Industry

The industry is well the whole of the human activities turned towards the series production of S and service S; it implies:

  • a certain division of the work, contrary to the Craft industry where the same person ensures the whole of the processes theoretically: study, manufacture, marketing, Management:
  • a concept of scale, one speaks about “industrial quantities” when the number of identical parts reaches a certain figure.

History

The emergence of news Technology S and the supplied energy S deeply upset industry during the industrial revolutions. Those marked decisive stages in the history of industry.

Prehistory

The Préhistoire sees the appearance of the first human activities which can be qualified the industrial ones, by excluding those which are related to the Agriculture.

  • the prehistoric man needs to nourish its family, to protect itself from the bad weather, the animal wild, its enemies: they are the first motivations of the activities which he carries on, within the framework of the families and the tribes where, very early, a specialization had to exist, according to the sex or of the particular aptitudes of each one.

  • the term of Préhistoire does not have the same significance, in terms of Chronologie, of a Civilization or a Peuple with the other.

  • the man is worried more mental activities or Abstrait be when the essential needs are satisfied. Even if some communities like some monks, Ermite S even tribe S can reconcile the minimal satisfaction of the basic needs and their spiritual life .

  • the most former witnesses of the human activity are the objects out of not very destructible materials: they are the Outil S and Arme S in stone, initially cut, then polished.

  • It is probable that others Technique S using of the developed materials Végétaux one very early, but the Témoin S disappeared from it.

  • the discovery of the possibilities of the fire was the source of several progress: Metallurgy (of the Bronze then Iron), Pottery, themselves with the source of other developments.

Antiquity

  • the Poterie was one of most important industries of the Antiquité. The production of workshops such as Graufesenque and Lezoux testifies some. In its Workshop S, several tens of thousands of Vase S could indeed be cooked with each batch.

  • the spinning mill develops as of this time around vegetable fibers (Genêt, etc) or animal (Laine of Mouton S, etc). The fabric of broom, fabric being used to make inter alia clothing and veils of ships, is manufactured by the Romains and the Carthaginois using fibers of broom of Spain.

the Middle Ages

Novel methods appear with the Moyen-âge, and with them of new industrialization. The 13th century sees for example the appearance of the use of the coal like Combustible. The industry clothier develops in Flanders. The many wars require an important production in certain fields, thus, the Clos of Galées to Rouen constituted large a Arsenal of the French royalty; in the Années 1340 it manages to deliver projectiles (arc and crossbow S) per tens of thousands, of the weapons and armours per tens, even per hundreds. The construction of strong Castles or Cathédrale S associated hundreds of men on the building sites.

Principal the “industrial” Innovation of the Moyen-âge is the generalization of the Moulin, discovered at the end of the Antiquité, which fixes the force of the Eau or the Vent: there are certainly the mills for the Blé, but the mills find other uses: mill to be pressed or fouleret , mill with tan, Paper, etc

Rebirth

The Renaissance was rather marked by a revival of the Artisanat during the construction and of the embellishment of the Château X built by the princes and the King S, residences which lose little by little their warlike vocation with the profit of the Palais of prestige; only the industries of the armament and the memberships (clothing, dyeings, carpet, Porcelain S) thrived.

Modern period

17th century

In France, Jean-Baptiste Colbert develops Manufacture S whose Gobelins, the manufacture of Arme S of Saint-Etienne, Beauvais for the Tapisserie S (1644), Aubusson for the Tapis, Reuilly shelters a “manufacture of ices, crystals and Verre” (which will become Saint-Gobain), the Bonneterie with Troyes, the Draperie with Abbeville, the Papeterie with Angouleme. The Faïence then replaced the Céramique and of great production centres are created as the manufacture of Rouen.

18th century and 19th century

The industrial age is as important as the appearance of the Agriculture to the Neolithic : it appears indeed there an idea of rupture with the past. The industrial age is characterized by a durable and irreversible growth of the industrial production, accompanied by transformations in the Organization of the Production and in the company S.

Creations of manufactures continued at the 18th century: a porcelain factory is established with the Château of Vincennes before moving with Sevres where it will be made a reputation.

In spite of the crises not easily received by the contemporaries, the general tendency of the period 1790 - 1939 is characterized by the expansion.

The first Industrial revolution begins in the neighborhoods of 1790, to finish with the first steps of the second industrial revolution. The driving inventions of this period are related on the vapor and the coal; its principal center of activity is the the United Kingdom, then, a few decades later, the Industrial revolution touches the France, and finally the Germany.

The second industrial revolution begins in the neighborhoods of 1850, and stops around the end of the Second world war. The principal inventions of this period have a direct relationship with the exploitation of discovered in electricity.

Three Facteur S made it possible this second industrial revolution to succeed:

  • the technological revolution (Henri Bergson speaks about “inventive push” of the 19th century). They are inventions primarily Européenne S. Of novel modes of production appear, as well as new forms of transport (Railroad) and of Communication (Télégraphe, Téléphone). The Matériau X used are not any more the same ones.

  • the accumulation of the Capital . Since the Richesse is based on the Investissement S, one thinks of going to seek the money at the private individuals: thus the actions for small carriers (known as “droplets of the capital”) become more current with the the United States; elsewhere, that remains marginal. Moreover, the creation and the development of the Banque S of deposit support also the growth.

  • the reorganization of the Undertaken S, with two major modifications: in the structure, and the Organization of work.

    • Structurally, one passes from a family Atelier to the Usine (more than 50 people), and to the large firm. One tries to better control the Coût S: the control extends from the raw material to the End product, and of novel modes of Gestion of the Marché appear. A trust is a company swallowing of small Entreprise S (which loses their independence) while a Cartel is an alliance of Entreprise S (generally placed on the same segment of Marché), these last remainder autonomous.
    • In the Organization of work, a new concept appears: the Scientific management (OST), with two ideas: the Fordisme and the Taylorism, which introduce the Series production, the schedule of work, and the Assembly line work.

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20th century and beginning of the 21e century

  • Of the important discoveries in the field of the Nuclear physics allowed and allow still evolutions of cascades in the Technologie S of the Information and the electronic . This news Technologie S accelerates, even authorizes, the resolution of certain problems arising with the Engineer S of research in industry.

  • the applications of the nuclear energy are the pure one produced these development S cross and complementary.
  • the digital revolution related to the Data-processing , related itself to the electronic , brings a flexibility increased in the management of the processes and generates repercussions in all the fields of the human activity.
  • Biotechnology S,
  • the expression industry of the language appeared in the Années 1980 to indicate the companies working in the field of the automatic Traitement of the languages or the Linguistique data processing.

and after…

Sectors and fields of industry

Traditionally, three Economic sector principal are identified according to the nature of industry:

Industry and its environment

Physical environment

Disadvantages

Large industry consuming natural resources, is in addition very often synonymous with Pollution as well of the grounds, as of the Atmosphère (Ground), as well as the ground water. Without counting, interferences with the natural environment: occupation of space, disturbance of physicochemical and ecological balances; altogether, these cumulated disturbances can lead to a environmental Crise.

Advantages

The current society sees very often only the good side of industries: Installation of the Territory, Object S manufactured with profusion… etc

Economic environment

  • Gone S of the products and services used - Course of the materials

  • industrial Studies: http://www.industrie.gouv.fr/portail/chiffres/index_etudes.html

Social environment

Industrial process

Legal aspects

In any form of industry one finds a process, a method of production. Often, their inventors seek to protect them to prevent that others do not come to compete with them. It is on the basis of this principle of Intellectual property that were developed a certain number of Outils used to protect a process, like the Brevet.

Then, between the supplier and the customer the concept of Contrat appears, which fixes in writing the terms of an agreement (commercial, of technical assistance, formation…).

See too

Internal bonds

External bonds

  • Re-examined industrial economy

Beats-smg: Indostrėjė Simple: Industry

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