Hohokam were Amerindian people, whose culture opened out third century BC with approximately 1400 in the South-west of the the current United States (Arizona). They practiced irrigated agriculture, the size and the sculpture of the stone. They incinerated their deaths. Their direct descendants would be the Pima S and the Tohono O' odham. It is the archeologist Harold S. Gladwin who used the word " Hohokam" , at the time of these excavations in Lower Gila Valley. Hohokam means " Those which have disparu". The culture hohokam present of the similarities with that of the Anasazi S and the Mogollon S, which existed at the same time and in the same area.

Surface of the culture hohokam

It is thought that the culture hohokam was born in the area from the Gila River and of the Salt River then diffused itself towards the Désert of Sonora.

• There exist indices which show that Hohokam cultivated the Coton, the Tabac, the Agave, the Maïs, the beans and the Courge S. They built canals irrigation in the south of current the Phoenix in order to mitigate the lack of water in the arid medium that they occupied.

• Hohokams were in liaison with the people of Central America thanks to trade route. The archeologists found pyrite mirrors, copper small bells and macaws coming from Mexico.

• the habitat ( to write ): at Casa Large, houses of several floors in adobe, village surrounded by ramparts and given up in XVIe century. One also found pithouses , buried houses

• Hohokams incinerated their deaths and buried the remainders in tombs or placed them in ballot boxes.

• Craft industry ( to write ): ceramics or stone containers, potteries, figurines, jewels. Weaving of cotton

• Religion: old Hohokams adored the god Kokopelli.

Périodisation

the time of the pioneers (200 before J. - C./775): culture of corn and beans; small villages on the middle price Gila To rivet it: simple habitat. Between 300 and 500, Hohokams improve their agriculture by the addition of new plants, undoubtedly transmitted by the people of Mexico: cotton, a new bean species, more resistant to the aridity ( Phaseolus acutifolius )… the trade with the Golfe of California intensifies as the discovery of shells shows it. They used clay figurines and Encens in the ritual ceremonies.

the colonial period (775 - 975): the villages become larger. The Mexican influence grows and the potteries have a decoration more worked out.

the sedentary period (975 - 1150): the population growth obliges the hohokams to widen the system of irrigation, which implies a hierarchical social organization. The craftsmen produce refined jewels, starting from shells; the funerary sculpture develops.

the traditional period (1150-1400/1450):

the Phase Soho (1150-1300): beginning of the decline. The contacts with the Pueblos people intensify.

the Phase Civano (1300-1400/1450): Several sites are undoubtedly abandoned because of the climatic conditions. In the middle of the 14th century, a series of floods upsets the life of Hohokams.

Archeological sites hohokams

• Hohokam Pima National Monument, close to Coolidge in the Arizona, preserves an archeological site hohokam on approximately 6,9  km ². But it is not opened with the public.
• Put Large Ruins National Monument.
• Snaketown, located on the Gila To rivet close to Chandler.

See too

• Anasazi
• Mogollon

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