Haliotis

See also: Abalone

The Haliotis are marine molluscs with single shell which one finds in not very deep water of the Littoral in cool water with moderate and subtropical of the hemispheres northern and south. One usually names them ' young elm or abalone , and, since the popularization of the Chinese Cuisine, “ abalone ” (which is in fact the English denomination).

The young elm is traditionally captured for consumption in Australia, with the the United States, the Mexico and in the area the Indo-Pacific. It is exported in the United States and the Japan.
Ses principal consumers are the China, the Japan, the Korea, the Europe, the United States, Singapore and HongKong.

Description and Biology

It belongs to the family of the Gastéropode S Prosobranche S.

In fact animals live hung to the rocks, the adults choosing a not very major zone where the current or the waves oxygenates water suffisemment and do not move almost more during their growth. They nourish algae which they grate on the rock, of pieces of Laminaire S but also of vegetable particles in suspension in water.
La Larva form initially a fine transparent shell, whose extremity is rolled up on it even in the snail shape. This stage it flees the light and leaves only during the night to nourish itself. It transforms peue with little into animal with hard shell into 10 to approximately 12 months (the shell then measures 1 cm length). the inner face of the shell of the young elm is pearly and made iridescent, of a glare Vert, pink Bleu or iridescent. It generally has the characteristic to present a succession of aligned openings. In nature, it quickly covers algae and various marine organizations, which makes it possible the animal to be camouflaged on the substrate.
Il exists many species the ormeaux one, whose majority live in not very deep water and develop slowly.
L' the most common species is the red Ormeau ( H. rufescens ).
Le larger can reach the 30 centimetres (12 in.) and weigh 3,6 kilograms (8 books), but the cultivated subjects are sold as soon as they reach the hundred grams (9 cm of shell approximately).

Threaten

Its pearl and its mother-of-pearl, very required, are one of the origins of the overexploitation of its stocks, having involved its disappearance on most of the littorals attended by specialized fishermen amateurs or professionals, even of the poachers. This animal becoming rare, or having disappeared from part of its surface of distribution, the breeding is practiced by it, which seems profitable (In 1992 a abalone of 7,5 cm length culture was sold 60 dollars the kilogram, 30-40$ CAN/kilo in Canada. Since, the prices of the young elm undergo a constant rise, taking into account the scarcity of the provisioning, of its regression in a wild state (overexploitation) and of the increasing demand of certain consumers).

Protection

In reaction to its rarefaction or important local disappearances, several countries imposed severe quotas of harvest or a protection, but often after an important time and lacks of means of control (coastguard, etc). It is a species with low level of reproduction, which sulfur perhaps of the total pollution of the oceans, more concentrated on littoral water where he saw.
Certains country as Canada prohibited fishing of them, but breedings there are encouraged or authorized. It continues to regress since its integral protection in British Columbia. It is the subject of an important poaching. It could suffer from genetic Pollution where foreign stocks are high because of a presumedly better productivity. The black and white haliotide was declared threatened in April 1999 in Canada, but he was declared Protected space only in June 2003.

Reintroduction? Its only protection does not seem to be enough to allow the reconstitution of population. The Bamfield Marine Sciences Centers and of the students and voluntary try to reintroduce it in nature starting from “sowings” of subjects of eclosery (“black and white haliotide”, or “Scandinavian young elm” , Haliotis kamtschatkana) in Canada, since the years 2000.

Source

List species

  • Haliotis asinina Linnaeus, 1758

  • Haliotis aurantium Simone, 1998
  • Haliotis australis Gmelin, 1791
  • Haliotis brazieri Angas, 1869 syn? H. hargravesi (Cox, 1869)
  • Haliotis clathrata Reeve, 1846 syn? H. crebrisculpta Sowerby III, 1914
  • Haliotis coccoradiata Reeve, 1846
  • Haliotis corrugata W. Wood, 1828
  • Haliotis cracherodii Leach, 1814
  • Haliotis cyclobates Péron, 1816
  • Haliotis Dali Dali Henderson, 1915
  • Haliotis Dali roberti J.H. McLean, 1970
  • Haliotis discus discus Reeve, 1846
  • Haliotis discus hannai Ino, 1952
  • Haliotis dissona (Iredale, 1929)
  • Haliotis diversicolor diversicolor Reeve, 1846
  • Haliotis diversicolor squamata Reeve, 1846
  • Haliotis dohrniana Dunker, 1863
  • Haliotis elegans Philippi, 1844
  • Haliotis exigua Dunker, 1877
  • Haliotis fatui Geiger, 1999
  • Haliotis fulgens Philippi, 1845
  • Haliotis gigantea Gmelin, 1791
  • Haliotis will glabra Gmelin, 1791
  • Haliotis iris Gmelin, 1791
  • Haliotis jacnensis Reeve, 1846
  • Haliotis kamtschatkana kamtschatkana Jonas, 1845
  • Haliotis kamtschatkana assimilis Dall, 1878
  • Haliotis laevigata Donovan, 1808
  • Haliotis madaka (Habe, 1977)
  • Haliotis mariae Wood, 1828 & F. or subsp. dentata Jonas, 1844
  • Haliotis marmorata Linnaeus, 1758
  • Haliotis midae Linnaeus, 1758
  • Haliotis mykonosensis Owen, Hanavan & Hall, 2001
  • Haliotis ovina ovina Gmelin, 1791
  • Haliotis ovina patamakanthini Dekker, Regter & Fat, 2001
  • Haliotis parva Linnaeus, 1758
  • Haliotis planata Sowerby II, 1882
  • Haliotis pourtalesii Dall, 1881
  • Haliotis pulcherrima Gmelin, 1791
  • Haliotis pustulata Reeve, 1846
  • Haliotis queketti Smith, 1910
  • Haliotis roei Gray, 1826
  • Haliotis rubiginosa Reeve, 1846
  • Haliotis will rubra will rubra Leach, 1814
  • Haliotis will rubra will conicopora Péron, 1816
  • Haliotis rufescens Swainson, 1822
  • Haliotis rugosa Lamarck, 1822
  • Haliotis scalaris scalaris (Leach, 1814)
  • Haliotis scalaris emmae Reeve, 1846
  • Haliotis semiplicata Menke, 1843
  • Haliotis sorenseni Bartsch, 1940
  • Haliotis spadicea Donovan, 1808
  • Haliotis speciosa Reeve, 1846
  • Haliotis squamosa Gray, 1826
  • Haliotis stomatiaeformis Reeve, 1846
  • Haliotis supertexta Reeve, 1846
  • Haliotis thailandis Dekker & Patamakanthin, 2001
  • Haliotis tomricei Patamakanthin, 2002
  • Haliotis tuberculata tuberculata Linnaeus, 1758
  • Haliotis tuberculata coccinea Reeve, 1846
  • Haliotis unilateralis Lamarck, 1822
  • Haliotis varied Linnaeus, 1758
  • Haliotis volcanius Patamakanthini & Eng, 2002
  • Haliotis virginea Gmelin, 1791 & F. or subsp. crispata, huttoni, & morioria
  • Haliotis walallensis Stearns, 1899

See too

  • Gastropodous

External bonds

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