Het Wilhelmus
In France, one calls wars of religion a series of eight conflicts, which devastated the kingdom of France in second half of the 16th century and where catholic and were opposed Protestant.
The development of the humanism to the Rebirth, of an at the same time critical and individualistic thought, causes the birth of a current of Réforme which called into question the traditional principles of the Christian religion taught by the Church of Rome. To traditional Catholicism Protestantism is opposed thus, opposition which leads to terrible a Civil war.
The first persecutions against those which adhere to the novel ideas start in the years 1520. But it is necessary to wait the years 1540 and 1550, to see the development of cleavages. Those are done mainly around the destruction iconoclast S made by the Protestants on the objects of the Roman ritual regarded as crowned by the catholiques ; Relic S, the Blessed Sacrament and statues of devotion. At the end of the reign of Henri II, the conflict is politicized and with dead of the king in 1559, the nobility organizes its networks according to its religious dealings. The wars of religion begin in 1562 and continue intersected with periods of peace until in 1599, with the installation of the Édit of Nantes. The wars of religion find a prolongation with 18th (seat of the La Rochelle, Revocation of the Edict of Nantes) and 18th centuries (war of the Camisard S), until the stop of persecutions under Louis XVI (Édit of tolerance in 1787).
These religious disorders are particularly difficult to study because of their complexity. On the religious disagreements political confrontations are superimposed, cultural Social struggles, divergences and finally a tended European context. It is one period which constitutes a decline for France.
Causes of the conflict
The weakening of the royal capacity
These disorders coincide with a weakening of the royal authority. The kings François I {{er}} and Henri II had not allowed any dispute to be able to them. When Henri II dies accidentally on July 10th 1559, its successors François II and Charles IX are too young to be able to impose their authority. They cannot prevent the French of entredéchirer. Between the two belligerent camps, the queen mother Catherine de Médicis and her chancellor Michel of Hospital in vain try to maintain the continuity of the State by the installation of the religious tolerance.The insubordination of the French finds his model in the behavior of the princes and the large lords who allow themselves to take the weapons without royal permission. The feudal character of the country appears clearly with the increasing independence of the princes and the parties which dangerously increase the network of their customers. The meeting of the General states, carried out by three times during the wars of religion, is the witness of this weakening of the royal authority. The king needs the support of his subjects to be able to make decisions which will be respected. To this occasion, the royal capacity is called into question by men of law and well-read men who imagine a greater subordination of the king with regard to these assemblies.
The argument of the capacity and the royal favor
The kings being too young to reign, various political camps try to assert themselves to control the royal capacity. Three large clans all peerage-books, in addition bound by various bonds of family, thus will be opposed:-
the ''' Montmorency ''': it is about one of the oldest families and most powerful of France. The reason is the extraordinary fortune of the constable Anne de Montmorency who exerted a very important influence on the king Henri II. In this family illustrate François de Montmorency and his first cousins, the three brothers Châtillon (Gaspard de Coligny, François d' Andelot and Odet, cardinal of Châtillon). Although divided between catholics and Protestants, Montmorency-Châtillon are linked on the occasion to counter the increasing influence of the Own way, their rivals. Without reducing the wars of religion to a conflict deprived between these two families, their competition in the race for the power mobilizes their immense respective customers, divided on the whole of the kingdom. The Montmorency clan leaves losing hostilities (its members died in the combat, assassinated, embastillés and exiled) but it however knows a rebirth at the sides of Henri IV thanks to the governor of Languedoc, the duke Henri Ier de Montmorency-Damville.
- the ''' Own way ''': they are the leaders of the catholic party. Cousins of the duke of Lorraine, they know their political ascendance thanks to Claude of Lorraine and his son François, the first two dukes of Own way. Thanks to the marriage of Marie Stuart with the heir to the throne, the Lorraine ones reinforce the bonds between their house and the dynasty of Valois. In their family also illustrate Charles, cardinal of Lorraine, Henri Ier, duke of Own way and Charles, duke of Mayenne. If the hostility expressed by the Own way against the policy of religious tolerance of Catherine de Médicis causes sometimes their setting with the variation under the reign of Charles IX, this catholic intransigence enables them to cultivate a great popularity near the people. Rented like champions of the faith, they triumphantly reconsider the front of the scene under Henri III thanks to the League. In 1588, the Parisian Members of a league manage to drive out Henri III of the capital, which reinforces the influence of the Lorraine ones considerably. Catherine de Médicis itself finishes by " prier" his/her son of " to return content" the duke of Own way. The following year, the League relieves the king following the assassination of the two chiefs of the house; their brother surviving, Charles, duke of Mayenne, become the principal opponent with the advent of the Protestant king Henri IV. In spite of their final defeat and their Henri IV tender, the power of the Own way remains enough important to oblige the king to spare them.
- the ''' Bourbons ''': descendants of holy Louis in hot line, they are princes of blood. Certain members of this family are the leaders of the protesting party, in particular the brothers Louis de Condé and Antoine of Bourbon like their respective sons Henri de Condé and Henri IV. It is a divided family which has evil to be a true chief. Vis-a-vis his cousins and with his uncle Charles, cardinal of Bourbon, the heir legitimates Henri de Navarre pains to assert himself. The death of the last Valois sovereign enables him to gird the crown of France.
Interference of the adjoining countries
The wars of religion also have due the interference to the adjoining countries who maintain fire the disorders for better weakening France. After having lost the battles of Saint-Quentin in 1557 and signed the treated of Cateau-Cambrésis in 1559, France sees the weakening of sound Leadership with the profit of the king of Spain Philippe II. Because of civil war, she knows a retreat in second half of the 16th century from which Spain and England profit. But in spite of the rise of these two countries, France remains very a great power in Europe by its demography, its richness and its prestige.To lower France, Spain and England do not cease lending the hand to the rebellious subjects. The Queen of England Elisabeth I {{Re}} intervenes by supporting the Protestants and the king of Spain by supporting the clan of the Own way, in favor of intransigent Catholicism. During the wars of religion, France is thus divided by two factions supported financially and militarily by foreign countries. During the years 1580, France even seems to become a ground of combat where Spain and England by interposed parties clash.
The neighbors bordering on France also have territorial ambitions. The England intends to recover the town of Calais of which it did not accept the loss in 1558. Spain hopes to recover the septentrional part of the Navarre. The Savoy, allied in Spain intends to recover the Italian places occupied by France since the Guerres of Italy.
The wars of religion are in France very dependant on the European context. That is particularly the case with regard to the Spanish Netherlands where the disorders politico-monk prevail since the date of 1566. The war with the Spanish Netherlands reflects automatically on the conflicts French and vice versa.
The king of France also calls upon foreign armies to help it to restore his authority. He makes come thus from Swiss as well as Italian troops sent by the pope. The Reître S and the German Lansquenet S are largely used in the conflict by the two parties. The Spaniards use troops of Flemish nationality.
Chronology of the Heads of State de France, of the Netherlands, of Spain and England
Colors =
id: canvas been worth: rgb (0.97, 0.97, 0.97)
id: grid1 been worth: rgb (0.80, 0.80, 0.80)
id: grid2 been worth: rgb (0.86, 0.86, 0.86)
id: Been worth Timeperiod: blue
id: Been worth Timeperiod2: rgb (0.86, 0.56, 0.56)
id: Been worth Timeperiod3: blue
id: Been worth Timeperiod4: red
id: to bleuclair been worth: rgb (0.56, 0.56, 0.86)
id: blue been worth: rgb (0.76, 0.76, 0.96)
id: coral been worth: coral
id: red been worth: red
id: lightorange been worth: lightorange
id: been worth orange: orange
id: tan1 been worth: tan1
id: tan2 been worth: tan2
id: gray been worth: Gray (0.7)
id: black been worth: black
id: white been worth: white
Period = from: 1550 till: 1600
TimeAxis = orientation: horizontal format: yyyy
ScaleMajor = links: year increment: 10 start: 1550 gridcolor: grid1
ScaleMinor = links: year increment: 5 start: 1560 gridcolor: grid2
AlignBars = justify
BackgroundColors = canvas: canvas bars: canvas
BarData=
bar: Timeperiod
bar: Timeperiod2
bar: Timeperiod3
bar: Timeperiod4
PlotData=
width: 30 fontsize: M textcolor: black align: center
France
from: 1550 till: 1559 text: " Henri II] " color: to bleuclair shift: (0, - 5)
from: 1559 till: 1561 text: " [[François II of France|François II]] " color: blue shift: (0, - 5)
from: 1561 till: 1574 text: " [[Charles IX of France|Charles IX]] " color: to bleuclair shift: (0, - 5)
from: 1574 till: 1589 text: " [[Henri III of France|Henri III]] " color: blue shift: (0, - 5)
from: 1589 till: 1600 text: " [[Henri IV of France|Henri IV]] " color: to bleuclair shift: (0, - 5)
# Times
bar: Timeperiod2 color: Timeperiod shift: (0,2)
from: start till: end color: gray # Background
from: 1550 till: 1555 text: " [[Marie of Hungary|Marie]] " color: tan1 shift: (0, - 5)
from: 1555 till: 1559 text: " [[Emmanuel-Philibert of Savoy (1528-1580)|Savoy]] " color: tan2 shift: (0, - 5)
from: 1559 till: 1567 text: " [[Marguerite of Parma]] " color: tan1 shift: (0, - 5)
from: 1567 till: 1573 text: " [[Ferdinand Alvare de Tolède|pile cluster]] " color: tan2 shift: (0, - 5)
from: 1573 till: 1576 color: tan1 shift: (0, - 5)
from: 1576 till: 1578 color: tan2 shift: (0, - 5)
from: 1578 till: 1592 text: " [[Alexandre Farnèse (1545-1592)|Alexandre Farnèse]] " color: tan1 shift: (0, - 5)
from: 1592 till: 1594 color: tan2 shift: (0, - 5)
from: 1594 till: 1595 color: tan1 shift: (0, - 5)
from: 1595 till: 1598 color: tan2 shift: (0, - 5)
from: 1598 till: 1600 color: tan1 shift: (0, - 5)
# Spain
bar: Timeperiod3 color: Timeperiod shift: (0,2)
from: start till: end color: gray # Background
from: 1550 till: 1555 text: " [[Charles Quint|Charles V]] " color: lightorange shift: (0, - 5)
from: 1555 till: 1599 text: " [[Philippe II of Spain|Philippe II]] " color: orange shift: (0, - 5)
from: 1599 till: 1600 color: lightorange shift: (0, - 5)
# England
bar: Timeperiod4 color: Timeperiod shift: (0,2)
from: start till: end color: gray # Background
from: 1550 till: 1558 text: " [[Marie Anger of England|Marie]] " color: red shift: (0, - 5)
from: 1558 till: 1600 text: " [[Elisabeth Anger of England|Elisabeth Anger]] " color: coral shift: (0, - 5)
bar: Timeperiod color: Timeperiod shift: (0,2)
from: start till: end color: gray # Background
roi of Navarre]]
* ''' the prelude of the conflict '''
Walk with the war is started on March 1st [[1562]], when [[François de Guise]], ghost of negotiations in Alsace, faces and kills with [[Wassy]], in not very clear circumstances, 37 Protestants gathered in a barn to celebrate their worship. On its return to [[Paris]], Guise is accommodated as hero and the people claim a crusade against the huguenots. In front of the affront, the Protestants take the weapons under the direction of the prince [[Louis de Condé]]. Taken with deprived by precipitation of the events, Catherine de Médicis tries an ultimate step to maintain peace, but the duke of Own way undertakes a takeover by force while emerging with his troops with [[Castle of Fontainebleau|Fontainebleau]] where the royal family is. It constrained the young king and his mother to follow it to Paris under the pretext of protect them from the Protestants, obliging them by this means to take the party of the catholics. The rupture is consumed when Condé seizes the city [[Orleans]].
* ''' ''' unfolding
The Protestants are the first to be passed to the offensive. The fight is organized for the control of urban space. The Protestant attack is fulgurating. In one month, the Protestants manage to seize a great number of cities of which the very important ones like [[Lyon]], [[Orleans]] or [[Rouen]] the second city of the country. To each catch, the Protestants methodically pass to confusion churches, even with their destruction. The losses are immense but the Protestants fail [[Toulouse]] and [[Bordeaux]]. For the catholic army the long countryside of seat starts which it is necessary to set up to recover the cities taken.
[[Image: BatailleDreux1562.jpg|thumb|200px|painting|[[The Battle of Dreux|battle of Dreux]]]]
The conflict is distributed on three principal zones of combat. Most important is that which is spread on [[the Loire (river)|The Loire]] and in [[History of Normandy|Normandy]] where the royal army tries to take again [[head office of Rouen (1562)|Rouen]]. The second zone of combat is in South-east, in particular in [[Languedoc]], and the third zone of combat proceeds in South-west where [[Blaise de Monluc]] a repression relentless against the Protestants carries out whom it beats besides with [[battles of Vergt]].
The Protestant army primarily consists of merchants and craftsmen. It is framed by networks peerage-books tested and called upon German mercenaries. With the ''' [[treated Hampton Court]] ''', signed in September 1562, it has the considerable support of the Queen of England. The Protestants however fail to join together their three armies (south-western, south-eastern, the Loire Valley). After the catch of Rouen where [[the Antoine of Bourbon|king de Navarre]] found death, the royal army ordered by the '' triumvirs '' goes on the Loire to prevent the junction of the army of Cop with the city of [[Harbor]] which had just been delivered by the Protestants to the English.
The meeting takes place with ''' [[Battle of Dreux|Dreux]] ''', on December 19th [[1562]]. The Protestants are beaten and the prince of Condé is captured but the catholic camp also suffers from several pertes ; [[the Jacques d' Albon of Saint-Andrew|marshal of Saint-Andrew]] is killed and it [[Anne de Montmorency (1492-1567)|constable Anne de Montmorency]] made captive by the Protestants.
* ''' the epilog '''
[[Image: François de Lorraine.JPG|thumb|right|170px|[[François de Guise|François of Lorraine]]
duc of Own way]]
The death of François de Guise to [[the head office of Orleans (1562)|sit of Orleans]] in a ambush with [[Saint-Hilaire-Saint-Mesmin|Saint-Mesmin]] allows Catherine de Médicis to propose peace. It launches negotiations with the prince of Condé which lead on March 19th [[1563]] to L '''' [[Edicts of Pacification|edict of Amboise]] '''. The edict authorizes the worship protesting in certain reserved places and opens one period of civil tolerance.
If, the towns of Rouen, Orleans and Lyon turn over under the control of the catholics, the war left heavy wounds (the first war of religion was most destroying). The churches and the cathedrals taken by the Protestants were extremely damaged. Because of violences which they knew, of the cities like Rouen, Orleans become pillars of ultra Catholicism. The end of the war leads many catholics to be avenged for the Protestants and during the year 1563, of many lawsuits are brought to condemn the Protestants who plundered the églisesOlivier Christin, '' a Revolution symbolic system: The iconoclasme huguenot and the catholic rebuilding '', Paris, editions of Midnight, 1991 .
With final, the peace imposed by the queen-mother remains precarious. The catholics remain rancorous with regard to the Protestants for the made destruction, while the Protestants extremists remain determined to impose their new religion. Lastly, the two camps remain dissatisfied edict, considered to be too tolerant by the catholics extremists and not enough by the Protestants extremists.
Benefitting from peace, Catherine de Médicis starts in 1564 one [[royal turn of France]], in order to show the young person [[Charles IX of France|Charles IX]] with his people. Everywhere, it is accommodated triumphantly, and the demonstrations of honesty, as well of the catholics as of the Protestants, are générales {{Guerres of religion-Miquel}}, p 252-259.
===Deuxième war of religion (1567-1568) ===
[[Image: Michelade.jpeg|thumb|220px|left|The massacre of [[Michelade]]]]
After having known peace during four years, the kingdom of France is again the prey of the weapons. The resumption of the hostilities in [[1567]] is explained for three reasons: the failure of the Edict of Amboise which leaves freedom of worship only to noble, stormy international context and competition of [[royal Court|court]] between the prince of [[Louis Ier de Bourbon-Cop|Cop]] and the young brother of king, Henri [[Henri III of France|duke of Anjou]]. Ambitious Condé takes shade of the political ascendance of the young hardly prince sixteen years old and leaves the court to express his contrariétéPierre Champion, '' the youth of Henri III (1551-1571) '', Paris, Grasset, 1941, p 98. Anjou had allowed itself to make some remonstrances with Condé.
Outside the country, the situation is serious. In [[1566]], a violent iconoclast vagueness broke on the churches and the convents of [[Spanish Netherlands|Flanders]]. This full known popular riot under the name of [[revolt of gueux]] was very quickly controlled by the Spaniards who control to them [[Spanish Netherlands|Netherlands]], but the nobility of the country benefitted from it to claim with the king of [[Spain]] more freedom. Although the calm one returned in 1567, the king of Spain [[Philippe II of Spain|Philippe II]] dispatched an army to punish his rebellious subjects. The Spanish army sent since [[Milanese]] moves towards the Netherlands while skirting the French border. The enemy approach revives fears of king de France who decides to raise several Swiss battalions to prevent a possible Spanish attack on France. This lifting causes the concern of the French Protestants remained being wary since [[the Interview of Bayonne (1565)|interview of Bayonne]], whose exit remained secret. The beachcomber iconoclast of the Flemings and the vexations of [[Marie Stuart]] in Scotland revive passions in France and lead to new incidents in province (the massacre of [[Michelade]]).
[[Image: Louis prince de Condé.jpg|thumb|150px|painting|[[Louis Ier de Bourbon-Cop|Louis de Condé]]]]
The second war bursts on September 28th precisely [[1567]] when the prince of Condé tries to seize the royal family by the force ([[Surprise of Meaux]]). This break in the policy of harmony is a surprise and attacks of prince de Condé, in whom Catherine de Médicis had placed his hopes of conciliation, is a treason. It is following this event that the regent of the kingdom is solved to make use of violence for the maintenance of peace. The Protestant cities of the South are raised again and the two armies clash again.
With the head of the Protestant army, Condé is established in [[Saint-Denis (Seine-Saint-Denis)|Saint-Denis]], in order to starve Paris. But, on November 10th it is pushed back at the time of [[battles of Saint-Denis (1567)|''' battles of Saint-Denis ''']] though undecided, in particular because of died of the constable of [[Anne de Montmorency (1492-1567)|Montmorency]].
The remainder of the countryside is held in the South-east of the Paris region, between [[the Loire (river)|The Loire]] and [[Meuse (river)|Meuse]] in face to face without confrontations. To November 1567 in February 1568, the duke of Anjou endeavors to continue the Protestant army. But Cop and [[Gaspard de Coligny|Coligny]] refuse to fight battle before their junction with [[reître]] the S German of the palatine prince [[Jean Casimir of Palatinat|Jean Casimir]]. They leave the edges of [[the Seine]] for [[Lorraine]] where must take place the junction. On its side, the royal army awaits the German troops of [[the Jean-Guillaume of Saxony-Weimar|duke of Saxony]] and Italian troops of [[Piedmont]] the Pierre Champion, '' the youth of Henri III (1551-1571) '', Paris, Grasset, 1941 p 109-116. The army is ordered by Anjou, Montpensier, Cossé, Nemours and Nevers. From Corbeil, the army passes to Nemours, Montereau then Vitry before being folded back again on the Paris region. The Italians take Mâcon with the passage and face the German reîtres on the accesses of Seine. Put besides some skirmishes, nothing occurs.
Linked with the reîtres, the Protestants go down to Burgundy, cross the Loire to [[the Charity-on-Loire|Charity]], go up towards Paris and take [[Blois]] and [[Chartres]].
Lack of means financial, on both sides, led to the signature of a truce, told to it [[peace of Longjumeau]] on March 22nd [[1568]] {{Wars of religion-Miquel}}, p 262-263.
===Troisième war of religion (1568-1570) ===
[[Image: Anjou 1570louvre.jpg|thumb|160px|left|Louvre|[[Henri III of France|Henri de France, duke of Anjou]]]]
The peace of Longumeau is fragile because the royal capacity does not make any more confidence with prince de Condé, and the idea of an international coordination of the catholics for the repression of Protestantism accrédite {{Guerres of religion-Miquel}}, p 265 (for example with the execution of [[Cocqueville]]). The peace of Longjumeau is more a trève which especially makes it possible the belligerents to organize their armies. A few months after the signature of peace, the war begins again. They are the catholics who anticipate while trying to capture by surprised the prince of Condé, with the castle of [[Walnut tree-on-Serene|Walnut trees]], and the admiral de Coligny, with [[Tanlay]], on July 29th [[1568]]. The project fails and the Protestant chiefs gather with [[La Rochelle]] where Coligny and Condé found refuge.
The whole of the countryside proceeds in the West of France, in the South of the Loire. The objective of the royal army is to seize the Protestant cities located between [[Charente (river)|Charente]] and it [[the Dordogne (river)|The Dordogne]]. The Protestants cut off from La Rochelle await the military support of [[the Guillaume Ier of Orange-Nassau|prince d' Orange]] and of [[Wolfgang of Bavaria|duke of Two-Bridge]] whose army is financed by the queen of AngleterreArlette Jouanna (to dir.), '' Histoire and dictionary of the wars of religion, 1559-1598 '', Robert Laffont, coll “Books”, 1998, p.181.
On its side, the royal army ordered by [[the Henri III of France|duke of Anjou]] awaits the supports of [[the Philippe II of Spain|Spain]] and of [[Black and white V|pope]].
After a winter campaign without large fixing and marked by [[desertion]] the S, the duke of Anjou gains on March 13rd, 1569 with ''' [[Battle of Jarnac|Jarnac]] ''' a victory where the prince of Condé finds death. Coligny which succeeds to him the head of the calvinists, names [[Henri IV of France|Henri de Navarre]] and Henri de Condé chiefs of the army huguenot but remain actually the only true chief. Catholic side, Anjou does not manage to exploit its victory fault of [[artillery]] sufficient and does not succeed in taking [[Cognac (Charente)|Cognac]]. It does not have either sufficient troops to furnish in garrison the cities taken to the Protestants.
[[Image: Gaspard of Coligny.jpg|thumb|right|160px|The admiral of [[Gaspard de Coligny|Coligny]]]]
While in April, [[Timoléon de Cossé|Brissac]] and [[François de Coligny d' Andelot|Andelot]] die each one regretted by its camp, the duke of Double-decker penetrates in France and vandalise BourgognePierre Champion, '' the youth of Henri III (1551-1571) '', Paris, Grasset, 1941, p.186. The quarrels between Aumale and Nemours charged to keep the border East had allowed the duke of Double-decker of passer.. The catholics are alarmed when it takes without difficulty [[the Charity-on-Loire]] which makes it possible to cross the Loire. [[The Charles IX of France|king]] goes to the camp of Orleans while [[Catherine de Médicis]] goes down to the camp from the duke from Anjou. So by chance, the duke of Double-decker dies meanwhile, on June 25th, 1569, Coligny beats the Catholics with ''' [[Battle of the Rock-the Bee|The Rock-L' Bee]] ''' where Strozzi is made prisoner. Then Coligny puts the seat in front of [[Poitiers]] where it [[Henri Ier de Guise|duke of Own way]] was locked up in haste. But Coligny is again demolishes on October 3rd by the duke of Anjou to the battle of ''' [[Battle of Moncontour|Moncontour]] '''.
Military operations turn to the advantage of the royal army which begins again at Protestant cities of Poitou. After [[Châtellerault]], [[Niort]] and [[Lusignan (Vienna)|Lusignan]], Anjou installs the seat in front of [[Saint-Jean-in Angély]] where on October 24th, the king and the queen mother come the rejoindrePierre Champion, '' the youth of Henri III (1551-1571) '', Paris, Grasset, 1941, p.228.. La Rochelle is blocked by sea, but the winter settles and the money misses in each camps. The negotiations begin again and lead to a trève of the weapons by the capitulation of Saint-Jean-D' Angély, on December 3rd, 1569.
During the negotiations, Coligny which took again the scraps of the army, continues its retirement by the South and with surprised Catholics gains over [[Artus of Thimble-Brissac|Thimble]] the battle of ''' [[Arnay-the-Duke]] ''' on June 27th, 1570. This event precipitates the signature of a new truce, L '''' [[Peace of Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer|edict of Saint-Germain]] ''', on August 8th [[1570]]. This treaty guarantees 4 places of safety to the Protestants.
===Quatrième war of religion (1572-1573) ===
This fourth war opens by [[massacre of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre]], on August 24th [[1572]]. The failure of [[the Seat of the La Rochelle (1573)|sit of the La Rochelle]] by the royal army and the lack of means of the royal Treasury put a fast term at the operations.
It is starting from this war that the absolute monarchical capacity starts to be called into question:
* by the constitution of the '' Union of the Protestants of the South '', true parallel government, which raises taxes (on the catholics and the Protestants), has its States (elected by the faithful ones), establishes a programme of negotiation with the king and has his own organization militaire ;
* by the publication of theoretical works: '' Franco-Gallia '' of [[François Hotman]] and '' the Clock alarm of the French '', who dispute the heredity of monarchy and the legitimacy of Regency, in particular by a woman and a étrangère. {{Guerres of religion-Miquel}}, p 293-296.
====Chronology sommaire====
* Harms of [[the August 23rd|23]] with [[August 24th]] [[1572]]: [[massacre of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre]]
* [[January 13rd]] - [[August 31st]] 1573: [[History of Sancerrois#Sancerre, refuge city and citadel of the Reform|Sit of Sancerre]] by the royal and catholic troops.
* [[February 11th]] - [[July 6th]] 1573: [[Seat of the La Rochelle (1573)|Sit of the La Rochelle]]
* [[June 24th]] 1573: negotiation which puts an end to the seat.
* [[July 11th]] 1573: Edict of [[Castle of Madrid|Boulogne]] where into force the clauses of [[the List of the edicts of pacification are given|edict of Amboise]]. The Protestants obtain [[La Rochelle]], [[Montauban]] and [[Nimes]], lose [[Cognac (Charente)|Cognac]] and [[the Charity-on-Loire]].
* July 1573: negotiation of Montauban. The Protestants of the South refuse the edict of Boulogne.
* [[August 24th]] 1573: Capitulation of [[Sancerre]]. The governor of Berry, Châtre which orders the royal troops enters [[Sancerre]], it [[August 31st]].
===Cinquième war of religion (1574-1576) ===
[[Image: Fd' Alençon.jpg|thumb|left|[[François de France (1555-1584)|François de France]] (1572)]] This war opens by the ''' plot of Malcontents '''. Since the reinforcement of the royal capacity and the benevolence granted by the king to the radicals of the catholic party, a movement of sling is born with the center even from the court. The opposition is carried out in particular against the partisans of the duke of Anjou whose political influence is with its height since the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. The absence of the prince left to join his kingdom of Poland involves many political speculations.
The plot is carried out by the proper younger brother of the king, [[François de France (1555-1584)|François d' Alençon]] who intends to draw aside Anjou of the succession of the throne of France. It was combined at the house of Montmorency ([[François de Montmorency|Montmorency]] and [[Guillaume de Montmorency-Thoré|Thoré]]) and with king de Navarre and projects with this one to flee the court and to start the rupture. The plotters have supports outside. The prince of [[Henri Ier de Bourbon-Cop|Cop]] left to seek refuge in the Protestant princes of Germany, while [[Gabriel Ier de Montgomery|Montgomery]] prepares an unloading in Normandy with the assistance of his/her English friends. The plotters also have the support of [[Ludovic de Nassau]] and [[Henri of the Tower of Auvergne|Turenne]].
The plot fails, the escape of the princes is ventilated, the plotters put in arrest. The marshal [[François de Montmorency|of Montmorency]] is embastillé, with [[Artus of Thimble-Brissac|Thimble-Brissac]], Montgomery captured in Normandy by [[Jacques II of Goyon of Matignon|Matignon]]. Only Montmorency clan, [[Henri Ier de Montmorency|Damville]], governor of Languedoc, are maintained, by making alliance with the Protestants.
When Henri III returns from France to go up on the throne, he forgives the revolted princes but does not manage to find an agreement with the governor of Languedoc, [[Henri Ier de Montmorency|Damville]], the brother of [[François de Montmorency|Montmorency]] of which he claims the release. The war is solidified, but opens again a few months later by the escape very surprising from the brother of king Francois, followed six months later by that of king de Navarre. The belligerents form a coalition then and open the hostilities to the king. In spite of the victory it [[October 10th]] [[1575]], with [[Dormans]], of the duke of Own way which the king placed at the head of the royal troops, the prince of Condé made come Jean Casimir the son from the Count Palatine of the Rhine, which comes to threaten Paris with its army. Henri III must incline himself and on May 6th, 1576 it grants it [[edict of Beaulieu]], which gives a greater freedom of worship to the Protestants, rehabilitates the memory of Coligny, and especially gets to the brother of the king of enormous advantages.
===Sixième war of religion (1576-1577) ===
The sixth war is the consequence of the too favorable conditions granted to the Protestants and to the princes of the edict of Beaulieu. It makes it possible to the king to take again some cities, but, very badly supported by [[the catholic League (France)|League]] created in 1576, it gives up the operations for lack of means. This war is completed by [[edict of Poitiers]], which restricts the conditions of the Protestant worship.
====Chronology sommaire====
* [[September 17th]] [[1577]]: [[peace of Bergerac]]
* [[October 8th]] [[1577]]: [[edict of Poitiers]] the peace of Bergerac confirms.
===Septième war of religion (1579-1580) or war of Amoureux===
Declared by a minority of Protestants, this war one of shortest and was followed. It is finished in the indifference with the catch of Cahors by Henri de Navarre and it [[peace of Fleix]] (close to Bergerac) granting some six year old beams to the Protestant places of safety. This war is also called '' war of in love '' because of the intrigues of [[galantery]] which gave place to it. Indeed, the Protestant [[Henri de Navarre]] (future Henri IV) and its wife [[Marguerite de France (1553-1615)|Marguerite de Valois]] (the Margot queen) carried out merry life to [[Nérac]] in the middle of a court made up of young frivolous lords, and that their continual galanteries had made call the '' Amoureux ''.
====Chronology sommaire====
* [[February 28th]] [[1579]]: [[edict of Nérac]]
* [[November 26th]] [[1580]]: [[peace of Fleix]]
===Huitième war of religion (1585-1598) ===
By its duration which is of 13 years, this eighth and last war of religion is most important. She dies with [[the catholic League (France)|Holy catholic League]], a politico-monk group which gave itself the goal to make disappear Protestantism from France. Three times take shape:
* [[1585]] - [[1589]]: ''' The war of the three Henri '''
[[Image: Guise.jpg|thumb|Henri, duke of Own way, 1588]]
Reconciliation in [[1584]] of king de France [[Henri III of France|Henri III]] with king de Navarre Henri III, of which it made his heir raised a large catholic wave of protest. In spring 1585, the reinvigorated League takes the control of many cities. It receives the support of most of the population and of the nobility (customers of the Own way in particular). Extent of constrained rising the king of France to sign it [[treated of Nemours]] which obliges it to break with king de Navarre and to make him the war like with the Protestants. Hardly justified, the king leaves the conflict enliser and does not bring the means which it is necessary to support the duke of Mayenne which pains to beat Navarre, which makes the king unpopular.
Pushed by the duke of Merry, the king agree in 1587 to intervene. The Queen of England and the princes German give their support for the Protestants. The king entrusts to Joyeuse the responsibility to beat Navarre and to Guise that to beat the German helps. First is overcome with [[battles of Coutras]], second is victorious in Auneau, which reinforces the popularity of the League which seizes the capacity in Paris at the time of the “Day of the Barricades” in 1588. Driven out of Paris and hated by the Members of a league, Henri III tries to maintain his authority by eliminating the League of which it makes assassinate the chiefs, the duke of Own way and his brother the cardinal from Lorraine to Blois in December 1588.
* [[1589]] - [[1594]]: ''' With the conquest of Paris '''
Relieved of his throne, the king does not have any more an other solution but to be combined to the Protestants to put an end to the power of the League. Reconciled with king de Navarre, Henri III is assassinated in 1589 by a fanatic monk, thus making of Henri de Navarre, chief of the Protestants, the king of France under the name of Henri IV. Henri IV tries to undertake the reconquest of his kingdom mainly held by the League, which refuses to recognize a Protestant king. After the victory of Arch, it comes to put the seat in front of Paris which it makes bombard. Constrained with the retirement because of the weakness of its manpower, it obtains the rallying of the people faithful to royal dignity. After the brilliant victory of Ivry, it tries a third seat on Paris where several thousands of the poor people die of hunger. The public opinion pains however to go in its favor, because of stressing of the fanatic pressure which exerts on the population a minority extremist called the Sixteen. At the end of several weeks of seat, Henri IV sees constrained rising the camp, because of an army of thirdly Spanish envoys by Alexandre Farnèse to help Paris. Henri IV gives up Paris temporarily. If he manages to take Chartres, city considered royalist, he fails in front of Rouen whose seat had lasted more than one year (1591-1592).
On the southern face, the duke of Montmorency manages to beat the family of Merry with whom Montmorency dispute Languedoc since the beginning of the wars of religion and threat from now on the town of Toulouse as Catholique as Paris. In Savoy, Lesdiguières accumulates victories which make it possible to release Marseilles and Provence of the yoke of the duke of Savoy which had allowed itself to take it.
Conversion with the Catholicism of Henri IV in 1593 opens to him the doors of Paris in 1594.
* [[1594]] - [[1598]]: ''' The conquest of France '''
[[Image: HenriIV.jpg|thumb|Henri IV, portrait of the years 1590]]
Durably installed in his capital, Henri IV can think of finishing the reconquest of his kingdom. He declares officially the war in Spain and starts a campaign in Burgundy which leads to the crushing of the last armed forces of the League with [[battles of Fountain-Frenchwoman]]. Overcome Mayenne, the League peerage-book ceases little by little existing. In 1596, the young duke of Own way which was joined the king besieges the city of [[Marseilles]]. Henri IV can make his royal entry in the city of [[Lyon]] which contrary to Paris, accommodates it with much pump. If Mayenne and it [[François de Joyeuse|cardinal of Merry]] make their tender with the king, it does not go from there in the same way from the governor of Brittany, it [[Philippe-Emmanuel of Lorraine|duke of Mercoeur]] which maintains the cut ligueuse on Brittany where Philippe II fact of unloading a Spanish troop.
Is reconquered, Henri IV thinks of protecting his northern border attacked by the Spaniards. The confrontations with [[Laon]] restore the situation in its favor but the surprised catch of the city of [[Amiens]] by the Spaniards calls all in question. Forsaken by the Protestants who estimate themselves injured by the king, Henri IV after a fashion tries to take again Amiens where it deploys average considerable soldiers. An army of Spanish helps comes to besiege the besieging army, but at the end of multiple sacrifices, the city is taken again.
In 1598, France and Spain are with end of force and sign it [[peace of Vervins]].
Henri IV moves with [[Angers]] to prepare a new edict of pacification and to subject to [[Nantes]], the duke of Mercoeur. King de Navarre will obtain peace with Mercoeur and will regulate the problem protesting by the adoption of an edict of tolerance, it [[Edict of Nantes]].
====Chronologie====
* [[July 7th]] [[1585]]: [[Treated of Nemours]] ([[Henri III of France|Henri III]] recognized to it [[catholic League (France)|League]])
* [[October 20th]] [[1587]]: [[battles of Coutras]] (victorious [[Henri IV of France|Henri de NAvarre]])
* [[May 12th]] [[1588]]: [[Day of the barricades (1588)|day of the barricades]] (rising of the Parisian catholics against [[Henri III of France|Henri III]])
* [[December 23rd]] [[1588]]: assassination of [[the Henri Ier de Guise|duke of Own way]] and [[the Louis of Lorraine (1555-1588)|cardinal of Own way]]
* {{August 1st}} [[1589]]: assassination of [[Henri III of France|Henri III]], come to power of [[Henri IV of France|Henri IV]]
* [[September|15 September 29th]] [[1589]]: [[battles of Arch]] (victorious [[Henri IV of France|Henri IV]])
* [[March 14th]] [[1590]]: [[battles of Ivry]] (victorious [[Henri IV of France|Henri IV]])
* [[April 3rd]] [[1591]]: battle of the Three Crosses with [[Loudéac]] in Brittany
* [[May 23rd]] [[1592]]: [[battles of Craon]]
* [[May 2nd]] [[1593]]: [[battles of the Port-Ringeard]]
* [[July 25th]] [[1593]]: [[Henri IV of France|Henri IV]] reconverts himself with [[Catholicism]] '''
* [[March 22nd]] [[1594]]: Henri IV enters finally [[Paris]]
* [[June 5th]] [[1595]]: [[Battle of Fountain-Frenchwoman]] (victorious [[Henri IV of France|Henri IV]], end of [[the catholic League (France)|League]])
* [[March 11th]] - [[September 19th]] [[1597]]: sit of [[Amiens]]
* [[April 13rd]] [[1598]]: [[edict of Nantes]]
* [[May 2nd]] [[1598]]: [[Peace of Vervins|Treated of Vervins]] (the Spaniards return to France its occupied territories)
==Epilog==
Although the edict of Nantes put an end to the conflict, the religious tensions remain at the XVIIe century. Henri IV is still seen like a relapse and after several missed assassination, he is stabbed by [[Ravaillac]] on May 14th [[1610]]. The vestiges dying men of [[League]] awake and a rumor of a St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre news runs even during the summer 1610. However, the memory of the last horrors made unpopular the resumption of the conflict religious.
[[Image: Louis XIII Richelieu in front of Rochelle.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Louis {{Romanian|XIII|13}}, in front of La Rochelle, capital of French Protestantism]] the war against Protestantism was to begin again in the years 1620, but for reasons more political than religious. The king could not allow the presence of '' a state in the state ''. The edict of Nantes had granted to the Protestants several political advantages and the king could not accept such an attack with his sovereignty. Already, Henri IV intended to put a term at this situation, but its position criticizes with regard to its former co-religionists had prevented some. It thus returns to [[Louis XIII of France|Louis XIII]], enthusiastic catholic to restore the authority royal in the Protestant places. Its decision to reintroduce the Catholicism in [[Béarn]] (1620), which was private until there, leads the Protestants to take again the weapons. Several military campaigns carried out by the king follow in person. [[The Seat of the La Rochelle (1627-1628)|sit of the La Rochelle]] (1627-1628) and the bag of [[Deprived]] (1629) carry a blow relentless to the Protestants which by the ''' [[Peace of Went|peace of Went]] ''', keep their freedom of worship but lose their political advantages. On this date, Protestantism already knew a very strong regression. The king encourages conversions with Catholicism besides.
Particularly hostile with Protestantism, [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] sets up a policy of persecution. In [[1681]], it sends them [[dragonnades]] to force the Protestant families to convert. Lastly, in October [[1685]], it makes appear L '''' [[edict of Fontainebleau]] ''' which revokes the edict of Nantes. The Protestants already very reduced of number for one century, have been obliged to convert or to exile themselves. Disorders burst at the beginning of the XVIIIe century in [[the Cevennes]] where the population, known under the name of [[Camisards]] revolts against the government.
It is necessary to await criticisms of [[Lights]] and the emigration of the patriots [[Batavian]], to see the return of the religious tolerance finally, in [[1787]], with the ''' [[edict of tolerance]] ''' and in 1789, with the ''' [[Declaration of the human rights and the citizen of 1789|declaration of the human rights]] '''.
to ==Voir aussi==
===Articles connexes===
* [[catholic League (France)|Holy League]]
* [[military chiefs of the wars of religion]]
* list of [[Edicts of Pacification]]
* [[Eighty Year old War]]
===Liens externes===
* [http://oc.land.free.fr/Guerres_Religion.htm 8 Wars of religion] in the South-west of France
=== === Sources
* [[Pierre Miquel]]. '' Wars of religion ''. Paris: Bookstore Arthème Beech, 1980 (republication). '' Detailed Chronologie, detailed Index, bibliography (27 p). 596 p
* [[Arlette Jouanna]] (to dir.), '' Histoire and dictionary of the wars of religion, 1559-1598 '', Robert Laffont, coll “Books”, 1998 (ISBN 2221074254) ;
=== Bibliography ===
* James Wood, '' The king' S army: warfare, soldiers, and society during the wars off religion in France, 1562-1576 '', New York, Cambridge University Near, 1996.
* Jean-Marie Constant, '' French during the wars of religion '', Hatchet Literatures, 2002 (ISBN 2012353118) ;
* [[Denis Crouzet]]:
** '' Warriors of God. Violence at the time of the disorders of religion (v. 1525-v. 1610) '', Field Small valley, collection “Times”, 2005 (1 {{Re}} edition 1990) (ISBN 2876734303)
** '' Genesis of the Reform Frenchwoman 1520-1562 '', SEDES, coll “Modern history” n° 109, Paris, 1999 (1 {{Re}} edition 1996) (ISBN 271819281X) ;
==== Notes ====
| Random links: | Cité-État | Jacques Chocheyras | Ikki | Naugatuck | Night round (film, 1949) | Het_Wilhelmus |