The Indian wars are all 65 war opposing the European colonists then the American to the people Indiens of America of North, of 1778 with 1890. Although no war was officially declared by the Congrès of the United States, the army was constantly in war against these people as from 1778. They were prolonged at the XIXe century by violences and many massacres on behalf of the two camps.

Amerindians and wars between Europeans

Owing to the fact that Americas are, since the beginning, of the colonies of settlement, alliances with the natives could be only provisional. The North-American Mythologie wants that the first colonists survived only by adopting the agricultural techniques of the Amerindians. They made more: they also adopted, and adapted, the indigenous techniques of wars.

In the New England of the 17th century, the colonists discover that collaboration with the Amerindians, scouts, combined the combat, intelligence agents and to instructors tactical, constitute the best prevention against the military disaster. The council of the Connecticut suggests with the Bay Colony “conceding (with the Amerindian allies) all the spoils, giving them vivres, ammunition and a pay as long as they are on mission”. But in New England, certain prejudices have the hard life with regard to native-born people, shown to sell to them Gunpowder, to warn their Amerindian brothers of the approach of a column, to fight without rigor nor discipline, to what the conviction is added, firmly enracinée, that the guerilla warfare is dishonouring. Contrary to their cousins “Yankees”, the English colonists of the South do not hesitate to constitute detachments of several thousands of men to fight the Spanish Empire or the French over the coast of the Gulf of Mexico or the tribes turbulent. In exchange of their contest, the Amerindian allies receive any freedom to hold to ransom the many prisoners or to sell them like Esclave S.

But the Amerindians have their limits as soldiers and allied. The seat, the pitched battles and the maritime power decide exit of the wars imperialists, and not the tactics of Guérilla of the ambush and raid. The 1.200 Amerindians who are used under the French for Quebec in 1759 save neither the city nor the News-France. The colonial chiefs are numerous to estimate that the Amerindian allies cause more difficulties than they are not useful, and encourage the development of units of hunters with white Cheval.

The forces expeditionary of the French and Indian conflicts implying, resulting from the Seven Year old War in North America, constitute an unstable mixture of European regular troops, voluntary colonists and Amerindian warriors not sharing neither the policy issues, neither the methods Tactique S, nor the elementary concepts of discipline. The Amerindians often have however a complementary utility, as well as the partisans supporting the action of the regular armies in a European war. If it had taken the trouble to recruit Amerindian scouts, perhaps Braddock it would have avoided the massacre of its troops by a French detachment and Amerindians twice less important, on the track of Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh), in July 1755. Fewer on the North-American scene, the French have, more the British, need of the Amerindians. The dependence thus created is sometimes as fatal as the complete absence of Indian auxiliaries. The disaster of Braddock is partially unobtrusive by the failure of the French counter-offensive against Fort Edward in September 1755. The French commander, the baron Dieskau, notes that its Amerindian allies feel reluctant to invade a British territory and categorically refuse to give the attack against British fortifications. The predilection of Europeans for the strategy of the seat seems useless to the Amerindians, and incompatible with the true objectives of the war according to them, the exaltation of the individual honor and the richness which confer Scalp S and prisoners. The Convention S which govern the war with European them are inintelligibles, if not grotesque. When, in 1757, the Marquis de Montcalm grants the honors of the war to the garrison of Fort William Henry, the 2.000 Amerindians who assisted with the seat of spectators throw on the British prisoners, massacre some and scalpent some more than 200.

He does not escape either the Amerindians whom the contact with Europeans causes fever and mortality. They keep away from French forwardings for the periods from small pox - of 1756 to 1758 -, a factor which contributes to maintain the French on the defensive. Inter alia consequences, the Franco-British wars cause to decrease combativeness enter tribes. It seems well that, after 1755, the allied Amerindians of the two camps concluded a tacit agreement aiming at ceasing any tribal combat. In the short run, the French suffer that the British of this pact between Amerindians, to which come to be added the diseases. More than the British colonies, indeed, News-France is dependant on the contest of the Amerindians.

Division and recruitment of the Amerindians by the colonists

The primitive and “democratic” character of the Amerindian companies, if it often makes pugnacious adversaries of them, ends up dedicating their resistances to the failure. Little of them presents an united front against the invader. They more do not perceive than they acts for them to carry out a war of survival, that makes extremely random any unified movement of resistance, each group or clan deciding for him even if it is of his interest to fight or to make peace. Blocked by geographical divisions, the competitions of tribe, of clan or family, the brittleness of the common cultural bond, the few attempts at concerted response, inspired by a common concern, seldom resist the first military failure.

The true interest of their recruitment is not tactical but political and psychological. Amerindian resistance is actually only one succession of Coalition S fragile and specific between tribes, to which the co-operation seems condition of their survival. While recruiting among them, the Americans, Canadians and Mexicans sap this cohesion of the Amerindians, and demoralize keenest.

Thus during the Years 1830, the United States obtains the tenders of the Séminole S, partly thanks to the recruitment of combined in this tribe and that of the Creek S and in incentive the black slaves, rejoined with the Amerindians in revolt, to enter the US Army against the promise of their stamping. The war leader Osceola is thus private of part of his military power, the Blacks (the fugitive slaves had mixed with the tribes with the area) cash among the best chiefs. Starting from 1836, former slaves become scouts guide the general Thomas Sidney Jesup towards the villages séminoles, of which destruction as well as the unfair capture of Osceala and other séminoles chiefs arranged under the white flag.

Determined adversaries, the such American generals Crook and Miles, methodically exploit these divisions by incorporating Amerindians in their troops. The major effects of this step are psychological and political more than operational. “Nothing cuts down them like seeing of their own people being turned over against them, written Crook about its successful continuation of Géronimo. It is less a question of more easily capturing them thanks to Indians than to achieve a more ambitious goal, more durable: their disintegration. ” Crook and Miles show partisans convinced of the use of Indians like agitators charged to sow the dissension among keenest continuing the fight, helped in that by the reaction more individual than collective of the Amerindians vis-a-vis the Western invasion.

For the warrior, the battle field is the place of a personal search of glory and spoils. None rewards the discipline or the collective effort. The American historian John Mr. Gates notices that “ the Amerindians were able only of specific violence, guerillas who, if they testified to strokes of tactical genius, were deprived of any strategic reflection ”. Any rational demonstration of their share would have revealed, in any case, only the reality of a sealed destiny. The large historian of the Indian wars Robert Utley supports that the pressure continues Immigration in Americas, more surely than the armed forces, deprived the Indians of their grounds and all means of subsistence, leaving them of another choice only the tender.

Before Independence

  • Years 1610: many fixings take place between the colonists and the Indian populations, for various reasons.
  • March 22nd 1622: The chief algonquin Opechancanough attacks the colonists of Virginia, and makes 347 dead with Jamestown.

War of Pequots (1637)

  • the Pequots are opposed to the colonization of the area of the river Connecticut. As from 1633, the relations are conflict between English Pequots and colonists.

    • in May 1637: the English Puritain S of the colony of the Massachusetts attack the village pequot of Missituck with mercenaries Mochegans and Narragansett S: there are 400 to 700 died.
    • Pequots emigrate towards Long Island and the area of New York.
    • the use of the name Pequot becomes outlaw in the English colonies.
    • the survivors are tracked and sold like slaves.

  • 1643 - 1645: wars with Narrangassets and Wampanoags.

War of the king Philippe (1675 - 1676)

  • the father of the Indian chief called king Philipp, large Sachem of the tribe Wampanoags, made peace with the Fathers pilgrims in 1621. King Philipp, (Metacomet or Metacam), king in 1662, was obliged to deposit the weapons, whereas the territorial tensions between colonists and Indiens developed continuously. The assassination of an Indian converted with the Protestantism led to the execution of three Wampanoags, and the war.
    • June 1675: Wampanoags burn Swansea. Nipmucks and Narragansets join them.
    • the Mohawks refuse to join king Philipp. These last mercenaries of the colonies of the Netherlands passed to the British later on.
    • 1676 : Narangasetts are overcome, and their Canonchet chief killed in April.
    • In August, king Philipp is betrayed and killed. This war will have made 600 died on the side of the English colonists and 4  000 on the side of the Amerindians.

Revolt of Nathaniel Bacon

  • a scuffle between Indians Susquehannocks and colonists of Virginia leads to the massacre by Nathaniel Bacon of the Ocaneechees.

  • 1703 : The Scalp (word of origin Scandinavian, and brought by the English, and not of Indian origin) of indigenous is remunerated by 40 £.

  • 1750 : The scalp of an adult Indian (man of more than twelve years) is remunerated 100 £, that of a woman or a child of less than twelve years, 50 £.
  • 1763 : proclamation of the king of Great Britain prohibiting to the colonists to be established beyond the the Appalachian Mountains. This proclamation was one of the causes of the War of Independence.

War of Pontiac (1763)

  • Pontiac, chief of the Outaouais (tribe of the Big lakes), takes the head of the tribes of Ohio and the Big lakes to drive out the British. In spite of the military occupation of News-France Pontiac continues the combat to protect its territory against the British.
  • 1768 : Treaty of Strong Stanwix, first treaty concerning the transfers of territory. Territories Iroquois of the valley of Ohio are given to the colonists, against grounds of the colony of New York. The Delaware, Mingos and Shawnee S are opposed to it.

War of Lord Dunmore (1774)

  • the treaty of Strong Stanwik causes an additional pressure of the colonists. In spring 1774, of Shwanees try to get rid of the British colonists.
    • May 3rd: In reprisals, the colonists kill eleven Mingos.
    • Logan kills thirteen colonists in Pennsylvania.
    • Lord John Murray Dunmore, governor of Virginia, helps the colonists of Pennsylvania to repression: seven Mingos villages are destroyed, a fort is built in Little Kanawha River.
    • October 10th: Battle of Point Pleasant, the British beat the Shawnee S. the general Amherst gives the order to distribute infected covers of Variole. Several thousands of Amerindians Delaware are contaminated and spread the Petite pox with other Indian nations. In these circumstances peace their is imposed. Militiamans of Virginia destroy during the negotiations several Shwanees villages.

After Independence

The thirteen colonies count 4 million inhabitants in 1776, year of the Declaration of independence.

  • 1778 : first treaty of the the United States with an Indian tribe, the tribe of the Delaware.

  • 1779 : during the war of independence the commander of the continental Armée George Washington orders that the territories of the Iroquois, combined to the British, are conquered and devastated.
  • 1784 : Second treaty of Strong Stanwix. Shwanees give all their grounds to the East and the South of Ohio
  • July 13rd 1787: Northwest Ordinance : this ordinance opens colonization the Territoires of the North-West , between the Appalachian Mountains, Big lakes, the Mississippi and Tennessee. No territory or Indian will be withdrawn to them without their assent, except at the conclusion of a war declared by the Congress. No war was never declared by the Congress with the tribes.
  • 1789 : the Constitution reaffirms the principles stated in the Northwest Ordinance .

The war of the Young person America (1790-1794)

  • the chief Michikinikwa ( Little Turtle ), chief of the tribes Miamis, inflicts in 1790 a defeat with the American troops on the river Miami.
    • November 3rd 1791: with the Battle of Extremely-Wayne, the Indians of Little Turtle surprise and overcome major Arthur Saint-Clearly, which loses 610 men on a total of 1  300; the Indians have 66 died. It worst is demolished American in the Indian wars.
    • August 20th 1794: the general Anthony Wayne beats Blue Veste with the Bataille of Fallen Timbers (which took place on a Chablis, shortly after a storm which déracinat all these trees), valley of the Ohio.
    • 1795 : With the signature of the Treated of Greenville, Little Turtle and ten other Indian nations give up their rights on the Ohio and the Indiana.

  • 1800 : there was approximately 75 million Bison S in the Grandes Plains. They constituted the first resource of the Sioux, Pieds-Noirs, and other tribes. To supply the workmen of the railroad and the tourists the tie of the train, the white hunters reduce their number to 800 in 1890.

  • 1803 : Napoleon Bonaparte sells the territory of the French Louisiana to the Americans: that opens the door with the migrations forced for the Amerindian S.
  • 1804: the Congress authorizes the president to be negotiated with the tribes to exchange their territories against reserves.
  • 1805 : Lewis Forwarding and Clark of Saint-Louis to the Pacific, often helped by Amerindian tribes (in particular the Pierced-nose Indians).
  • 1806 : Beginning of the Deportation S of Indians. Although they were carried out sometimes at the conclusion of a treaty, the Indians always underwent them, because they were threatened of punitive forwardings if they did not sign the treaty. Of 1806 with 1830, 50 tribes are off-set.
  • September 30th 1809: the second Traité of Strong Wayne (after that of the June 7th 1803) makes it possible the the United States to obtain 11  600 km ² of the valley of the Wasbah, given up by the Amerindians Delaware S, Shawnee S, Putawatimi S, Miamis, Eel To rivet, Weea S, Kickapoo S, Piankashaw S, and Kaska S.
  • August 10th 1810: Massacre of the Falls of Ywahoo : the colonists of the the United States massacre women and children Cherokees.

  • November 7th 1811: the general Harrison inflicts a defeat with the Shawnee S directed by Tenskwatawa brother of Tecumseh to the Bataille of Tippecanoe, in the valley of the Wabash (200 on both sides dead), and plunders the Indian city of Prophet' S town, the Indians having given up the combat for lack of ammunition.

War of 1812 (américano-British)

    • July 12th 1812: Combined British, the Indian Tecumseh tightens a ambush with Brownstown and keep silent 20 American soldiers during the war of 1812.
    • August 16th 1812: The British and Tecumseh take Fort Strait.
    • May 13rd 1813: Tecumseh overcomes the Americans with the Bataille Maumee River (close to Toledo).
    • October 5th 1813: Tecumseh is killed during the Bataille Thames River   ; the British of the general Henry Proctor are flee.

First war Séminole (1816-1821)

  • the Séminole S are Indians Creek S established in Florida in the Années 1700, encouraged to be established as farmers by the Spanish S, which hoped to stop the progression of the Britanniques towards the South.

  • 1821 : Sequoyah creates the alphabet Cherokee. This invention testifies to the advance to the Cherokee culture, people of farmers and craftsmen, which quickly establishes schools at the beginning of the 19th century, opened to the boys and to the girls (thing who shocked their neighbors of the the United States). Moreover, they accommodated the escaped slaves of the plantations, although they practice themselves a form of Esclavage.

  • March 11th 1824: creation of the Office of the Indian businesses, which succeeds the Committee of the Indian businesses, created to independence. It depends on the ministry for the war, and is charged to release the Indian grounds for their exploitation by the colonist S.
  • 1827: The Cherokee S constitute a government, adopt a Constitution and are declared independent. The Supreme court of the United States of America recognizes this government but declares the Cherokee S under supervision.
  • 1828 :
    • Beginning of the publication of the Cherokee Phoenix , Indian newspaper bilingual English-cherokee, who appears until in 1834.
    • Confiscation of the Cherokee territories by the State of Georgia (14  000 hectares); these territories are divided into batches of 64 hectares distributed in a lottery; the Indians cannot testify in justice against Americans and cannot express itself publicly against immigration.
  • 1829 : John Ross, the White Bird Chief , first elected Cherokee chief, protests officially with Washington against these measurements. Andrew Jackson answers him that Cherokees must emigrate in the west of the Mississippi.
  • May 28th 1830: Indian Removal Act : the president Andrew Jackson makes vote a law off-setting the Indians living in the East of the the Mississippi in the West of this river, mainly in Oklahoma, in order to exploit the Or located on their territories, in the Ohio and to install the migrants from Europe. This law is declared anticonstitutional by the Supreme court, and involves wars with the Cherokee S until in 1838. Until 1850, 100  000 Indians are off-set.
  • 1831 : the Supreme court ( Stop Cherokee nation against the State of Georgia ) decides that the Cherokee nation is neither a sovereign nation nor a foreign nation residing within the the United States.
  • 1832 :
    • Designation of a Police chief to the Indian businesses, the ministry for the war.
    • the Supreme court decides that the laws of Georgia cannot apply to the Cherokee S, and that the federal government with obligation to make respect the treaties concluded with the Cherokee nation. This decision applied forever by the president Jackson.

War of Northwest Black Hawk (1832)

  • 1832 : The warrior Sauk Black Hawk (Black Falcon) tries to drive out the colonists of the grounds of his people. Combined in Fox, it leaves the territory of the Iowa where its people lived since the treaty of Saint Louis (1805) to reconquer his ancestral grounds.
    • April 6th: 800 Sauk Indians cross the the Mississippi, causing panic in the colonists. The general Edmund Gaines tries to negotiate, without success.
    • May 14th: Battle of Stillman' S Run, Black Hawk puts in escape the Blue Tunics (which undergo the loss of twelve men, against five at the Indians).
    • July 28th: threatened of famine, Sauk descend Wisconsin to pass by again the Mississippi. 750 militiamans of the generals James Henry join them: it is the Bataille of Wisconsin Height, 68 Indians find death there.
    • : The Indians arrive at the Mississippi and begin the crossing of the river. Taken under the fire of a steamer of war, Black Hawk hoists the flag of rendering, but fire continues, making 23 dead at the Indians.
    • August 2nd: Massacre of Bad Axe To rivet: Black Hawk is attacked by the American troops which massacre 300 men, women and Sauk children. Certain survivors who succeeded in crossing the Mississippi are killed or captured by the Sioux.
    • August 27th: rendering of Black Hawk.

The Track of the Tears (1838)

  • December 29th 1835: Treaty of New Echota: 300 to 500 of the 17  000 Cherokees living in the east of the the Mississippi (the delegation Ridge , carried out by Cherokees John Ridge and Elias Boudinot) sign for the whole of the nation a treaty which yields to the United States their grounds for five million dollars, in violation of the Cherokees laws, and without only one elected official among them. The Congress ratified this treaty the following year of a voice, in spite of the protests of John Ross. The 465 Cherokees signatories left for the west in 1837.
  • 1836: According to the decision of the president of the supreme court John Marshall, the Indian sovereign nations become nations dependant on the Federal state.
  • March 1838: the philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson protests by a letter sent to the president Martin Van Buren against this treaty.
  • May 18th 1838: the expiry of the treaty of New Echota having arrived, the general Winfried Scott starts to make gather Cherokees in 31 forts, with only clothing which they wore.
  • at the end of July 1838: They are then gathered in eleven camps envisaged for this purpose (10 with the Tennessee, one in Alabama).
  • Approximately 3  000 Cherokees travelled by inland waterway as from June, and arrived until September in the Indian Territory.
  • October 16th 1838: Departure of Cherokees remaining by the ways. They traverse 1750 km, reach the Mississippi in November, but the 5000 last remain blocked on bank is all the winter. The first groups arrived in January at Fort Gibson.
  • March 1839: arrival of the Cherokees last. Approximately 4  000 of them at least, 8  000 at most, died in way, along the Piste of the Tears.
  • June 1839: John Ridge and Elias Boudinot are assassinated.
The four others civilized Nations were off-set same manner, and knew also their Track of the Tears. This name comes from the tears of compassion poured by the Americans who saw them passing in front of them. Some Cherokees succeeded in hiding in the mountains, and of Séminoles in the marshes of the Everglades.

Second war Séminole (1835-1842)

According to the same process that for Cherokees, the government made sign with a minority of Séminole S the Traité of Payne Landing (1832), which forced to them to leave their grounds in the three years. In 1835, the American army was sent to make apply this treaty. With most extremely of the war, 10  000 regular soldiers and 30  000 militiamans faced 5  000 warriors who practiced a guerilla warfare and knacks, the American losses montérent themselves with 1  500 men.
  • 1835 : The major Francis Dade went from Strong Brooke to Fort King; 180 Séminoles attacked its column and exterminated it, leaving only three survivors.
  • December 25th 1837: With the Battle of the lake Okeechobee (in Nubbins Slough), the colonels Zachary Taylor (800 soldiers) and Richard Gentry (a regiment of volunteers of the Missouri), vis-a-vis 380 Indians, lose 26 soldiers and has 112 wounded, against 11 with the Indians.
  • With Saint-Augustine, the chiefs Wildcat and Osceola are captured during peace negotiations by the Jessup general. Osceola dies in prison in 1838.
  • 1842 : negotiations allow a truce, recognizing territories of hunting and culture in Séminoles, without signature of treaty. Many Séminoles however were sent towards the Indian Territory of Oklahoma in the years which followed.
  • 1848 :
    • the Office of the Indian businesses passes to the ministry Interior. It is in charge of the relations between the Federal state and the Indians.
    • Découverte Or in California, which causes a Gold rush. The colonists pass by the track of the Oregon, which crosses the Indian territories.
  • 1851 : First treaty of Strong Laramie: the colonists can cross the Indian territories, with the help of a right-of-way in kind and out of money.
  • August 18th 1854: episode of the cow of the Mormon. A cow belonging to a Mormon, escapes and devastates a camp of the Sicangu S (Flaring): it is cut down by Sicangu. The soldiers of Fort Laramie require that the person in charge be delivered, and in front of the refusal of Conquering the Ours chief, cannonade the village, before being overcome by a load of the warriors sicangus.
  • In reprisals, in November, the Americans attack the village of the chief Petit Storm, kill or mutilate 136 Indians, and make 70 prisoners. In spite of the rendering of Small Storm, they are retained two years.

Third war Séminole (1856 - 1858)

  • Of the fixings takes place in 1855 between Americans and approximately 200 Séminoles remained in Florida.
  • In 1858, the chief Arched Jambes goes with its forty warriors.

War Navajo (1860-1864)

  • Following various fixings in the Territory of the New Mexico between the Navajos and the federal troops, Navajos go to Kit Carson, which makes destroy their goods and off-set them until Bosque Redondo, in Arizona. It is the Long walk navajo : 8  000 Navajos make 620 km with foot. At the end of four years of Malnutrition, they are authorized to return on their grounds.

War of the Paiute S (1860)

  • After one rigorous winter, 6  000 Paiutes of the Nevada decide to attack the American colonists, considered to be responsible for their misfortune to have cut trees too much.
    • May 7th: raid against the Pony Express train, five dead.
    • May: many other raids, making 16 dead.
    • June: intervention of the army.

  • 1862 :

    • the Homestead Act grants 62 ha grounds to the west of the the Mississippi to any family not-Indian which begins to cultivate them during 5 years.
    • July 1st 1862: The Pacific Railway Act is signed by Abraham Lincoln: it authorizes the construction of the first transcontinental railway line. Hunters (Buffalo Bill is most famous) kill out of the million heads of Bison S to nourish the workmen. Then, the tourists draw the bisons from the train.

Massacres of the Minnesota in 1862

  • the government of the United States as promised does not deliver the goods due for the purchase of grounds to the Sioux Santees (or Dakota). Bursting during the American Civil War, this massacre by the Santees Sioux profits from the lack of unfavourable troops available.
    • August 4th: plundering of warehouses.
    • August 14th: five Americans are killed.
    • August 18th: fearing the reprisals, the Sioux indicate Petit Corbel ( Little Crow ) as war leader. The Indians tackle the agency of Lower Sioux; 25 militiamans are killed in a ambush with Redwood Ferry. In the weeks which follow, several hundreds of colonists are massacred.
    • August 19th: the Sioux separate, between those which wish to continue the combat, and those which do not want to attack women and children. The first, 400, plunder New Ulm and attack Fort Ridgely, without success.
    • August 23rd: They attack New Ulm again, burn many buildings and kill 36 Americans. Small Corbel, wanting peace, loses any control on its warriors.
    • September 3rd: skirmishes in various places, and Cast Battle of Birch: the Americans have 22 killed, the Sioux two.
    • September 18th: with Wood Lake, the Sioux take down when their chief Mankato dies with about fifteen warriors.
    • a military tribunal pronounces 303 death sentences. Put aside forty, Abraham Lincoln, lenient, commute them to custodial sentence.
    • December 26th: 38 Santees Sioux are hung in Mankato. It is the greatest execution of mass in all the history of the United States. Approximately 1  500 Sioux are held with Fort Snelling until spring 1863; 130 die during their detention. The chiefs Shakopee and Medecine Bottle, taken refuge in Canada are kidnapped and hung in 1863. Little Crow is also killed by a colonist the same year.
    • Between 350 and 1500 colonists (according to the sources), American men, women and children were massacred by the Sioux Santees, it is one of the most fatal actions of all the Indian wars.

  • In 1862 also, battles of Apache Pass

  • January 1st 1863: Mangas Coloradas, chief of the Apaches Gilas is captured and killed.
  • January 29th 1863: Massacre Bear To rivet. Colonel Connor attacks a camp of Shoshone S, and keep silent approximately 250 inhabitants, men, women and children. The conflicts with the Shoshone S then last until in 1869 and the closing of the Piste of Oregon.
  • 29 and November 30th 1864: Massacre Cheyennes with Sand Creek (Territory of the Colorado). After Indian violences during two years (200 assassinated white civilians), a punitive forwarding is led by the colonel John Milton Chivington and the 700 men of the 3rd regiment of Colorado on a village. The massacre lasts two days and makes 150 dead, men, women and children.

The war of the Plains

  • This massacre scandalizes the tribes of Indians. Many tribes start the hostilities then, leading scattered raids, obliging the soldiers of the Union to station along the track of the Oregon to protect it, in particular with Platte Bridge.
    • July 26th 1865: With the Battle of Platte Bridge, the Cheyennes of Dull Knife and the Sioux Oglalas of Red Cloud (Red Cloud) , tackle a detachment of soldiers close to Platte Bridge, and almost all kill them.
    • September 1865, Indian Forwarding of the Powder To rivet : three columns of blue Tunics try to join Rosebud Cree K, two of them fail completely, and the unit returns to Salt Lake City.

  • 1866 : The chiefs Sioux Red Cloud and Tashunca-Uitco or Crazy Horse attacks the Fort Kearny.

  • June 1866: The government of the United States organizes a conference of peace to Fort Laramie. The general William Sherman request with the chiefs the authorization to cross their grounds, and to build three forts on the Bozeman Track (between Platte and Montana). Nuage Rouge refuses.
  • December 21st 1866: the Massacre Fetterman, or the Battle off has Hundred Slain . Attracted in a ambush by a trick of the Sioux, the 81 men of the Fetterman captain are destroyed.
  • April 18th 1867: the Hancock forwarding, in which Custer takes part, wants to negotiate with Indians Sioux and Cheyennes. But, approaching too much the village, it worries the chiefs who flee with their families. The Indians having massacred 20 civilians more in north, Hancok makes burn 251 of the 291 tipis, with all that they contained. The war starts again and of many attacks follow one another in the months which follow.
  • 1 {{er}} and August 2nd 1867: The simultaneous attacks of the Sioux and Cheyennes on the Bozeman track are pushed back successfully by the American army.
  • April 29th 1868: The second treaty of Strong Laramie recognizes the ancestral territory of the Sioux (between Missouri in the east, Platte in the south and Big Horn Mountains in the west); vivres and materials will be given to the Sioux annually; a reserve is created between the Wyoming and the Dakota, bound for the Sioux. The United States gives up the Bozeman track, the right to cross the Black Hills, and to adapt them.
  • July 3rd 1868: Amendment of the treaty of Fort-Bridger (1863), which guaranteed a reserve of 178  688 km ² with the Shoshone S. It are reduced to 11  097 km ² (16 times less). They however preserve the hunting rights on their territory. The United States commits itself building various buildings (mill, school, church); the United States Rail Road is authorized to build a railway line on the territory shoshone.
  • November 27th 1868: Battle Washita To rivet. In reprisals with fatal raids of Indians Cheyennes, the lieutenant-colonel George A. Custer attacks the village of Black Kettle, keep silent more than 120 warriors, makes 53 civil prisoners and announces the release of two captive white children and the death of a captive woman.
  • May 10th 1869: Completion of the transcontinental one.
  • July 11th 1869: The Battle of Summit Springs, which occurs after various fixings, between the American army and the Cheyennes Dog Soldiers . 5th of cavalry of colonel Eugene Carr attacks the camping, and kills 25 Indians (it has only one wounded to regret).
  • 1870 : Massacre Indians Pied-Noirs with Marias To rivet.
  • March 3rd 1871: Indian Appropriation Act : the Congress puts an end to the treaties signed with the independent Indian tribes, and recognizes nothing any more but the individuals. However, the 371 treaties signed since 1776 (more 175 between 1607 and 1775) are always recognized. The payments adopted in the following years empty them of any substance.

War of Modocs (1872-1873)

  • the Modoc S live in the north of the California and the south of the Oregon. They lead some raids on the first coaches of railroad. Colonization starting in the valley Lost To rivet it, the colonists ask so that the Indians are moved in the reserve of the Klamath S and the Snakes, enemies of Modocs. However, the 372 Modocs end up settling in the reserve, which they leave in April 1869.
  • November 28th 1872: on the insistent request of the colonists, the army sends a column to bring back Modocs in the reserve, and sets fire to their village. Modocs of Jim the Hook kill in reprisals 14 colonists with Tule Lake, then join those of Kientpoos (Captain Jack for the Anglo-Saxons).
  • January 16th 1873: in the field of lava very broken and misty of the Stronghold ( Fortress ), 300 soldiers and volunteers seek 50 Moldocs without finding them; those attack them and heavy losses inflict to them, obliging them to flee by giving up weapons and luggage.
  • April 11th: During peace negotiations, Kientpoos, influenced by Jim the Hook and a Shaman, keep silent the Canby general.
  • June 3rd: Kientpoos is captured. He is judged for the murder of Canby and is hung on October 3rd with three other Modocs. Modocs are off-set in the Quapaw reserve.
  • 1874 : Died of Cochise.

War of the Red River (1874 - 1875)

  • It is caused by several factors: territorial pressure of the colonists, protected by construction from forts by the army, the Indian habits of guerilla permanent; the destruction of the herds of Bison S by the white hunters. It is held in the south of the Large plains.
    • June 27th 1874: Battle of Adobe Walls, which opposes 700 warriors Comanches, Kiowa S, Cheyennes and Arapahos ordered by Quanah Parker and Isa-Tai with American hunters of bison. The Indians are pushed back with 70 died, against 3 in the rows of the hunters. This battle involved a large campaign of the army, ordered by William T. Sherman and Philip Sheridan, in order to make sure control of the plains of the south. The peaceful Indians were maintained in their reserve before the beginning of the countryside. Various columns encircled the hostile Indiens warriors, and various fixings took place during the summer. The most important action is the catch the September 26th, with two killed among the Indians, several villages, in the Palo Duro Canyon, by colonel Mackenzie.
    • the winter campaigns of the American army, reinforced by several detachments, end in the rendering of the main leaders in spring 1875. Their warriors were famished by the lack of bisons.

  • 1875 : Died of the chief Kiowa Kicking Bird.

War of Black Hills (1876)

  • 1874 : By the lieutenant-colonel Custer gold discovery in the crowned mountains Sioux of the Black Hills announces. The gold rush caused involves fixings between Sioux, Cheyennes and armed with the United States.
    • June 17th 1876: the general George Crook, with 1  050 soldiers and 260 scouts Crows and Shoshone S, is attacked in the valley of the Rosebud, by approximately 750 warriors of Crazy Horse (Insane Horse)   ; the losses are weak on each side (10 killed and 20 wounded for the United States, 50 for the Amerindians), and Crook must turn back. This battle is called by the Americans Bataille of Rosebud , and by the Indians Bataille where the girl saved her brother (a Cheyenne young person assisted from its brother took under its dead horse).
    • June 25th 1876: Battle of Little Big Horn: the lieutenant-colonel Custer, out of 7th out of cavalry, and 260 of his men is killed by Cheyennes of Two Moon and the Sioux of the chiefs Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse. This battle has a great repercussion in the public opinion, and Custer becomes a mythical figure.
    • 9 and September 10th 1876: the Crook general, continuing the victorious Indians with the Little Big Horn, surprises the camping of American Horse (American Horse) . Its two thousand soldiers burn the camping; the counter-attack of the 800 warriors Oglalas Sioux of Tashunca-Uitco (Crazy Horse) who camped in the vicinity is pushed back without evil by the Crook general who has 2  000 riders. American Horse is killed in the battle.
    • September 7th 1877: violent death of Crazy Horse in Fort Robinson ( Little Big Man would have taken part in it), whereas the Oglalas Sioux had made their rendering and had gone in a reserve.

War of the Pierced-nose Indians (1877)

See the Continuation of the Pierced-nose Indians

  • 1878 : Died of the chief Kiowa Satanta.

War of Cheyennes (1878-79)

War of Bannocks (1878)

  • 1879 : Revolt Apaches Mimbres carried out by Victorio. Nearly 400 colonists and soldiers are killed.

  • 1880 : Victorio is killed with Mexico and its decimated group.
  • 1886 : Geronimo, last chief Apache to resist the deportation as of his in a reserve goes to the Miles general.
  • February 8th 1887: vote General Allotment Act or Dawes Severalty Act by the Congress, authorizing the president to sell the Indian grounds to private individuals, in small pieces. This allotment is amplified by the Burke Act of 1906. It aims removing the collective ownership of the grounds, and at transforming the Indians into farmers. The remainder is distributed to the colonists, and Oklahoma becomes a State in 1907.
  • 1889 :
    • January: the Chaman Paiute Wovoka has a vision, which inspires the Danse of the spirits. The message: Leave-to make the great mind, is interpreted like a call to the revolt or a call to fatalism.
    • April: Pursuant to the General Allotment Act , the territory of the Five civilized tribes, where the Indians Cherokee S, Séminole S, Creek S, Chickasaws and Choctaw S had been off-set in the Années 1830, is opened to the colonists.
  • December 15th 1890: Sitting Bull, chief Sioux, killed during his preventative arrest (by fear of a revolt caused by the Dance of the spirits).
  • December 29th 1890, Massacre of Wounded Knee  : Massacre of 250 Indians Sioux Minneconjous with Wounded Knee Creek, including 130 civilians and the chief Big Foot, by the soldiers of 7th of cavalry; 25 Americans are killed, certain victims of friendly shootings.
  • 1896 : with the census, the Indians are nothing any more but 250  000.

Prolongations at the 20th century

  • 1904 : Died of the chief Pierced-nose Indians Chief Joseph
  • (1909) died of Géronimo
  • (1909) died of Red Cloud
  • 1911:
    • Died of the chief Comanche Quanah Parker
    • Foundation of the Society off American Indians .
  • 1924 : the citizenship is granted to the Indians of North America.
  • 1934 : Indian Reorganization Act : the Federal state puts an end to the process of splitting up Indian grounds, and recognizes with the Indian tribes the right to autonomy.
  • 1948 : the right to vote is granted to the Amerindians by the States of Arizona and the New Mexico.
  • 1953 : beginning of the process of termination , aiming to the suppression of the Indian reserves.
  • 1956 : the right to vote is granted to the Amerindians by the State of the Utah.
  • Years 1960: sterilization in mass of the Amerindian women (approximately 40%).
  • 1968: Birth of the American Indian Movement
  • 1973: The Mouvement of the Indians of America occupies Wounded Knee, where Sioux were massacred in 1890. The army and the FBI besiege them during 73 days, making several deaths. During the months which follow, the repression of the FBI and the paramilitary groups makes 65 dead.
  • 1990 : Crisis of Oka, with the Quebec: the Canadian armed intervenes to expel the Mohawk S which occupy an ancestral cemetery, which must be demolished for the construction of a Golf.

See too

Related articles

  • Indian of America - Amerindian in the United States
  • List of native-born people of Americas
  • Sitting Bull (chief Sioux hunkpapa)
  • George Armstrong Custer (general of American cavalry)
  • Battle Washita To rivet (confrontation between Cheyennes de Black Kettle and the Custer general)
  • Battle of Little Big Horn (one of the largest confrontations of the Indian wars, between the coalition Sioux/Cheyennes de Sitting Bull and the Custer general)
  • Crazy Horse (chief Sioux oglala)
  • Conquest of the Desert , Indian war in Argentinian

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