0.

See too

Related articles

  • Claude Henri de Rouvroy, count of Saint-Simon, based his philosophical doctrines on the universal Loi of the gravitation, of which he thought that it could replace God ( letter of an inhabitant of Geneva to its contemporaries , 1803).
  • Revolution copernician
  • Mathematical in Europe at the XVIIe century
  • modern Gold Standard

External bonds

  • Biography
  • Another biography
  • '' mathematical Principes of natural philosophy '', volume I and volume II, on Gallica, French transl. of the Marquise of Châtelet
  • Ouvrage of Newton digitized by the SCD of the Université Louis Pasteur of Strasbourg
  • Isaac Newton mathematician: years of training and the first writings

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