Gregoire XI

Pierre Roger of Beaufort (castle of Maumont, diocese of Limoges, France (today common of Rose trees-D' Égletons, department of the Corrèze) 1329 or 1331 - Rome, March 27th 1378) was the 201 {{E}} Pape of the December 30th 1370 with its death under the name of Gregoire .

Its life

Birth and youth

Pierre Roger was the son of Marie de Chambon and Guillaume Roger count de Beaufort, brother of the pope Clément VI. He nacquit in 1329 and had nine brothers and sisters of which:

  • Guillaume II, Viscount of Turenne husband of Aliénor de Comminges whose oldest son was the famous Raymond de Turenne which took part in military operations of Gregoire XI and, thereafter, became the gang leader who, as from 1389, multiplied plunderings in the valley of the average and the low Durance.

  • Delphine marries Hugues of the Rock, marshal of justice.

  • Jean, archbishop of Auch, then archbishop of Narbonne.

  • Roger which was made prisoner by Jean de Grailly in September 1370 and for which Gregoire XI dice his election intervened of many times for its release.

  • Elects (or Alix or Helene) wife of Aymar of Poitiers count de Valentinois named vice-chancellor of the comtat by Gregoire XI

He traversed the ecclesiastical hierarchy quickly: at ten nine years, his/her uncle Clément VI names it cardinal on May 28th, 1348. The young man goes to Perugia to follow the courses of right of Piétro Baldo degli Ubaldi.Il becomes doctor in canonical and Théologie N, extremely skilful Droit according to his pars. “  There, it gained the regard of all by its humility and its great purity of cœur  ” (EC).

It was a skilful man and of gandes morals qualities, but of weak phisic constitution. With died of Urbain V, the cardinals met in conclave with Avignon on December 29th, 1370 and, as of the next morning pope elects it unanimously voices. It had to be ordered priest on January 4th, 1371 to order it pope the next day. It chooses the name of Gregoire XI.

The pope

The meditation had accustomed it to the company of the books of which he was an enlightened amateur what carried it in the search of invaluable manuscripts. It was also an amateur of all the manifestations of the culture. He had a great talent of diplomat what was to him of a great help for the difficult negotiations that he had to undertake. Finally it continued the reform of the Church undertaken by its predecessors. It takes all its care to bring back the Hospital ones in the discipline and the observation of their rules. He undertakes the interior reform about the Dominican ones. In front of the recrudescence of the heresies it starts again the Enquiry and fact pousuivre the poor of Lyon (Of Vaud), the fancies and whipping them in Germany.

Fight against Visconti

With died of the marquis de Montferrat, Jean II Paleologist, mid-March 1372, the Milaneses tried to seize this area. Having measured the ambition threatening of Bernabo Visconti on all Italy of North, Gregoire XI undertakes the formation of a league including/understanding several present: Othon of Brunswick, Amédée VI of Savoy, its legate Philippe de Cabassole, John Hawkwood which had just given up Visconti and Nicole Spinelli. These armies gained various successes with in particular the catch of Verceil. These successes in Piedmont encouraged the pope to announce in February 1374 his departure nearest for Rome.

Fight against Florence

The trève signed on June 4th, 1375 with Bernabo Visconti had pushed Florence with the action because she feared the return of the Saint Sits at Rome and the raising of this city to her detriment. Florenc exploited with skill the dissatisfaction caused by the administration with the pontifical officers (French or not) and involved rising desEtats Church. The cities and villages of the Papal States joined little by little the party of Florentins. From October 1375 in the month of March 1376 the Church avit lost its fields.

This general dissatisfaction had been accentuated, concerning the Papal States, by the stop of the preparations of the return of the pope in Rome. Indeed, after the trève of Bruges of June 27th, 1375, Gregoire XI had asked Venice and the Jeanne queen to send for his return voyage to Rome, of the galères in the wearing of Marseilles for the period of the 25/July 31st, 1375. Under the pressure of king de France and in the hope of the signature of a peace treaty between France and England from which it could better follow the development starting from Avignon, Gregoire XI deferred his decision.

Florence between thus in open rebellion from where the war of the " Eight Saints" thus named by allusion to the eight chiefs that Florence had been given to this occasion. The pope reacts with a strength extrème by putting the town of Florence at the round of applause of Christendom (March 31st, 1376) and places Florence under prohibited, excommunicating all his inhabitants. This relentless judgment was explained by the risk to see the return of the impossible pope. In addition to the interdict pronounced against the city, Gregoire XI invited the European monarchs to expel their grounds the merchants florentins and to confiscate their goods.

Return to Rome

Pétrarque, deceased on July 28th, 1374, was intrevenu on several occasions to plead the return of the pope in Rome. Of the same Catherine of His which was canonized thereafter, intervened with strength for this return. The pope accepted initially one of his companions, Raymond de Capoue, then itself which arrived at Avignon on June 18th, 1376. The influence of Catherine of His was often exaggerated; the decision to give up Avignon was already made for a long time by the pope. The intervention of Catherine of His only did not harden the pope in his choice.

The return voyage is well-known thanks to a faithful report established by Pierre Amiel de Brénac, bishop of Sinigaglia, which accompanied Gregoire XI during all the voyage. The departure of Avignon takes place on September 13rd, 1376 bound for Marseilles to embark on October 2nd there. The pontifical fleet makes many stopovers (Port-Miou, Saint-Nazaire currently Sanary, Saint-tropez, Antibes, Nice, Villefranche) to arrive at Gènes on October 18th. After stops in Oporto Fino, Leghorn, Piombino, the arrival with Cornéto takes place on December 6th, 1376. January 13rd, 1377, it leaves Cornéto, unloads with Ostie the next day and goes up the Tiber towards the monastery San Paolo. The January 17th 1377, Gregoire XI goes down from his galère amarée on the banks of the Tiber and penetrates in Rome surrounded of the soldiers of its nephew Raymond de Turenne and of the large lords of the court of Naples.

As of its arrival he works with the final tender of Florence and the Papal States. He had to face the resistance of the ones, like with the indiscipline and excesses of the pontifical troops such as the massacre of the population of Césène meadows of Rimini where approximately 4000 people were killed the 1 er February 1377 by the Breton companies ordered by the cardinal Robert of Geneva which will become the antipape Clément XII with the support of those of Hawkwood. The quasi-continuous Roman riots induce the pope to be withdrawn in Anagni towards the end of the month of May 1377. However Romagna was subjected, Bologna signed a treaty and Florence accepted the mediation of Bernabo Visconti to lead to peace. Being given little by little from its emotions, it returned to Rome on November 7th, 1377. Feeling threatened, it plans to return to Avignon.

Death

A true European congress meets in Sarzana in the presence of the agents of Rome and Florence, of the representatives of the emperor, kings de France, of Hungary, of Spain and Naples. During this congress one learned that the pope had just died in the night from March 26th to 27th 1378.

Like his uncle Clément VI, the pope Gregoire XI had wished a burial in the church of the abbey of Chair-God (Haute-Loire), but the Romans did not want to let carry the body and it was buried in Rome. Its tomb which the Roman people made set up by Oliviéri in 1585, is in the right transept of the Roman church of Holy Marie the New one who became Holy-Francoise Romaine at the time of the canonization of holy in 1608.

The keystones of the abbey of Chair-God carry the weapons of Clement VI to the first spans and Gregoire XI to the last. Gregoire was the last French pope. He was informed and pious, but however had a certain tendency to nepotism.

After its death the Great Schism of Occident opens (1378 - 1417).

As of its accession, it tries to reconcile the kings of France and England, but will fail in this mission. It however succeeds in pacifying the Castille, the Aragon, the Navarre, the Sicily and Naples. It also deploys many efforts to join together the churches Greek and Roman, to undertake a new crusade, and to reform the clergy. It must nevertheless quickly give all its attention to the turbulent businesses of Italy. Indeed, the duke Bernabo Visconti of Milan, inveterate enemy of papacy, seized, in 1371, of Reggio and other places which held vassal the Holy See in Italy. When Gregoire realizes that all the diplomatic means failed, it places Bernarbo under prohibition. But constrained Bernabo the legates who brought to him the bubble of Excommunication to eat the parchment on which its excommunication was written, and waters them insults and insults.

Gregoire declares the war in then to him 1372. At the beginning, Bernabo gains some successes, but when Gregoire obtains the support of the emperor, the queen of Naples and the king of Hungary, then takes with its service (against 10  000 ducats sounding and stumbling) the condottiere English John Hawkwood, Bernabo leans for peace. By suborning some of the papal advisers, it obtains even a favorable truce the June 6th 1374.

The things could have stopped there, but like his predecessors of Avignon, Gregoire makes the fatal error to name of the French as legates and governors of the ecclesiastical provinces of Italy. However the French are not familiar of the Italian businesses and the Italians hate them.

Florentins thus see escaping from the ecclesiastical loads which are traditionally their (and moreover more extremely lucrative). Fearing that a reinforcement of the papal power in the peninsula does not deteriorate their own influence in central Italy, they are combined with Bernabo, in July 1375. Bernabo and Florentins tries to make burst insurrections in the pontifical territory, especially at those (and they are numerous) which are exasperated by the attitude of the papal legates in Italy. They succeed so that in little time the Pope is dispossessed of totality of his inheritance.

Its apostolic work

  • 1371  : on order of Gregoire, the inquisiteurs condemn the proposals of Pierre de Bonageta and Jean de Lalone on the real presence of Christ in the Eucharistie.
  • 1372  : constitution of Gregoire against fatalistic proposals Albert d' Alberstadt (or of Halberstadt) in Germany.
  • 1372  : Gregoire excommunicates the movement of the Turlupins (nickname which one applied at the time with the followers of the Free-Spirit). Jeanne Daubenton, member very active of Turlupins is burned alive, in Paris, in place of strike. Turlupins were the heirs to the Adamiste S which preached a complete destitution, associated with a total nudity.
  • 1374  : it counsel the Spanish order of the hermits of Holy Jerome.
  • 1377  : May 22nd, it publishes five bubbles condemning the errors of Wyclif.

At the same time

Random links:Linux From Scratch | CAPES United | Battle of Verdun (1792) | Misiones (Paraguay) | James Horace King