Homophobie

The term of “ homophobie ” indicates the explicit or implicit hostility towards the homosexual ones. This hostility concerns the Peur, the Haine, the Aversion or the disapproval towards the Homosexualité. By extension, the homophobie indicates the Préjugé S and the anti-homosexual Discrimination.

Although the word was forged by a psychological , homophobie is not a term of Psychiatrie. There does not exist “pathological homophobie”. For the analytical theory, a deep homophobie could however be related to a driven back homosexuality, i.e. opposed homosexual feelings. Some estimate that the term of homophobie, étymologiquement inaccurate (it is indeed not the fear of identical the but the fear of the homo (sexuality) ; to see low), rather constitutes a term used by homosexual associations to indicate any attitude of aggression or rejection against the homosexual ones or to homosexuality. In this direction, the homophobie can be related with the Xénophobie. The term homophobie can thus seem to be politically camped and not an official definition in psychology.

The homophobie does not have either a legal definition in all the countries. In France, the law of social modernization voted under the left at the beginning of 2002 officially prohibited any discrimination at the time of recruitment or in the work world (course of career, harassing…) based on the rejection of homosexual (it) S. Since, two amendments with laws existing anti-discriminations were adopted on December 31st 2004, repressing the publicly made remarks homophobes (as well as the xenophobe remarks , Racistes, Sexistes, handiphobes, etc) the law not specifying the " term; homophobe" , must be understood as such whole matter that a judgment will have stated to be homophobe. The adversaries of this legislation show the homosexual ones of censure. In Canada, the homosexual deputy Svend Robinson tried into 2002 to make introduce a law (C-250) prohibiting any negative publication towards the homosexual ones, in particular certain passages of the Bible, the Coran and the Torah. The defenders of the civil liberties nevertheless prevented this legislation considered to be repressive. This law was ratified with the Canadian Senate in May 2004 with amendments.

Etymology

The word “homophobia” is a Néologisme forged by the psychologist Kenneth Smith who appears for the first time in his work Homophobia: attempt personality has profiles (1971). Begun again by George Weinberg in her work Society and the Healthy Homosexual. The company and the homosexual person in good health (1972), the term was transposed in French by Claude Courouve in his work the Homosexual ones and the others (Paris: Athanor, 1977). One can find two there radical Greeks, homo- for “similar” and - phobia , “fear”. Thus formed, the term is a short cut for homoérotophobie , or “fear of the Homoérotisme”, created by Dr. Wainwright Churchill in its homosexual Comportement in the males , published in 1967. It thus should be noted that homophobie does not mean “fear of its similar” nor, as its construction would suggest it, “fear of the uniformity”.

One uses sometimes the term of homophobe to indicate any organization or individual not recognizing the same rights to homosexual as to the heterosexuals. The relevance of this use is object of controversy.

Use of the term

“Homophobie” means well “fear or hatred towards the homosexual ones or homosexuality itself”.

Some people, among whom activists fighting for the Right of homosexual the, use the word to mean any form of disapproval against homosexuality, thinking that this one is basically founded on an irrational fear and a hatred. For example, the American homosexual activist Scott Bidstrup writes in his test Homophobie: fear behind hatred :

“If you seek the word homophobie in the dictionary, this one will undoubtedly say to you that it is about the fear of the homosexual ones. Whereas the majority are not satisfied such a definition, it is however true with many regards: it is well a fear of homosexuality, or at least of the homosexual ones, as will see we it in this test. ”

For certain authors, the male homophobie returns to mechanisms of defense installed to protect the feeling from Virilité “threatened by the homosexual ones”, for Christophe Gentaz, the male homophobie all in all constitutes a kind of psychic condom of virility.

Activists opposed to the rights of homosexual dispute the use of the word “homophobe”. For example, Jarrod written Casing, in 1995, in a letter addressed to a student's newspaper:

“I am not homophobe, to take again this expression idiot still used by all these homosexual. You cannot you affirm it so quickly; the word homophobe means, in popular meaning, “fear of homosexual” or “fear of becoming homosexual”. None of both frightens me. What, however, aggravates me, they that these people with deviating sexuality are, in this country them [[the United States]], is so much development. Homosexuality does not require any compassion: it is morally incorrect. ”

Semantic polemics

The opponents with the movements working for the recognition of the rights of homosexual affirm that the words homophobie and homophobe are used “to gum” in an irrational way the difference which exists between those which are really afraid of homosexual and detest them and those which disapprove homosexuality for reasons of moral principles , often related to a religious dogma, so as to give shame to the latter, which would force them to forget their disapproval. Thus, the rational arguments and the irrational fears are put on an equal footing, with the profit of the irrational nature, in order to discredit any form of homophobie, whatever is the definition. The opponents with the rights of homosexual consider this attitude intellectual quite as irrational as as it fights.

Certain homosexual activists, however, answer that the homophobie does not consist in believing that homosexuality is an error, but would be rather a whole of standpoint and specific actions such as the refusal of the right to the equality between homosexual and heterosexuals, or the opposition to any form of specific protection. This vision is thus opposed to that Niclas Berggren, for example, which describes these attitudes like phobic essentially.

Researchers, finally, think that a term more adapted to describe a negative standpoint towards the homosexual ones would be Homo-discrimination , since the specific connotations to this type of discriminations join those concerning the ethnos group (racial discrimination, Racisme, etc) or the sex (Sexisme, Machisme, Misogynie, etc).

Heterocentrism

Some estimate that the homophobie is only one effect of the Hétérosexisme or the Hétérocentrisme, i.e. the supremacy of the social model heterosexual, introduced like alone what exists by defect in the current society; that would be equivalent to the supremacy of the white model, which obliterates, in all the daily aspects, the existence of most of the population. Analogically, the inexistence in publicity, the media, the examples of the lessons of languages, the films, etc, of a black model are comparable with the absence of a homosexual model: in fact, it is of a homophobie by defect that it acts; the homosexual one does not have a representation of itself enabling him to be located compared to a standard other than the heterosexuality, to which, by definition, it cannot be identified.

On the contrary, the opponents with the homosexual activists support that this vision of the things is a will to marginalize those which disapprove homosexuality.

Publicity could not be suspect more of heterocentrism: the homosexual couples generally form part of the very required target ─ ─ of the households known as double income, No kids “double incomes, without children”. It thus may find it beneficial to cherish them as well as any other category having a good economic potential. However, in the facts, French publicity puts yet in scene only stereotypes the homosexual ones and, especially, “forgets” as it is very often the case, the lesbians. The homosexual one in publicity exists especially to show situations of humorous shift. It is rare, indeed, that one sees there a banal homosexual couple plunged in the activities of the daily life. In the Anglo-Saxon countries, however, it seems that one witnesses an evolution of mentalities allowing to say that the clicheic use of homosexuality in publicity would mark a retreat. One can for example consult this Web site, which counts publicities putting in scene homosexuality and classifying them according to their degree of homophobie, of neutrality even of homophilie.

The same applies, although to a lesser extent, in policy where 5% (it is a rather preserving estimate) of associated voices cannot be neglected when so many districts are played in a handkerchief of pocket. In other words, one could believe that the democracy functions, for the interested parties, in the exact percentage of their presence in the population. However, once again, there does not exist true homosexual political clout: the homosexual claims only are very seldom presented by the politicians being declared homosexual or being it without affirming it: the policy remains indeed an altogether preserving medium in its social approach and risks itself only seldom in the field of the social recognition. In kind, if the homosexual vote, it generally votes for programs heterocentrists in fact (or marked like such by certain politicians).

Consequences of the homophobie

The consequences of the homophobie include the interiorized homophobie, violence and discrimination.

Interiorized Homophobie

As says it Daniel Borillo in his I That-know? on the homophobie, the fact that the gays and lesbians grow in a generally hostile world with the homosexual ones, and where there are no developed models of homosexuality, makes that they interiorize the violence homophobe which surround them (scorning insults, remarks, compassionnelles judgments morals, attitudes). This interiorization of the homphobie can involve a feeling of guilt, of shame, even of the depressions or suicides (homosexuality is one of the leading causes of suicide at the teenagers).

Violences

Institutionalized aggressions

Nazi regime
In certain extreme cases, the homophobie led to Meurtre S, whether the victim is suspected of homosexuality wrongly or rightly. The aggressions homophobes were even institutionalized under the mode Nazi. It is difficult to know how much homosexual victims were off-set and assassinated between 1933 and 1945 by this mode but work on the basis of “legal” judgment suggests 10.000 victims. , like 10.000 homosexual deportees. Included in the System of marking Nazi of the prisoners, the homosexual ones were held to carry a pink Triangle. Lastly, the death rate of the homosexual prisoners in the camps is estimated at sixty percent.

The U.S.S.R.
The relative tolerance which the U.S.S.R. at its beginnings had disappeared with the consolidation from the capacity from Stalin. The law of the punishing March 7th, 1934 5 years of forced labors the authorized homosexual reports/ratios made it possible to stop the many homosexual ones.

Cuba
With Cuba, homosexuality was declared illegal in the years 1960, because qualified " manifestation of the decline capitaliste". Hundreds of homosexual men and women, and transvestites were interned in forced camps of labor (of the UMAP: Military unit of Production assistance) between 1965 and 1968. The homosexual ones were then prohibited in the education and the artistic representation of Cuba abroad. In 1980, the government expelled of many homosexual at the time of the Exode of Mariel. Homosexuality was officially dépénalisée in 1997.

Currently
Nowadays, the homosexual acts are still liable to Capital punishment in seven countries: Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, Iran, north of the Nigeria, Mauritania, Sudan and Yemen. These legislations are actually applied. Thus, the July 19th 2005, two Iranian, old teenagers of 16 and 18 years were hung with Mashhad, in Iran to have had homosexual relations. The filed appeal by lawyer of condemned before the Supreme court of the Islamic Republic of Iran was rejected. In Nigeria in 2007,18 homosexual are judged risk the capital punishment in the State of Bauchi.

Homosexuality is always punished of imprisonment (of a few months to perpetuity), of body maltreatment, deportation or forced labors in an about sixty country of which: Algeria, Bangladesh, Botswana, Cameroun, China, Democratic republic of Congo, United Arab Emirates, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Islands Fiji, Guyana, Jamaica, Kenya, Libya, Malaysia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, New Guinea-News-Guinea, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Zambia. This list is not exhaustive. Certain countries repress homosexuality indirectly (prohibition of support for associations, dismissal, etc) or discriminate it, which can be lived like an aggression: the United Kingdom (prohibition of homosexual in the army until one year ago), Greece,…

With the the United States, in 2003, the Supreme court declared anticonstitutional the laws of certain states federated against sodomy. They violate XIVe amendment of the constitution which protects the private life and freedom from the American citizens. 13 states federated out of 50, especially located in the south of the country, hitherto practiced laws against sodomy between agreeing adults, four also condemning the fellatios: the Texas, the Oklahoma, the Missouri, and the Kansas. In this last State, in 2000, 18 years a mental defective young person was condemned for Sodomie (makes Fellation of it) to 17 years of prison for aggravating circumstance of homosexuality. This decision was cancelled thereafter by a unanimous decision of the Supreme court of Kansas.

On the other hand, in countries more freed from the hegemony of the religious doctrines, discrimination with regard to the homosexual people is repressed today in several countries of the world and fall under the blow from the law.

Various aggressions

General information

The murder - that it is legalized in the case of the Capital punishment or not - is not the most widespread violence. It is necessary to count under violences due to the homophobie especially beatings up, ways in fact, insults, etc In addition, the insult homophobe is, in France, very commune, although often démotivée: expressions like fag , queer or asshole are frequent. They are however not used always to insult a person suspected of Homosexualité.

The fear of the aggression, verbal or physical, is a feature divided per many homosexual, which, generally, deserts the rural areas in order to gain the city, where the populations can be more open and less aggressive. In certain towns of France, like Paris (in the district of the Marsh) or Montreal or Montpellier, following the example other metropolises, there exist homosexual communities , fitting in a geographical surface delimited rather than truly equipped with common values. Violence physics against the homosexual ones do not exist less in these metropolises and are sometimes the fact of urban bands. A press engaged in homosexual activism, like French monthly magazine Obstinate , frequently denounces the exactions, brimades, discriminations, homophobes, punished by the French law.

Standpoint

In a letter addressed in 1986 to the bishops of the Catholic church, the Ratzinger cardinal, now become Pope under the name of Benoit XVI, described homosexuality like a “moral evil”, “an objective disorder which is contrary with the creative wisdom of God”. Mgr Ratzinger recommended that a “special concern should be carried on the people of this condition, for fear they are carried out to believe that the homosexual activity is a morally acceptable option”. He concluded his letter by wishing that “any support towards an organization be withdrawn which seeks to contradict this lesson”.

In July 1992, the the Vatican sends a letter to the American bishop S signed by the Cardinal Ratzinger, in which the Discrimination S towards the homosexual ones are justified in certain fields: right to the adoption, the homosexual ones in the army, the homosexuality of the teachers. Ratzinger supports that to take account of the sexual orientation is not “unjust”. Continuing the reasoning, he does not hesitate to affirm that by asking rights, the gays and the lesbians would encourage violences homophobes. “Neither the Église nor the company should be astonished when the irrational and violent reactions increase”.

In the United States, the assassins of the young person Matthew Shepard in 1998, asserted their crime in the name of the " Holy Bible" , referring to the passage of the " Lévitique " calling with the murder of the homosexual ones.

In France, where the homosexual couples are recognized only by PACS, the public remarks homophobes are frequent. In 1998, the debates on PACS with the National Assembly will be pretexts with certain counterparts: “There is only to sterilize them”, “That turns to the zoophilie! ”. In a similar way, Emmanuel Hamel has, during the meeting of reading to the Senate during the discussions on the PACS, declared, inter alia, that the Acronyme PACS meant “sidaïque Pact of contamination”.

January 31st 1999, 100.000 people ravel in Paris against PACS; at the instigation of the deputy UDF Christine Boutin, by the collective " Anti-PacS" generation; composed of family organizations and religious. It is one of the rare demonstrations or one could see shovel-mixes with the politicians of right-hand side even of extreme-right-hand side and with the believers of various confessions (Catholique, Juive, Musulmane…) to make common walk.

In 2003, the Congregation for the Doctrines of the Faith, directed by Joseph Ratzinger, publishes “Considerations in connection with the projects of legal recognition of the unions between homosexual people” in whom she affirms “To recognize the homosexual unions legally or to compare them to the marriage, would not only mean to approve one deviating behavior, and consequently to make a model in the current society of it, but also to mask fundamental values which belong to the common inheritance of humanity”. And to recall that “the catholic member of Parliament has the moral duty to vote against the bills”. If the law would exist already, it must “be opposed by the means which are possible for him and make known its dissension”.

The celebration by No5el Mamère of the first Homosexual marriage French, the 5 June 2004 in Bègles, started a wave of homophobie of an extreme violence; Serge Simon compiled in his book Homophobie 2004 France a selection of more than 4.000 letters, photographs, drawings and posters of insults, threats, and of hatred received by No5el Mamère.

The October 5th 2004, the Italian Rocco Buttiglione, European Commissioner appointed with justice and the interior matters, declared that homosexuality was a “sin”. Former minister for the European businesses of Silvio Berlusconi, it is catholic and close to the positions of old the Pape Jean-Paul II.

The June 11th 2005, a demonstration the homosexual ones and sympathizers with Warsaw in Poland turns badly: young people of Extreme-right-hand side launch insults homophobes and cause clashes. Violences make some casualties.

The UMP deputy of North, Christian Vanneste, had affirmed in the Voice of North on January 26th, 2005 that homosexuality was “a threat for humanity”. Among its quotations: “I spoke only about inferiority moral and social of the homosexual behavior compared to the behavior heterosexual which leads to the marriage and procreation” or “homosexuality innate, but is not acquired. If homosexuality is acquired, it can also be rehabilitated. ” He was condemned following his remarks.

In May 2007, in Russia, whereas the country are on the point of organizing the first Gay Pride of its history, the nationalist mediums of extreme right-hand side and the religious movements orthodoxe invite to disturb the procession. The Union of all the Russians in particular criticized violently the degenerated sodomites and the which, in spite of the official prohibition of the authorities of Moscow, will lead on May 27th (...) a procession in the center of Moscow. As for large the Mufti of Russia, it launched a call for " battre" the homosexual ones which would dare to take part in the Gay Pride.

Laws in force (in France)

Law of March 18th 2003, article 132-77 of the penal code which makes a Aggravating circumstance when a crime or an offense is made because of the Sexual orientation of the person. Law of December 30th 2004, penalizing the remarks related to the sex or the sexual orientation of the person. Approximately a score of business for aggressions homophobes were judged.

Bonds

  • File on the homophobie in France by Act Up Paris

  • the site Pink Triangles, devoted to the persecution of homosexual under the Nazi regime

Discrimination

Generally, the homophobie appears by the Discrimination. Until recently, discrimination against the homosexual ones was legal in Occident: the State took part in it. It is thanks to the vote, starting from the XIXe and XXe centuries mainly, of laws anti-discrimination and with the passage of an intolerant social morals to a certain acceptance, that the situation is, always in Occident, somewhat improved for the homosexual ones. For example, in France, homosexuality was dépénalisée by the Penal code of 1791. Napoleon did not reconsider this progress. The fact that Jean-Jacques Governed of Cambacérès, writer of a first project of Civil code before the Consulate, was homosexual, must have its importance. It is under the Vichy government that certain penal discriminations reappear and in 1981 that François Mitterrand the fact of removing (see the article Homosexualité ).

Activists opposed to the rights of homosexual, however, consider that the laws of “tolerance” are, in fact, discriminatory for the heterosexuals. On the contrary, the homosexual activists affirm that the legalized homophobie remains a standard, more or less dissimulated, in the majority of the countries, which appears by abusive layoffs, refusal of hirings or various others brimades.

Thus, in the Fifties and Sixties with the Canada, a dismissal campaign of homosexual in the administration and the army were carried out; with this intention, each person was tested by means of an apparatus, named in Argot English fruit machine ; this one measured the reactions of the pupil, the perspiration and the cardiac rhythm of tested in front of the projection of homosexual pornographic images.

The fact that the homosexual couples cannot profit from the access to the marriage and its advantages (social converture, transmission of inheritance, adoption…) is not considered, in French right, like discriminatory. Nevertheless, defense associations of the homosexual people considers that there is discrimination. One will refer to Homosexual marriage .

Origins of the homophobie

The origins of the homophobie in the company are a subject of debates. It is noticed that the beliefs and homophobes attitudes are independent of the sexual orientation but are in relation to the homophobie of State. Thus, a country which does not grant the same rights between the homosexual ones and the heterosexuals generally have a number of aggressions homophobes higher than the others. It is it should be noted that a complaint for aggression homophobe is deposited in France every three days.

For some, the homophobie car its origins in the operating process even of the company (To divide for better reigning and the Every man for himself). See also the small guide of the combatants of the homophobie .

For others, it is the existence of relations man/man who would be most capable to shock the significant hearts and to give birth to the homophobie, contrary to the relations woman/woman, which can even take part of the erotism heterosexual (one indeed often finds scenes of lesbianism in pornographic films for heterosexuals). In kind, it is the fact that a man can be penetrated (at the time of the Sodomie, for example) who contradicts the stereotyped diagram reserved for the sexes: the woman is passive, the active man. However, between two men, the concept of active role and passive role is reduced to nothing (contrary to an generally accepted idea, moreover, because the homosexual masculines are not distributed inevitably between credit-penetrating on the one hand and passive-not penetrated of another): the penetrated man frightens the homophobe, as if the penetration of a man could be the symbol of a loss of integrity. It should be noted, of the remainder, that certain men heterosexuals appreciate the anal penetration practiced by their female partner (by means of Godemichet S, for example), which does not make it possible to affirm that the acceptance of the penetration is a negation of the masculinity. Historically, however, it is well as well as the Romains conceived sexuality: whereas homosexuality was not tolerated, there was nothing of shocking so that a citizen penetrates, by sodomy or Fellation, a man.

The Psychanalyse explains as for it that the homophobie can be the result of driven back homosexual desires, which a recent test of the American Psychologist Association tends to prove: on a public of men saying heterosexuals - and declaring homophobes or not - to which one made view homosexual erotic images, 44% of the nonhomophobes traces of excitation showed, against 80% of the homophobes. In the same way, 24% of the nonhomophobes were in complete erection against 54% for the homophobes. The method having been used for these measurements as well as the report are available on line. However, the authors themselves of the experiment stress that the anxiety increases the sexual excitation, that could contribute to increase the results of the homophobes, and that other experiments are necessary to slice. One thus finds the greatest number of homophobes among the men, especially the young people.

Nevertheless, the homophobie is also cultural; it is neither an innate fear nor a built reflection which is in the beginning, but often a cultural feature acquired in contact with a company overall homophobe by practice. Many the young people saying itself disgusted by homosexuality indeed do not have any real opinion on the question and are not able to explain to them homophobie. This one belonged to the culture in which they develop, often influenced by the religion (to consult Homosexualité and religion on this subject). In many cases, with the question “why are you disgusted by homosexuality? ”, the only answer is rather evasive: “because it is disgusting”, that is to say an argument of authority: “because the Bible/Coran/… such or such person said it”. The cultural homophobie can even be facilitated by a discriminating legal framework, either by prohibition of homosexuality, or by the establishment of a difference between the ages of the sexual majority according to whether the relation is hétéro- or homosexual, or by prohibition of the marriage to homosexual… This is why the majority of the gay militants assert the equal rights.

Fight against the homophobie

Impetus officially in the Seventies with the Liberation movement merry, the fight against the homophobie is organized today by the communities known as LGBT (Lesbienne S, gay S, Bisexuel S and Transsexuel them), but also of the sympathizers heterosexuals, by:
  • the moral support of the victims, with lines of listening such as S.O.S Homophobie in France (the number azure is: 0.810.108 135) or Gai listens in Quebec (Montreal: 514-866-0103, Areas: 1-888-505-1010) and the support with the legal actions which they can bring (insults, discrimination at the time of recruitment, etc);
  • the rejection of the marginalisation, passing by demonstrations of “pride” ( Gaypride S or “goes of the prides lesbian, merry, Bi and trans”);
  • the political Activism with in particular of the organizations like Act Up , the pink Panthers…

There exist also religious organizations combatant the homophobie, like David and Jonathan (sic).

In the world

The world Journée of fight against the homophobie is instituted on May 17th. On this occasion is created the RAVAD in France, Réseau of assistance to the victims of aggressions and discriminations.

March 26th, 2007, the Principes of Yogyakarta were presented in front of the Council of the human rights. It is about the first text which envisages to apply the international human rights with the questions of the sexual orientation and the identity of kind. Fifty four countries officially gave their support for these principles.

In Europe

June 15th, 2006 the the European Parliament adopted a resolution on the rise of racist violences and homophobes in Europe requiring of the sanctions against the Member States which would not fight against these discriminations going against the Charte of the basic rights of the European Union and of the treaty establishing the European Community which prohibit “any discrimination in particular based on the sex, the race, the color, the ethnic origins or social, the genetic characteristics, the language, the religion or the convictions, the political opinions or any other opinion, the membership of a national minority, fortune, the birth, a handicap, the age or itsexual orientation” .

In Canada

According to article 2 of the Charter of the Rights and freedom of the Canadian person

“2. Each one has following fundamental freedoms: a) freedom of conscience and religion; b) freedom of thought, of belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other means of communication; c) peaceful right to meet; d) right of association. ”

According to article 10 of the Charter of the Rights and Québécois Freedom

“10. Any person is entitled to the recognition and the exercise, in full equality, of the rights and freedoms of the person, without distinction, exclusion or preference based on the race, the color, the sex, the pregnancy, the sexual orientation, the civil statue, the safe age in the measurement envisaged by the law, the religion, the convictions political, the language, the ethnic origin or main road, the social condition, the handicap or the use of a means to mitigate this handicap. ”

In France

In France, the law of December 30th, 2004 creating the “High authority of fight against discriminations and for the equality”, has, to fight against the homophobie, supplemented the provisions of the law on the press of 1881 by making offenses of the insult, slandering, the incentive with hatred or the discrimination towards people or groups of people because of their sexual orientation by all the public means of expression.

Bertrand Delanoë, if it does not hide its wish to see the company being neutral on the question of the preferences of manners of each one, however stresses the fact that these squabbles between adults do not have, by a too great presence on the public place, to interfere with the respect of the children. -->

Homophobie: Right (France)

In France and in some other countries in the world, when the mobile of the physical Aggression or the murder is the Sexual orientation of the victim, the Loi worsens the sorrows which are normally given.

The sorrows presented are less strong when it is not within the framework of acts homophobes (see the penal code).

See too

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