History of the European Union

The idea of a political unification of the countries of the continent of Europe, in germ since the 18th century, appears more than ever essential in devastated Europe of the Après-guerre. From this will the European Union emerges, which in spite of a crossed history of crises, arrives to an economic and political unification of 27 European countries.

First steps

European history

See also: History of Europe

The term Europe was not frequently employed before the Renaissance Des. " Europe" was well the term indicating the continent of Europe (at the side of the two other continents, the Asia and the Africa), but one employed it with a strictly geographical direction, and not policy or Culturel. One more frequently employed the term Occident (in opposition to the Byzantine East), America not being yet discovered. The Christendom term included the Christian East.

Principal stages:

• Roman Empire

• This one included the Mediterranean basin starting from I er. After the division of 395, the Roman Empire was separate between the Roman Empire of Occident and the Roman Empire of the East.
• the Western Empire did not survive the period of the Great invasions, while the Byzantine Empire survived and took the name of Byzantine Empire.

• Carolingian Rebirth
• After more than two centuries of decline in Occident, one sought to restore the bases of civilization. The model was that of the Western Empire.
• After the stop of the Arab invasions (732), Pépin the Brief restored a stable capacity in agreement with the Catholic church. His/her son Charlemagne establishes a political power by territorial conquests. He regarded himself as the successor of the Roman Emperors. The Carolingian Empire preceded the unit of the current Europe.
• the problems of succession led to the dismantling of the Carolingian Empire after the death of the emperor Louis the Piles (Partage of Verdun of 843) and the invasions Normans, sarrasines and Hungarian women of the 9th century devastated most of the old empire.

• Renaissance ottono-clunisienne

• the Western Empire survived in old the Germanie, in the form of the Germanic Roman Holy roman Empire, with the Ottoniens emperors.
• the religious orders allowed a revival of Civilization starting from the Années 920 - 950 approximately: Order of Cluny) in Francie, which extended to most of Europe at the 11th century, and Abbaye of Gorze in Lotharingie then in the Saint Germanic Roman empire.
• This period is sometimes called Renaissance ottono-clunisienne, in reference to the emperors ottoniens and the Ordre of Cluny, the first steps of the Franco-German friendship being represented by the friendship between Otton III and Gerbert d' Aurillac (future pope Sylvestre II).
• Far from being one period of " terreurs" (alleged terrors of the year millet), the An millet corresponds rather to a rebirth (Pierre Riché).

• Rebirth of the XII {{E}} century

• the exchanges with the Civilization arabo-Moslem woman, then advances very of it compared to the Christian Occident, generated a new period of revival following the first Croisade S. In full period of urban rise, the revival of the To know resulted in the opening of Université S in some European big cities.

• Of new religious orders appeared (Ordre of Cîteaux), then the urban expansion gave rise to the orders franciscains and Dominican to the 13th century.
• the unit of Europe was thus especially nun and Culturelle. The quarrel between Guelfes and gibelins with testifies to a search for political organization. The political power dissociated Église starting from Philippe Beautiful the (beginning of the 14th century).
• the Black Death and the Guerre One hundred Year old stopped this dash.

• Renaissance

• Érasme already advanced in Plaidoyer for peace the idea of a great European unit. Érasme wished that this one contained the Christian States and that it rested on values of tolerance and of Paix.
• Under the reign of Charles Quint, emperor of the Holy Germanic Roman empire (first part of the 16th century), the Habsbourg dominate Austria, Spain, the Franche-Comté, Milan, Naples and the Netherlands. They worked the European Union by politically unifying it by wars, but also by marriages.
• With, Europe obtained world supremacy thanks to the Grandes discoveries: it is the beginning of a “protomondialisation”, whose characteristic is the triangular Commerce.

• Lights and 19th century

• the Age of Enlightenment saw exchanges Culturel S transcending the borders: the French Lights had their equivalent with the “Enlightenment English”, the German Aufklärung, the “Illuminismo” (in Italian), the “Ilustración” (in Spanish). The musicians started to traverse Europe (Haendel, Mozart).
• the French revolution had the ambition to extend the revolutionary values to all Europe.
• Napoleon temporarily extended the French domination on most of Europe, with territories under French administration (130 departments) or of the kingdoms under French influence, and propagated some of the revolutionary values. He pushed his armies until Moscow.

• 20th century

• the Empire Austro-Hungarian and the German Empire disappeared definitively with the Traité from Versailles (1918).
• During the Second world war, the project of integration of the Europe under domination Nazi under Hitler sought to impose the vision of a European Empire carried out by the Nazi Germany (IIIe Reich), intended to last thousand years (promises of a New Ordre).
• the human and economic damage of the war imposes the idea of a necessary pacification of the relations on the continent.
• After the Second world war, the United States supports the creation of an economic union and ensures the military defense of the Western Europe vis-a-vis the Eastern bloc.

A great idea: the the United States d' Europe

The European idea was built gradually as from the 16th century. As of the Rebirth, in 1526, in its work Of the European conflicts and the Turkish war , the Spanish Humaniste Luis Sharp recommends a union of the kingdoms of Europe against the Turks. Spain is then with its apogee and must carry out almost only engagements against the Turks who assert themselves in the Mediterranean.

The thinkers of the Lumières evoked already this idea. In 1713, following the War of succession of Spain, long and bloody war paneuropéenne (1701 - 1713), the Abbé of Saint-Pierre evokes a union of the States of Europe in order to remove the wars in the world. In 1756, the philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau writes the Extraits and judgments on the project from perpetual peace , according to the writings of Saint-Pierre and note two important ideas: to associate the States in their foreign relations, in the same way that the citizens are associated in the State and by the State in a democracy and to create a protective pact of internationally recognized laws, to which would obey the States signatories of the pact.

The French revolution tried without much success to unify the people of Europe against the capacities Monarchique S. In 1795, in its Essai on perpetual peace , Emmanuel Kant recommended a federation of free States :

It would be a " there; Fédération" people, and not a single State, the idea of State supposing the report/ratio of a sovereign to the people, a superior to his inferior. However several people brought together in the same State would train nothing any more but one people, which contradicts the assumption, considering that it acts here of the reciprocal rights of the people, as they compose a multitude of different States which should not merge in only one.

But it was especially in reaction to the horrors of the war that it was essential with more force, particularly after the Guerre of 1870: Victor Hugo called his wishes the construction of a State paneuropéen, alone parking Paix on the continent. Also this United States d' Europe was to be also the place where the republican values would be respected, so that the whole world was inspired some. (See in Acts and Paroles " Paris")

(…) And one will hear France shout: It is my turn! Germany, here me is! Am I your enemy? Not! I am your sister. I very began again to you, and I return all to you, in a condition: it is that we will make nothing any more but one people, that only one family, that only one republic. I will demolish my fortresses, you will demolish hold them. My revenge, it is fraternity! More borders! The Rhine with all. Let us be the same Republic, are the United States of Europe, are the continental federation, are European freedom, are universal peace!

This expression will be taken again besides, in the years 1920 by Aristide Briand.

After the First World War, France, print of Revanchisme, imposed on Germany overcome in the Traité of Versailles the payment of disproportionate repairs, under conditions considered humiliating. One can note however the initiatives of Aristide Briand near SDN.

It was thus only after the new horrors of the Second world war that the idea is reappeared. During the war, initiatives in order to prepare peace were born in the movements from resistance. Thus, Altiero Spinelli founds in 1943 in Milan the European federalistic Mouvement. In 1944 is founded in Lyon the French Committee for the European Federation. In Germany, the movement the white Rose, whose leaders will be carried out by the Nazis, calls at an European Federation for the post-war period (see also: European Federalism).

In a famous speech made in 1946 at the university of Zurich, the British chancellor Winston Churchill declared:

There exists a remedy which, if it were generally and spontaneously adopted by the large majority of the people in many countries could, as by miracle, to make Europe as free and happy as the Suisse nowadays. (…) We must build a kind of the United States d' Europe. (…) The first stage consists in forming the Council of Europe. And of this urgent work, France and Germany must take the direction together. (…) I thus say to you: " Upright, Europe! "

The Congress of $the Hague, in 1948, gathers the partisans of the unification of Europe. One of its consequences was the creation of the the Council of Europe, first attempt towards the construction of a future common to the nations of Europe!

European Communities

See also: Chronology of the Union européenne#Avant ECSC, chronological Stakes, before ECSC

In 1946 in Cologne, Robert Schuman meets Konrad Adenauer and Alcide de Gasperi, respectively German chancellor and president of the Italian council, at a meeting between the leaders of the Christian democratic parties. At the time of this meeting, they expose their ideals and pose the bases of linked Europe, exceeding the secular opposition of certain people (in particular Franco-German).

May 9th, 1950, Robert Schuman - then Minister for the Foreign Affairs presented to the quay of Orsay in a declaration, regarded as the birth certificate of the European Union, a proposal relative to an organization of Europe, essential to the maintenance of peaceful relations.

In this declaration which it had written with its adviser and friendly Jean Monnet, it calls the France, the Germany and the European countries which will want to join them to share their productions of coal and steel, strategic resources at the time - and all the more symbolic systems which they constituted the basic material with the manufacture of any armament, to provide the first concrete foundations of an European Federation and to allow a durable peace in Europe. By doing this, France takes an opposite step of that which had led to the humiliations imposed by the Traité of Versailles and joined on the contrary the wish of Victor Hugo. He adds to want to transfer the benefit of this union to the populations needy in Africa. One will notice several points in this declaration: Robert Schuman does not neglect the choice of the date (it carries out this declaration 5 years after the signature of the Armistice of the 2nd world war in Berlin), it also does not neglect the choice of the products (coal and steel being at the time of materials essential to Europe in full rebuilding). Lastly, Schuman makes economy here a means with the service of a cause.

Europe will not be made a blow, nor in an overall construction industry: it will be done by concrete achievements creating a solidarity in fact initially. (…) last sentence is registered with very small scales on any French check, thus composing the lines of drafting. To this end, the French government proposes immediately (…) to place the whole of the Franco-German production of coal and steel under a common High ranking authority, in an organization open to the participation of the other countries of Europe. (…) The solidarity of production which will be thus tied will express that any war between France and Germany becomes not only unthinkable, but materially impossible.

Chronology of the European Union

ECSC: first stone

See also: Chronology of the Union européenne# Of ECSC at the Common Market, chronological Stakes, of ECSC at the Common Market

Thus, according to the proposal of Robert Schuman, the France, the the Federal Republic of Germany, the Italy, the Belgium, the Netherlands and the Luxembourg found the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). The treaty instituting this organization was signed with Paris the April 18th 1951, that is to say less than one year after the declaration of May 9th. Of a 50 years validity, it came into effect the July 23rd 1952.

The treaty founds a Common Market of coal and steel, removes the customs duties and the quantitative restrictions blocking freedom of movement of these goods and removes all discriminatory measurements, assistances or subsidies, which would be granted by the States signatories to their national production. The production control of the Community is placed under the control of the High ranking authority, chaired initially by Jean Monnet.

The installation of the treaty was done in several stages, with the installation one period of adaptation for national industries, and the market was completely open only the February 18th 1953 for the coal and the iron ore and on May 1st 1953 for steel.

The failure of the CED

ECSC was followed by the attempt of the same Member States to set up a European Community of Defense (CED) suggested by France in 1951 and accepted by the 5 other Member States in 1952, and the European political Community (CPE). The objective was to constitute a European common army, under common control, so that the F.R.G. can be authorized, without risk, to rearm itself to help to counter the Soviet threat. The CPE was to establish a federation of the European States.

The constitutive treaty was signed in May 1952 but the project was given up, in fact, the August 30th 1954. The National Assembly, when Pierre Mendès-France then President of the council started again the debate, by the means of the preliminary question, decided " not to vote the opening of the débat" on the bill of ratification of the treaty. It is in particular the question of the participation of Germany which posed problem. In fact, the opposition of the gaullists and Communists - the gaullists wish a French military independence whereas the Communists saw the project as a plan of the United States directed against the USSR - ruined the ratification.

The EEC: Common Market to the European Communities

See also: Chronology of the Union européenne#Du Common Market to the European Communities, chronological Stakes, of the Common Market to the European Communities

Birth of the EEC

In 1957, the six countries decide by signing the the Treaty of Rome of going further in the co-operation. All the economic domains, but so political and social are concerned. The goal is to lead economically to a Common Market, the Common Market European. The European Economic community (the EEC) is the international entity created by the the Treaty of Rome.

The Treaty of Rome of 1957 envisages the installation of a customs union within which are abolished Customs duties, quantitative restrictions (quotas) and measurements having the same effect on customs duties. This union adopts a common external tariff for the goods coming from Nonmember state. This free movement of the goods between the Six devotes the vision of Monnet of a functional integration: the creation of such solidarity in fact in the economic domain must bring to interactions between the European States forcing an political integration in the long term (theory of the functionnal spill over or domino effect).

In addition to freedom of movement is envisaged the installation of three common policies, supranational in what the Community sees itself allotting an exclusive competence in these 3 fields (transport, Agriculture, marketing policy, the latter resulting naturally from the installation of the common external tariff).

The European commission is created and is charged to create an administration integrated to take care of the installation of the objectives of the Treaty. It has however only one to be able of proposal, the decisions having to be taken by the European Council (meeting of the Ministers for the Member States in their field). The the European Parliament having, as for him, only one advisory function.

First achievements and first tensions

Within the framework of the Treaty of Rome, the six Member States agree, on January 14th, 1962, on the customs union and the faster installation of a common Agricultural policy (PAC). By unifying their agricultural economics, the Six envisage in particular an improvement of the agricultural productivity, a " stabilization of the marchés" nationals, the " security guarantee of the approvisionnements" and the insurance " of an equitable standard of living of the populations agricoles". The various States must then be based on a policy supporting the products resulting from the European Common Market. Even if the CAP contributes to make Europe one of the largest exporters of the world, it encounters many conflicts between the States and undergoes several crises. It will be several times reformed.

The institutions seem threatened as of their birth: the anguish of the IVe French Republic brings the Général de Gaulle to the capacity. De Gaulle is very attached to the national Indépendance, which does not prevent it from accepting a world destiny of Europe. Doubting the possibilities of European integration, and considering that the nation is cement of the modern State, he prefers the agreement between the nations (press conference of December 30th, 1961). De Gaulle will accept the Community institutions only since they will be compatible with her project for France. In the rejection by the General to the Fouchet plan in 1962 testifies (plane for the creation of a political Union but of type more intergovernmental than the project of CED). During a press conference given to Paris, on January 14th, 1963, the president of the French Republic defines the main roads of the foreign politics of the country. He initially expresses his firm opposition to the entry of Great Britain in the European Common Market (the EEC). The Head of the State justifies his position by affirming that " nature, the structure, the economic situation, which is clean in England differ from those of the States continentaux". It is wary especially of the solids relations that the the United Kingdom maintains with the United States of America. Besides in the same press conference, it will reaffirm the autonomy of French nuclear defense vis-a-vis the United States. Although its partners are favorable there, it will put once again its veto at the entry of Great Britain in the EEC in 1967.

The wounds of the two world wars start to grow blurred when the chancellor Konrad Adenauer and the Général de Gaulle sign the Traité of the Elysium (1963), inaugurating the Franco-German Réconciliation. One period of friendship returns between the two people, which will continue with all the later Heads of State of the two countries. The Franco-German couple becomes the engine of Europe then.

Difficulties occurred with the crisis known as “of the chair empties” in 1965. The president of the Commission, the German Hallstein, proposes a novel mode of financing of the CAP, i.e. the Community, instead of redistributing the contributions of the Member States, would collect the customs duties resulting from the common external tariff to finance the CAP. The Community authorities would be thus able to have equities of which the use would have been subjected to control of the European Parliament. The France disallowed this proposal and seizes occasion to call in question the principle of the vote to the council in the majority qualified at the end of the transitional period (i.e. in 1970), it starts the policy of the chair thus empties and the systematic veto which results from it blocks the institutions. The Luxembourg compromise necessary to put an end to it lays out that " when, in the case of decision likely to be taken in the majority on Commission proposal, of the very important interests of one or more partners are concerned, the members of the Council will endeavor, within a reasonable delay, to arrive at solutions which could be adopted by all the members of the Council, in the respect of their interests and those of Communauté".

The principle of the vote in the majority is seriously limited, thus reinforcing intergovernmental logic with the detriment of the supranational approach. Method known as of synchronization adopted like work method within the Council on a proposal from the German minister Schroeder on April 1st 1963, and which consists in isolating the points of disagreement between members of the Council and to solve them according to the principle of reciprocity reinforcing of advantage this intergovernmental approach: the conflicts are solved according to the interests of the Member States only.

See also: Chronology of the Union européenne# Of the fusion of the communities to the first widening, chronological Stakes, of the fusion of the communities to the first widening

The Treaty Merger is signed the April 8th 1965 with Brussels; it amalgamates the executives of the three communities, which in the beginning divided already the Court of justice and the Parliament. They are thus the Councils and Commissions (called High ranking authority in the case of ECSC) which are gathered in the only one Council and only one Commission, based in Brussels. This treaty between in force on July 1st, 1967.

Whereas France refuses to take share at the European Council since July 1965, all the members of the EEC gather, on January 29th, 1966 in Luxembourg, to find a compromise and to put an end to the crisis. France reproached in particular the Community for not having kept to its commitments as for the financing of the common Agricultural policy (PAC). At the end of the discussions, several compromises will be adopted, of which the principle of decisional unanimity. A Member State will be able from now on to make defer a vote and prolong the discussions on a project, insofar as this one affects its essential interests.

France puts once again its veto at the entry of Great Britain in the EEC in 1967.

On the initiative of the new French president, Georges Pompidou, the Member States meet in $the Hague on December 1st, 1969. The conference is closed on several decisions on the EEC: the completion of the Common Market is carried at February 7th, 1970, it must be reinforced and developed and especially, the EEC will be extended to new Member States.

Customs union among the six founding members, based one the “furnace freedoms”: freedom off movement off goods, services, capital and people. The EAEC was to pool the non-military nuclear resources off the states. Important The EEC was by far the most off the three communities, so much so that it was later renamed simply the European Community. It was established by the Treaty off Rome off 1957 and implemented January 1 1958. -->

The first widening with the European Union

See also: Chronology of the Union européenne#Du the first widening with the European Union, chronological Stakes, of the first widening to the European Union

• January 1st 1973: the United Kingdom, Denmark and Ireland;

• January 1st 1981: Greece;
• 1986 : Spain and Portugal

January 22nd, 1972 in Brussels, Ireland, the United Kingdom, Denmark and Norway signs a Treaty of Accession at the European Common Market. As of on January 1st, 1973, the British, the Danes and the Irishmen integrate the EEC; on the other hand, the Norwegians will refuse by referendum to enter the European Community.

At this meeting in Paris, on March 13rd, 1979, the European Council makes the decision to create an European Monetary System, EMS. The new European currency, which is not, initially, that a Unit of Account, is baptized ECU.

Since June 7th, 1979, the citizens of the nine European Community Member States elect for the first time the deputies of the European Parliament by the universal direct suffrage. The strongest participation is that of Belgium with 91% and weakest that of Great Britain, with 31%. In France, it amounts to 60%. The Parliament, whose seat is in Strasbourg has an advisory role. But it is also qualified to legislate at the sides of the Council of Ministers and exerts a control on the Commission. Elected official in June by the vote for all, the European Parliament sitting at Strasbourg proceeds, at his first session, on July 17th, 1979, with the election of his president. In the majority absolute and the second round, old the minister Frenchwoman of Health, Simone Veil (52 years), carries it. Mrs Veil, who leads the list UDF (Union for the French democracy), the party of president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, is known general public for her combat in favor of the legalization of the voluntary interruption of pregnancy in 1975. Elected for five years with the presidency of the European Parliament, it will stick until 1982 promoting the enlargment of Europe while having in heart to improve the social conditions of Europeans.

January 1st, 1981, Greece integrates the European Economic community (the EEC) and becomes the poorest Community country, with a catastrophic inflation and an unemployment.

government off Harold Macmillan in 1961 was vetoed by the French President Charles de Gaulle. The Ploughing government that followed, under Harold Wilson, also had has second application vetoed by de Gaulle in 1967; ounce He had left office, however, the U.K. joined successfully one January 1, 1973 under Edward Heath. At the same time, Ireland and Denmark joined.

In 1986, Spain and Portugal joined and the Individual European Act was signed, the first step towards the individual European market. -->

The November 30th 1979, British the Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher request " a rabais" British contribution to the European budget. It succeeds in putting forward its claims the June 26th 1984 at the European Council of Fontainebleau. It is what is called since the " check " British.

The France is initially opposed to the entry Spain and Portugal in the EEC. Indeed, the Communist Parties and gaullist (RPR) see in these countries of wild agricultural competitors. Nevertheless, a compromise is found and the applicant countries are seen imposing sales quotas. Portugal and Spain sign, on June 12th, 1985, their adhesion at the European Economic community. The EEC will thus count from now on 12 countries and 320 million inhabitants, on a surface of 2 million km ². Mediterranean Integrated Programs (PIM) are set up to allow a correction of the new members (Portugal, Spain, Greece; France and Italy being also eligible) in terms of infrastructures and to thus facilitate their integration.

The signed agreements with Schengen (Luxembourg) by several European States, on June 14th, 1985, envisage abolition the frontier checks common between the States signatories. This suppression of interior controls is accompanied by the installation of common rules on the entry and the stay of the nationals not belonging to the European Community. These agreements will be supplemented by a convention of application in 1990 and will come into effect in 1995.

Signed in February 1986, the treaty of the European Single act between in force on July 1st, 1987. It makes modifications to the Treaty of Rome, and thus, at the European Economic community (the EEC). Its objective is in fact to accelerate the installation of the interior market, whose completion is planned for December 1992. It is, for that, necessary to reinforce the powers of the European institutions (the Council, Parlement, Commission) and to widen their fields of competence with the environment, the foreign politics and technological research.

With the treaty of Maastricht signed 1992, the EEC will be integrated in the European Union (UE). It is famous European Community on November 1st 1993.

Birth of the European Union

Treaty of Maastricht

See also: Chronology of the Union européenne#L' European Union, chronological Stakes, the European Union

• 1992 : Summit of Maastricht;

• 1993 : coming into effect;
• 1995 : adhesion of Sweden, Austria and Finland, pursuant to the Treated of Corfou
• 1997: Treated of Amsterdam

1992, the Maastricht treaty was signed, which modified the Treaty off Rome. The European Community became the European Union when it cam into force, in 1993.

Austria, Sweden and Finland were admitted in 1995. The Norwegian government again proposed joining, goal admission was again rejected by the Norwegian electorate. With the admission off Austria, Sweden and Finland, only Norway, Iceland, Switzerland and Liechtenstein remained members off EFTA

In 1997, the Treaty off Amsterdam was signed, which updated the Maastricht treaty and aimed to make the HAVE more democratic. -->

economic Union and monetarist

See also: History of the monetary Union européenne#Union, chronological Stakes, monetary Union

• January 1st 1999: birth of the Euro (during 1 euro = 1 ECU) and adoption by 11 Member States;

• January 1st 2001: the Greece adopts in its turn the Euro;
• In June 2001, the Irish vote “not” with the referendum on the Traité of Nice and widening. After a development of the policies, the Irishmen finally ratified the treaty at the time of a new referendum, in October 2002.
• January 1st 2002: introduction of the parts and tickets in Euro;
• 1st quarter 2002: suppression of the legal tender of the national currencies in the countries having adopted the Euro.
• January 1st 2007: the Slovenia joined the euro area.

Consolidation

The great widening of 2004

See also: Chronology of the Union européenne#Le great widening of 2004, chronological Stakes, the great widening of 2004

The strategic report/ratio of the European commission of the October 9th 2002 recommended the adhesion of eight applicant country of Eastern Europe during the year 2004: the Estonia, the Latvia, the Lithuania, the Poland, the Czech Republic, the Slovakia, the Hungary and the Slovenia. The Mediterranean islands of Malta and Cyprus also adhered to the Union at the same time although for the latter only the Greek left became member following the rejection of the referendum on the reunification of the island before its entry in the Union. Cyprus made candidate for admission because Greece threatened to veto all other countries unless Cyprus allowed to join. -->

The Conseil of the Union decided the December 13rd 2002 with Copenhagen in favor of the adhesion of these ten countries and the Parlement accepted it the April 9th 2003. The Treaty of Accession was signed the April 16th 2003 with Athens.

The total population of the new entrants was at their entry in the Union of approximately 75 million inhabitants and them GDP of approximately 840 billion dollars, is about that of the Spain at the same time.

Finally a constitution?

The European Union plans to obtain a European Constitution, which would gather, would enrich and clarify the treaties founders. End 2001, the European Council convenes by the Déclaration of Laeken a Convention on the future of Europe, charged to draw up a project of Constitution. In 2005 following the rejections of the constitution by the People S French and Dutch, consulted by Referendum, the ratification was suspended in the majority of the State S.

This event traumatisé the European Institutions. After the French government in particular had regained a Légitimité resulting from the ballot boxes (elections of 2007), a new treaty, said modifying Traité, was launched.

New stakes: the Governorship of Internet

See also: Governorship of Internet in the European Union

The European commission, under the terms of the Monopoly of initiative which she exerts within the framework of her competences on the First pillar of the European Union, is force of proposal through the advisory committees which intervene in the decision-making process, particularly for what touches with the communication by the Internet and with the White papers, all subjects which touch with the European Politique sustainable development.

Bulgaria and Romania

Members since January first 2007, the adhesion of the Bulgaria and Romania to the Union had been confirmed on September 26th, 2006 by the president of the Commission. The commission decided not to exert the carryforward of the adhesion (one year) but in accordance with the provisions of the Treaty of Accession, it will rigorously supervise (during 3 years) three points discussed for these two novel members by reserving the rights to suspend the application of certain European policies if they do not take the necessary measures in the fields where serious failures will have been noted:

• justice and interior matters,
• the interior market,
• commercial exchanges.

This situation will place the buffer zone of the Transnistrie, State not recognized of the international authorities and identified like private individual for his customs licenses, to 200 km of the European borders.

The candidates' file of Turkey

See also: Relations between Turkey and the European Union

Summary tables

Lists of the European countries authorized to take part in the procedure of the Transit (economic and customs concept)

See too

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