History of Hungary

Origins

The origin of the Hungarians is not completely elucidated by the scientists.

The assumption most generally allowed is that their primitive country was located side of the the Ural, their aïeux pertaining to the family Finno-ougrienne of the Peuples ouraliens. It can be justified using the Linguistique: the current languages closest to the Magyar are Finnish and the Estonian. They would have separated rather early from their parents of the North-West, and as of first half of the first millenium before J-C. we find them in the South-west of the Ural, making feed their herds in vast the " Proto-Hongrie" ( Magna Hungaria , on the territory of the current Bachkortostan, in Russia), on banks of the the Volga.

After another millenium, they go down at the 7th century in the steppes sprinkled by the rivers from the basin from the Black Sea (Lévédie or Etelköz , probably located on the current territory of the Ukraine).

It seems that, during these migrations, they were in liaison with people Turkish ophones, of which some joined them, for example Oguz, Ouzes for the Greeks, Onogours or Hongres for the Westerners from where the name of Hungari=Hongrois, given by their neighbors, whereas the Hungarians themselves say Magyars, Hungary being Magyarorszàg: “country of the Magyars”).

In 895, the Magyar confederation is fixed definitively on the means-Danube, in the basin of Carpates, where they meet people Slaves (Slovenien principalities of Pribina and Kozel, Czechoslovakian kingdom of Moravie, knezats let us slavons of Transylvania), Turkish-speaking (Avars between the Danube and the Tisza), latinophones (voïvodats or " Vlachfölds" Wallachian along Carpates) and iranophones (Iasses or Jasz, close relatives of Ossètes of the Caucasus).

According to several historians, the Magyars knew these places already well as of before 895, to have taken part as mercenaries, sometimes of the Carolingian Francs, sometimes of the Czech Moravians, with the combat carried out for the possession of these territories. On these occasions, they take note not only topography and resources of the basin of Carpates, but also of the weaknesses of their silent partners. As many reasons which explain than into 895, eager to be protected from the attacks from the Pétchénègues and with research from a new fatherland, they moves towards the plain of the Danube, in Pannonia, on the traces of Huns (4th century), Avars (6th century) and Bulgarian (8th century), other Ural-Altaic confederations with dominant Turkish-speaking.

These confederations followed the traditional ways of the people of the steppes which, before being Turkish-speaking Ural-Altaic or Finno-ugric, had been Iranian: it was the case of the Agathyrses antiques, Iazyges, Sarmates and Scythes of Antiquity. These ways carried out of the Central Asia and the Ural to the Roman province of Pannonia whose Aquincum (current Budapest) was the capital, and of which the population of origin was made up of Latinized Celts.

Foundation of Hungary

At the beginning, the Magyars, before any warriors, make like Huns and Avars before them: they live of breeding and the plundering of Western Europe, driving campaigns through Germany, France and Italy. But the defeat of Lechfeld in Souabe (955) decides them to change lifestyle: they are sédentarisent, mix with the farming populations with the basin with the Danube (from which a part, in particular in the center of this basin, adopts the Magyar language) and are christianized (placing itself in the obedience of Rome, in spite of the Byzantine attempts to convert them with orthodoxy: the Byzantine emperor sends a royal crown). The Kingdom of Hungary is born officially in the year 1001 with the king holy Etienne.

Medieval Hungary

Under the following dynasties, the kingdom of Hungary knows, in spite of the terrible Tatare invasion of 1241 (wire of Gengis-Khan), a fast development. It organizes in Comitats, just like vassal states the kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia and the banats (" marches") or voïvodats (" principalities vassales") Serb with the south and " valaques" (Rumanian) to the east (Bosnia, Voïvodine, Severin, Transylvania, Moldavie, Valachie), and extends one moment from the Adriatic to the Black Sea. The voïvodats are controlled by Vajda (direct vassal princes of the king). Minors and builders of German language, Szepesok and Szàszok (" Saxons") are established in all these countries, develop agriculture, exploit gold and raise cathedrals, cities, fortresses. The Slavic and the Valaques raise the cattle and cultivate orchards and the vine. Magyar farmer-soldiers, Szeklers (" Sicules"), sometimes of Turkish-speaking origin or iranophone, the borders defend. Hungary becomes a European power and its horses (" Hongres" or not) are sought by all the knights.

The dynasty Árpád ienne (900 to 1301):

  • 1001 : Istvan Ier (known also as a holy Etienne) is crowned king de Hongrie, that marks the birth of an organized Hungarian State and its christianization.
  • 1077 with 1116: Reign of László Ier (known as a Ladislas saint) then of Kálmán Ier (Coloman) which extends the kingdom towards the east in Transylvania.
  • 1172 with 1196: Reign of Béla III
  • 1222: Gold bubble of András II (Andre)
  • 1241 -42: Mongolian invasion and tatare
  • 1301: End of the dynasty árpádienne

The dynasty angevine (1308 to 1382):

  • 1308 with 1342: Reign of Charles-Robert Ier
  • 1342 with 1382: Reign of Louis Ier says the large one, who will be also king of Poland starting from 1370.
    • 1367 : Foundation of the University of Pécs

Other monarchs (1382 to 1526). Other kings follow one another then, resulting in particular:

  • Of the house of Luxembourg (for example Sigismond: 1387-1437)
  • Of the house of Transylvania (for example Mathias Corvin: 1458-1490).

Othoman domination

  • 1526 : Défaite of Mohács on August 29th vis-a-vis Soliman Ier says Splendid the: 24.000 Hungarians die. Among them, one finds the king young Lajos II (1516-1526). November 11th, the voïvode or Vajda of Transylvania, János Szapolyai which " rate" the battle, is crowned with Székesfehérvár. After this event, the position and the future of Hungary are threatened: the brother of the woman of the died king, Ferdinand de Habsbourg, also prince of Austria, asserts the crown of Hungary, and on December 18th, it is crowned with Pozsony by noble most powerful of the country.
It is the end of medieval Hungary.
  • 1527 : Austrian attack against János Szapolyai. The countryside gains the victory for Ferdinand á Tokaj: it is the cause of the beginning of alliance between Soliman and János Szapolyai.
  • 1529 : Attacks Othomans against Vienna.
  • 1532 : Second countryside of the Othomans against Vienna. The Othoman army is retained by the town of Kőszeg: the Othomans must turn back.
  • 1538 : The pact of Várad between Ferdinand 1st and János Szapolyai: if Szapolyai dies without heir, the territories belonging to him become those of Ferdinand. But in 1541, his wife, Isabelle give the life to a boy named Zsgimond János. After a few weeks, János Szapolyai dies.
  • 1541 : Following the occupation of Buda by the Othomans on August 29th, the kingdom of Hungary is divided into three: A zone in the west under Austrian domination (population with dominant one central and the south under Othoman domination (population with dominant Hungarian woman [[Serb]) and one in the east (population with dominant Rumanian Hungarian woman - Souabe) forming the autonomous principality of Transylvania.
Naturally this process is slow and it finishes in 1571 with the treaty of Speyer underlined by Zsigmond János and Miksa Ier, the son of Ferdinand. The tendency against permanent division starts with the fall of Buda; the governor of the Eastern territory (that of János Szapolyai), Fráter György tries to create a pact with Ferdinand: if it is able to triumph over the Othomans and to re-occupy Buda, the Eastern territories will adhere to its cause. But two treaties written (in 1541: Gyalu; in 1549: Nyírbátor) cannot be to concretize.
  • 1547 : peace of Drinpole between Soliman and the Habsbourg.
  • 1551 : the Austrian troops penetrate in Transylvania because of the Convention of Nyírbátor (1549).

Austrian domination

  • 1570 : Agreement of Whorl, which gives to the Habsbourg a legitimacy on Hungary.

  • 1596 - 1605: War of Hungary between the Habsbourg and the Ottoman Empire marked in particular by the Battle of Mezokeresztes.
  • 1620 : Revolt the Bohemian one with the White Mountain.
  • 1686 Release of Buda by the European armies: war leaders: Charles of Lorraine and Miksa Emanuel II

The independence found… on a reduced territory

Second world war

See also: Hungary during the Second world war

The Alliance of Horthy with the Nazi Germany leads Hungary to a new defeat, the country is occupied by the Soviet and Rumanian troops (Bataille of Budapest).

  • February 7th, 1947: Peace treaty with the France

Soviet domination

The Insurrection of Budapest in 1956

Events of October to December 1956

  • October 22nd: Following the accession with the capacity of Gomulka in Poland, meetings are taken place against the government. A demonstration is called for the following day.

  • October 23rd: More than 100.000 demonstrators in Budapest. The statue of Stalin is cut down by crowd. The Left the workers Hungarian (pro-Russian and remained Stalinist) made shoot at crowd and requires the assistance of the Soviet army.
  • October 24th: The purpose of Imre Nagy (former member of the Communist party, excluded from this one) is called with the head of the government, it is to leave its country the Warsaw Pact. It controls with the new secretary of the Party.
  • October 25th: Formation of working councils for “a democratic socialism”.
  • October 26th: Part of the police force and army rise and pass on the side of the councils, which seize the power in several cities. Imre Nagy receives them but their request to deposit the weapons. Several radios are taken by the working councils.
  • October 27th: Imre Nagy proclaims the end of the sole party. Formation of a coalition government.
  • November 1st: Hungary declares itself neutral with the international plan.
  • November 2nd: The council of Borsod-Miskolc asks for the election of a “national revolutionary council” taking the place of the Parliament.
  • November 3rd: Arrest of the leaders armed with the insurrectionists.
  • November 4th: The Russian troops invade Hungary. János Kádár takes the head of a government pro-Russian. General strike against the military intervention. Engagements in all the country.
  • November 15th: Radio-Rajk, which is with the hands of the insurrectionists, proclaims: “ the Russian guns ruined in Hungary the democracy and Communism. Comrades, all true Hungarian Communist has his place maintaining with the barricades! ”.
  • November 15th: End of the engagements, military victory of the Russian troops. The revolt is subdued.
  • November 21st: The Russian army prevents the meeting of deputy working councils, which was to be held in Budapest.
  • November 22nd: Imre Nagy is stopped by the Russian troops. It will be hung on June 16th, 1958.
  • December 5th: The members of the councils are stopped in mass.
  • December 9th: The government starts to dissolve the working councils.
  • December 17th: Beginning of the death sentences against the participants in the insurrection.

After standardization

  • September 7th, 1968: signature of a treaty of assistance with the Soviet Union. Economic reforms and policies are undertaken by János Kádár.

  • In 1988:
    • the Hungarian State is obliged to close a certain number of companies particularly badly managed and heavily overdrawn, creating 20.000 unemployed for which only 3.000 are compensated.
    • the relations between Hungarian State and the Catholic church are standardized. The prohibited religious orders can return, the Office of the worships is removed and its director particularly anticlerical is put at the retirement. All the episcopal sees from now on are quickly provided.
  • In May 1989, at the time of a round in Western Europe, Tamas Beck, the Minister for the economy by presenting the dossier of fifty-two the principal companies of the country to be sold and declares: “ We need 5 billion dollars overseas investments ”. It launches also an invitation to tender to replace urgently 1.200 kilometers of see shoed decayed. The foreign debt of the country is of 17,2 billion dollars and its service represents half of exports of the country.
  • October 6th, 1989: Assembled in congress for two days, the Hungarian Communist party (PSOH, Hungarian working Socialist party), decides abandonment of any reference to Communism, and takes the denomination of “Hungarian Socialist party”. Death of Janos Kadar, Hungarian statesman.
  • October 7th, 1989: The working Socialist party Hungarian changes name and becomes the Hungarian Socialist party (700 000 members) with at its head Rezsö Nyers former social democrat rejoined with the Communists in 1948.
  • October 9th, 1989: Reszö Nyers assumes the chairmanship of the new “Hungarian Socialist party”.
  • October 11th, 1989: Imre Pozsqay, official candidate with the presidency of the Republic declares in an interview with the newspaper Le Figaro : “ the assessment of Communism is negative. It was a dead end. It created the bureaucratic property and killed the individual initiative. The passivity became the behavior dominating. ”
  • October 19th, 1989: Introduction of the multi-party system in Hungary, which does not indicate itself any more like people's democracy.
  • October 22nd, 1989: The Hungarian Minister for the Foreign affairs evokes, at a meeting with Oslo, the possibility of a withdrawal of the Soviet troops “ as quickly as possible. ”
  • October 23rd, 1989: A demonstration gathering more than 100.000 people claims the right to celebrate the insurrection of 1956. Crowd holds up the Hungarian official flag - red, white, green - but whose communist badges were carefully cut out, and of the portraits of the hero of the insurrection of 1956, Imre Nagy. Official announcement of the change of the name of the country which becomes the République of Hungary, the popular adjective “ ” is given up, symbolically the day of the birthday of the insurrection of 1956. The new Hungarian flag has like official badge the crown of patron saint of the country, the king Etienne I {{er}}. The president of the Parliament states: “ After so much of years these people deserves a little happiness and abundance ”.
  • March 25th, 1990: First free elections. Victoire of the democratic Forum (center-right) of József Antall. Árpád Göncz becomes president of the republic.
  • May 1991: Departure of the last Soviet troops marking the end of the domination of the Soviet Union.

Nowadays

  • 1994 : Electoral victory of Gyula Horn, leader of the Hungarian Socialist party (communist ex-party), which forms a government with the league of the free democrats.
  • 1998 : Electoral victory of the Federation of the young democrats (right) of Viktor Orbán, form a coalition government with the Left the small holders.
  • 1999 : Entry of Hungary in NATO
  • 2000: Election of Ferenc Mádl with the presidency of the republic
  • 2002: Electoral victory of the Hungarian Socialist party directed by Peter Medgyessy which becomes Prime Minister.
  • 2004 : May 1st Hungary becomes member of the European Union.
  • 2005 : Election of László Sólyom with the presidency of the republic
  • 2006: Elections member of Parliament-victory of the Socialist party: Ferenc Gyurcsány becomes the Prime Minister. A few months later the opposition largely gains the municipal elections and regional. She asks the resignation of the Prime Minister. Insurrection making of the hundreds of casualties, the Prime Minister requires of the police force to restore the order by all the means.

See too

Be-X-old: ГісторыяВенгрыі

Random links:Villey-Saint-Etienne | List counts de Mâcon | July 2000 | Sheloshet Haregalim | Vence (river) | Madame_Caroline_Lamb_(film)