Innovation

A definition of the innovation

The innovation is one of the principal means to acquire a competitive Avantage while answering the Besoin S for the Marché. To innovate, it is to create of Nouveau X produced S, It exists mainly two levels of application of the innovation in the Entreprise:

One can innovate punctually, one speaks then about project of innovation or innovation produced. It is primarily about project of improvement of existing products, creation, or adoption of a new technology to a product.
One can also innovate in a permanent way, on the long run, one speaks then about permanent innovation, total innovation or about management of the innovation. That does not consist in any more acquiring a competitive advantage but perennializing this competitiveness (one also speaks about durable innovation). On this level, the innovation must become a pillar of the strategy of the company. It will have to set up a system of day before and division information, to protect its innovations thanks to its strategy from industrial protection, to create a partnership Synergie, and to grant an important place to the customer in his step.

In general, the companies start with the innovation by project, by using techniques and traditional Outil S of the innovation (such as the creativity, the development of innovating products, industrial protection…) in order to develop a product (or service) new. The origin of the innovation often comes from an technological advance, a new need and/or a produced situation of wallet " vieillissant". After having concluded their project innovating by a business success, the companies decide to renew the process of manner more systematic and then can, to organize their management of the innovation.

Another definition of the innovation

The innovation is the introduction of a marketable innovation on a market. By extension the innovation indicates the result of this action, the new thing. The specialists in the innovation often distinguish four types of innovations (in reference to the international definition of the handbook of Oslo):

the innovation of product,
the innovation of process (of production),
the organisational innovation
and the innovation of Marketing.

However there exist very many typologies of the innovation according to the discounted use.

The innovation is distinguished from the invention or the Découverte in the sense that it supposes a process of practical application outcome to an effective use.

The innovation is an important subject as well for the economy as for the businesses, sociology and social sciences as a whole. The innovation is supposed to play a driving role in the economy. So the factors which support the innovation and its diffusion are regarded as determinants by the political decision makers.

Two definitions of the innovation

Here some lines introductrices to avoid confusing these two visions, one where the episodical innovation of manner will be met, and the other in continuity. It is frequent that they are confused, it is enough for that to regularly undertake developments of new products to believe to make innovation in a continuous way, so that one believes to make management of the innovation.

Here a summary table, from these two points of view:

the project of innovation the management of the innovation Also called: Also called: Development of product Permanent Innovation, Innovation of improvement Process Innovation, Innovation produced, Step Innovation, Project innovating Political of innovation … Total innovation What differentiates them: What differentiates them: Short, medium term Long run Management Management Strategy project Capitalization Knowledge management (km) Searchs for information Takes care strategic Patent filling (pi) Strategy of protection (PI) Box with ideas System of suggestion Analyzes need (AF) Management for the client relationship (CRM) Meetings of creativity collective Intelligence Analyzes Prospective tendencies Certification/homologation Management of quality Planning Instrument panel … …

Multiple definitions of the innovation

Often the word innovation is attached to another word, thus giving him several other significances (apart from those already quoted above).

Innovation of process or processes:

The innovation of process relates to the development or the adoption of methods of organization, development, manufacture, production or distribution news. Example of innovation of process: when the Mail-order selling passed from the minitel to the Internet. Innovation of rupture

The innovation is known as of " rupture" when it deeply modifies the conditions of use by the customers and/or that it is accompanied by a technological upheaval. Example of innovation of rupture: when one passed from Cassette VHS to the DVD. incremental Innovation

The incremental innovation does not upset the usual terms and the state of the art, but results in an marked improvement there. It is often the fruit of the will of the company to preserve its technological advance on its competitors. One also speaks to indicate a light incremental innovation, of improvement of product. Example of incremental innovation: when the mice with ball became optical mice. Or, when your fixed telephones were released from their cord (with the cordless phones)

disturbing Innovation

“Disturbing” technology is initially under-powerful compared to the main thing market needs, but its progress finally leads it to answer it, while dominant technology becomes under-powerful. It is a “dormant” technology which can take a long time to progress. But it can be extremely dangerous: you are on your technology (leader) and you innovate regularly, because your wallet of products pays to you sufficiently. And a beautiful day, because you did not pay attention to it, you lose all the attraction of your “cash cows” because technology known as “dormant” progressed also and arrived at the level of your “bottom-of-the-range” products which paid to you so much! Some councils to succeed vis-a-vis a disturbing technology: - Create an independent organization, dedicated to disturbing technology; - Seek a market interested by specificities of disturbing technology, rather than to push technology towards the existing customers.

Intelligence innovation

More than one definition, let us see the concept of intelligence innovation. That relates to all that binds intelligence (km - Day before - Information - Intelligence economic…) with the innovation to constitute a basic kind of knowledge innovation, a Knowledge Innovation. To take again a reflection of Marc GIGET, the innovation becomes the bond between knowledge technico-scientist on a side and the users/customers of the other.

Bunches of innovation

(expression allotted to Joseph Schumpeter - economist having based its analysis on technological advance)

According to Schumpeter, technological advance is in the middle of the economy. The innovations appear in bunches or swarms: after a major innovation, often an innovation of rupture due to an technological advance, even scientific (for example: the vapor, the integrated circuits, data processing, the Internet, the nanotechnologies,…) of other innovations are carried by these discoveries. One notes industrial cycles then where after a major innovation, the economy enters a phase of growth (creative of employment), followed by a phase of depression, where the innovations drive out the “exceeded” companies and cause a destruction of employment. From where the expression of creative destruction employed by Schumpeter. This analysis can approach the cycles identified by Kondratiev. Schumpeter, distinguishes five types to him of innovations: the manufacture of new goods, of the new methods of production, the opening of a new outlet, the use of new raw materials and the realization of a new organization of work. Political of innovation - and - Plane innovation

Policy of innovation in France, policy of innovation in Canada, policy of innovation in Europe… Should it be believed that one has just realized of the importance of the innovation? In fact, it is about all that the policies can implement to support and promote the innovation (like financial aids). Blow, one does not employ any more these expressions (galvaudées by the side government policies) to indicate the internal policy of the company. One will prefer to use expressions management of the innovation, strategy of innovation, instrument panel of the innovation, etc for a better comprehension.

Systems of innovation

The systems of innovation, when they are related to the policy of innovation, or when they relate to the economy, sociology or the nation, indicate all the activities supporting the use, the creation and the development of the companies, and thus the growth, the competitiveness and the economic performance of the nations. What interests us only in a one indirect way on this site. When one speaks about (or of) the systems of innovation of company X, then the term indicates methodologies, the processes and the techniques which company X implemented to support its competitiveness. To avoid ambiguity, I prefer to use only very sporadically this term. Canadian/Québécois Definitions. One can classify the innovation according to three main categories:

- the cumulative innovation suppose the introduction of a product which is characterized by a certain degree of innovation and a certain creation of value. An example would be a type of “new and improved” detergent with detergent.

- the important innovation suppose a considerable degree of innovation of the product and a creation of substantial value for the customer. The Sony walkman, which makes it possible to people to listen to music using a portable disk player, is an example of important innovation.

- the transformer innovation is the least current and supposes entirely new products which generate a substantial value for the customer. One can consider that the car was a transformer innovation since it completely revolutionized the way in which people move.

Innovation Sweater (coming from the expression: market sweater)

Innovation following the expressed request of the market which “draws” the new product. Example: the increase in the capacity of the trunks of the cars, was an innovation which the motorists claimed a long time. Innovation Push (coming from the expression: technology push)

Innovation following the evolution of a technology which “pushes” to innovate. There are two ways so that technology forces to innovate:

- Following a scientific discovery or of your department R & D, it seems impossible to you not to apply this new technology to your products. (innovation of rupture)

- One innovates vis-a-vis a law of continuous progress, against which one can almost nothing. Example: Law of Moore which says, that the number of transistors per chip doubles every 18 months.

entrepreneurial Innovation

the company has two essential functions and only these two there, marketing and the innovation. Marketing and the innovation produce results, the remainder is only costs. Peter Drucker.

The innovation in Europe

The European Union defined a strategy on the economy of knowledge and the innovation in Lisbon in the An 2000, said Stratégie of Lisbon. This strategy was re-examined in 2001 with the European Council of Gothenburg according to objectives of Sustainable development.

There exists a European instrument panel of the innovation in Europe.

See: European instrument panel of the innovation 2005

The European consortium ERCIM is charged to promote the innovation in the Technologies information and the communication. ERCIM is the European host of W3C.

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