Hawaii or Hawaii ( Hawaii `I in Hawaïen, Hawaii in English) is a State of the the United States located in the Pacific Ocean, with approximately: 3900 kilometers in the south-west of San Francisco. Hawaii consists of a archipelago of 122 island S, whose principal ones are, from the North-West towards south-east, Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, Maui and the island of Hawaii.

In French, one meets indifferently the orthographies Hawaii and Hawaii , the second form being more widespread as in the title of televised series Hawaii organizes State . The title of the novel of James Michener, to him, is spelled Hawaii . In the same way for the adjective hawaïen or hawaiien (this last form being definitely less widespread). In Hawaïen, a Glottal stop, represented by the reversed apostrophe (ʻ), separates both I.

Languages

The indigenous language of Hawaii is the Hawaïen called “Ōlelo Hawaii `I , a language Polynésie of the family Austronésien narrowly connected to the Marquisien, near of the Tahitien and maori. With the census of 1970, some: 17000 islanders had indicated to have still the Hawaïen as the spoken language with the hearth when they were children. In 1990, they were less: 1000. Today, only the elderly of more than 60 years and the inhabitants of the island Niihau (230 people) still speak the Hawaïen. The island of Niihau is a private property whose owners do not admit there that the inhabitants of the island, the former residents and the descendants of the ancestors Hawaïen S; the islanders speak a dialectal alternative there Hawaïen.

73,3% of Hawaïens speak the English like native tongue. It, in the order, the island of Oahu, then that of Hawaii, is followed islands Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe and Maui, which is anglicized. The islands located at the North-West (Niihau, Kauai) less count (or not) english-speaking. The island of Oahu is that which counts also the greatest number of immigrant languages, in particular the Chinese and the Japanese.

The other languages are, in addition to the Polynesian Langues (7,9%), the Filipino (5,7%), the Japanese (4,9%), the Chinese (2,9%), the Spanish (1,6%) and the Korean (1,6%). Hawaïens which still uses these immigrant languages are those of the first and the second generation; those of the third generation generally gave up the language of their ancestors. According to the context, Kamaaina (those of any origin which were born and raised in Hawaii) speak is a English which resembles that of the other American citizens, that is to say the Hawaiian Pidgin , Creole (Créole (linguistics)) based on English and comprising loans with the Hawaiien as with the many spoken languages by successive waves of immigrants.

History

The islands hawaiiennes were inhabited initially by Polynésien S (probably of the travellers of the Marquesas Islands) there is approximately: 1500/: 2000 years. There is: 5000 years (OJ), of the inhabitants of the littoral of the China of the South, rice and millet farmers, start to cross the strait to settle with Taiwan. Towards III, migrations take place of Taiwan towards the Filipino . New migrations start soon of Philippines towards Célèbes and Timor and from there, the other islands of the archipelago Indonesia N. Towards, another movement carries out Filipino in New Guinea and beyond that, the islands of the Pacifique. The Austronésiens are undoubtedly the first navigators of the history of humanity.

See also: Settlement of Oceania

In spite of sporadic contacts with the others Polynesian S, this company lived in important and long insulation. During the major part of their history, the Hawaii islands were controlled independently by local monarchs, the Ali `I . Discovered in 1527 by Spaniards whom the natives massacred, the Hawaii islands were then explored by Juan Gaetano in 1555, then in 1567 by the Spanish navigator Álvaro de Mendaña which will define the position of the islands. Will come then James Cook in 1778 which baptized them islands Sandwich in the honor of the 4 {{E}} count de Sandwich (but it is possible that it was not the 1st European, of the men of the Liefde in particular having deserted in 1599 in Pacific Islands which one thinks today that it is about Hawaii). After one period of conflict which began in 1795, the sovereign of the island of Hawaii, Kamehameha I {{er}} unified in 1810 for the first time under his sceptre all the insular kingdoms of the archipelago. This kingdom unified developed and was internationally recognized, in particular thanks to British benevolent protection (from where its current flag). The dynasty of Kamehameha reigned on the archipelago until in 1872. After the reign court of the king Lunalilo (1873-1874), the kingdom passed then to the Maison of Kalākaua. The dominating influence of the Americans, mainly the fruit-loft Pares Fruit Company (growers, tradesmen), led in fine to the deposition of the last queen by a coup d'etat in 1893 and the introduction of a Provisional government. In 1894, the protection increasingly more reinforced Americans on the archipelago, led to the proclamation of a République of Hawaii, true Banana republic. This one will end up being annexed to the American territory the July 7th 1898 with the statute of Territoire of Hawaii . It is besides the only American State to be directed a monarch and to have a royal palace.

The archipelago was in particular implied in the Second world war at the time of the attack of the naval base of Pearl Harbor by aviation Japan ease the December 7th 1941.

The capacity of the growers ended because of the right to vote granted to the many immigrants who as of the 19th century radically transformed the demography of the archipelago (Japanese, Chinese, Portuguese of the Azores, etc).

August 21st 1959, Hawaii became the 50e and last territory of the Union to have reached the statute of State of the United States: this transformation being due in particular to the action of the trade-union organizations.

Relations between France and the archipelago hawaiien

The islands Hawaii, formerly called Sandwich, are regarded today as the head of bridge of the United States in the Pacific, like the window of their success and their influence in this area. Their domination on this distant archipelago of more than: 4000 kilometers of their coasts, often described like the result of a manifest destiny , however goes back only to 1898. During all the 19th century, Hawaii remained independent, initially under the mode of an indigenous monarchy until 1893, then of a transitory republic controlled by the white residents of Honolulu. The European powers were interested closely there, three of them in particular: Russia, Great Britain and France.

The latter is established to with it durably only as from 1837 when the captain Abel Aubert Of Small-Thouars the (1793-1864) names a consular agent in the capital. The French interests with the Sandwich are varied: policies and strategic initially, insofar as these islands seem very early the “key of the northern Pacific”; monk also, since it is a company French missionary, the congregation of Picpus, which introduced Catholicism there; economic finally, two ports of Lahaina and especially of Honolulu being during a score of years, 1845 to 1865, in the center of fishing French whale-boat. To describe and analyze the multiple action of France to the Sandwich, to compare it with that which it could carry out in territories now French, Tahiti in particular, can make it possible to clarify one day new the origins of its presence in Oceania and in the Pacific.

Geography

See also: Archipelago of Hawaii Among the 50 American States, Hawaii is:
  • the southernmost State (only located in the Tropics, with the latitude of the central Mexico),
  • the only one of the United States, not to belong to the American continent,
  • the only one of the United States, with the Alaska, to be bordering on none of the 49 other members Union.

Of an total surface area of: 16760 km ², Hawaii are populated of: 1211537 inhabitants (2000).

The government of Hawaii recognizes two official languages since 1978: the English and the hawaïen. Although this last is threatened of extinction, he is taught and of the protection measures are in place. It is the only vernacular language in the United States of America to be official.

The capital and larger city of the State of Hawaii east Honolulu, located on the island of Oahu.

Physical geography

With Tahiti, the Marshall Islands and Tuamotu, Hawaii is one of the hot spots studied by the geologists. A thermic anomaly located at the base of the coat emits plumes of magma; as the Earth's crust is moving (see the article on the Plate tectonics ), a series of volcanos is born then dies out when the hot spot moved. That explains the shape of the archipelago hawaiien, in string of islands and of Guyot S. the volcanos of Hawaii are of type “volcano-shields”.

List principal volcanos of the archipelago:

Natural parks of Hawaii:

  • Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
  • National Haleakala Park

In June 2006, it is after having viewed film of Jean-Michel Cousteau (Voyage to Kure) that the president George W. Bush makes classify the islands of the North-West of Hawaii like national monument. These islands will then constitute the greatest marine zone protected from the world safe from commercial fishing. Of a surface of more than: 350000  km ², this new monument national is stretched on close to: 2300  km, includes/understands ten uninhabited islands as well as a hundred atolls and also shelters many species in danger.

Main cities

Administrative subdivisions

Hawaii is divided into five counties: County of Hawaii, County of Honolulu, County of Kalawao, County of Kauai and County of Maui.

Policy

Hawaii is a democratic State of tradition .

It takes part in the presidential elections since 1960 but only Richard Nixon in 1972 and Ronald Reagan in 1984 carried the State on behalf of the republican S.

At the time of the presidential election of 2004, the democratic candidate John Kerry carried it with 54,01  % of the voices against 45,26  % with the president and republican candidate George W. Bush.

Since 2002, the governor of the State is the republican Linda Lingle, re-elected in 2006.

At the local level, at the time of the legislature 2007 - 2008, the Lower House (51 seats) is made up of 43 democratic elected officials and 8 republican elected officials and the senate (25 seats) of 20 democrats and 5 republicans.

At the federal level, the two senators of the Union are the democrats Daniel Akaka and Daniel Inouye, and two other democrats represent the State with the room of the representatives: ED Put and Neil Abercrombie.

Culture

The Surfing

Surfing is a traditional practice of Hawaii which knew a popular revival starting from the middle of the 20th century. This sport since was spread all over the world, but remains very practiced in the archipelago.

In Peahi, in the north of the one of the islands of this archipelago, the island of Maui, breaks only a few days per annum the beachcomber of Jaws (which means the English jaw). This giant wave, largest of the sphere, sometimes reached the 25 meters in height. She is surfée mainly by Laird Hamilton, Dave Kalama, Basile Commarieu and Makua Rothman inter alia. At the time of the session of January 1998, Laird Hamilton surfa the most wave ever surfée (at the time), 26 height meters, breaking at an impressive speed and forming a gigantic water wall, for then transforming itself into swirl of foam and scum giant.

Photo gallery

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