Geography of India

This article approaches primarily the physical Géographie of India and not its human Geography.

The geography of India is very varied, with covered with snow landscapes, deserts, hills, plains and plates. The various areas of India have each one their climate: equatorial with the southern, rigorous point close to the the Himalayas. India occupying the major part of the Indian sub-continent, its coasts measure more 7 000 kilometers. India is bordered in the west by the Mer of Oman (also named sea of Arabia) and in the east by the Bay of Bengal.
The fertile plains crossed by the Gange and the Indus occupy the territories in north, the center and the east of India, while the plate of Dekkan extends to the south. In the west of India a desert of rock and sand is, the Désert of Thar. The border in the east and the North-East follows the Himalayas. The culminating point of India is discussed following the conflicts with the Pakistan. According to the Indian authorities, it is about the K2 in the Jammu-and-Cashmere (8 611 meters). Apart from this territory, the Kangchenjunga which culminates with 8 598 meters is the highest top.
India has common borders with the Pakistan, the China, the Bangladesh, the Burma (Myanmar), the Nepal, the Bhutan and the Afghanistan. The Sri Lanka and the Maldives are island states located at the south of the Indian peninsula. Politically, India is divided into 28 states, 6 federal territories and a territory of New Delhi. These divisions rather follow the linguistic and ethnic differences than geographical.

Localization and wide

India is located at the north of the equator between 8 degrés 4 minutes and 37 degrés 6 minutes of northern latitude and 68 degrés 7 minutes and 97 degrés 25 minutes of longitude is. With a total of 3 287 263 km ², India is classified with the 7 {{E}} row of the countries according to their surface. India measures 3 214 km of north in the south and 2 933 km of is in west. Its land borders measure 15 200 km and its coasts 7 516,5 km. The islands Andaman and Nicobar in the Bay of Bengal and the archipelago of Laquedives belong to the Indian Union. India is bordered in south-west by the Mer of Oman and in south-east by the Bay of Bengal. In north, as well in the east as in the west, the the Himalayas is. The city and the course of Kânyâkumârî are at the southern end of the Indian peninsula which narrows before throwing in the Indian Ocean.

See also: List of extreme points of India

Political geography

India is divided into 28 States (which themselves are subdivided in districts), six federal territories and the national territory of the capital Delhi. The States have their own elected government while the federal territories are controlled by an administrator named by the federal government.

States:

federal Territories:

a: Andaman and Nicobar
b: Chandigarh
C: Dadra and Nagar Haveli
D: Daman and Diu
E: Laquedives
F: Territory of Pondichéry

F1: Kârikâl (wedged in the Tamil Nadu)
F2: Mahé (on the Sea of Oman, wedged in the Kerala)
F3: Pondichéry (wedged in the Tamil Nadu)
F4: Yanaon (wedged in the Andhra Pradesh)

G: National territory of the capital Delhi

, not very practicable because of complexity related to the division of the territory of Pondichéry -->

The State of the Jammu-and-Cashmere is the subject of a territorial argument between India, the China and Pakistan (these two last managing of the areas which India regards as belonging to the Jammu-and-Cashmere). The State of Arunachal Pradesh is asserted by China but is managed by India. To the east, the border enters India and Bangladesh measures close to: 4000 km; it corresponds to the limit between a country with Moslem majority (Bangladesh) and a State with majority hindouist (India). New Delhi wishes to limit the clandestine immigration and the terrorist infiltration of on its territory. The army of the borders ( Border Security Forces ) tries to control this immense border.

Geographical areas

India is divided into seven geographical areas:

the septentrional mountains among which the the Himalayas and it assembly line of the North-East of the country.
the indo-gangetic plain
the desert of Thar
high plateaus of the center and the plate of Deccan
the Eastern coast
the Western coast
neighbouring seas and islands

Relief

A large mountainous arc, composed of the chains of the the Himalayas, the Hindū-Kūsh and Patkai delimits the Indian sub-continent. These mountains were formed by the movement Tectonique of the Indian Plaque which slips under the Eurasian plate since 50 million years.

These mountainous chains are among largest of the world and form a natural barrier against the icy polar winds. Moreover, they make possible the Mousson which influences the Indian climate deeply. The many rivers which take their source in these mountains irrigate the indo-gangetic plains.

According to the biogéographes, these assembly lines form a border between two écozone S major of the sphere: the Palearctic zone moderate which relates to the major part of the Eurasia and the tropical zone and subtropical indo-Himalayan, which includes the Indian Sous-continent and extends in the South-East Asia until in Indonesia.

Lastly, on a historical level, these mountains played the part of natural barriers against the invaders.

One finds in India seven assembly lines exceeding the 1000 Mr. the Himalayas is only whose tops are covered by the eternal snow. These chains are:

Ârâvalli
Ghâts Eastern
the Himalayas
Patkai
Vindhya
Western Sahyadri or Ghâts
Satpura

The Himalayas are the highest mountainous chain of the world. It forms the north-eastern edge of the country, separating this one from the remainder of Asia. This mountainous chain, which extends on 2 500 km and covers a surface of 500 000 km ² is also one of young people world.

The Himalayas extend from the state of Jammu and Cachemire in the west until the Arunachal Pradesh in the east. These states - of the same qe the Himachal Pradesh, the Uttaranchal, and the Sikkim - belong, for most of their surface, with the Himalayan area.

Certain Himalayan tops exceed the 7 000 Mr. the snow line is established with 6 000 m in the Sikkim and goes down until approximately 3 000 m with the Cashmere. The Kanchenjunga, which belongs to the state of Sikkim, is the culminating point of the Indian teritoire (the question however is discussed). The majority of the Himalayan tops are covered by the eternal snow.

The Shiwalik, or the Low-Himalayas, are less high mountains, Indian side. The majority of the young and very unstable rock formations being, the landslides are a recurring phenomenon during the rain season. Many Indian stations are located in these chains of average altitude. The climate is variable there: subtropical with the foot of the mountains and Tundra in the zones of altitude.

The mountains of the Indian east, at the Burmese border, are called Patkai (or Purvanchal). They result from the same tectonic phenomenon as that which generated the Himalayas. The chain of Patkai is characterized by conical tops, and deep very boxed valleys. They are not however as much hostile nor high that the Himalayas. Patkai includes/understands in particular three mountainous solid masses: Patkai-Bum, the Garo - Khasi - Jaintia, and the Mounts Lushai. Garo-Khasi belongs at the Indian state of Meghalaya. The climate oscillates of moderate with alpine according to altitude. The city of Cherrapunji, on the face exposed to the wind of these mountains, is characterized by its exceptional moisture since this city receives the greatest quantity of rain to the monde .

The massive of Vindhya extends on most of the center of India, on a distance from 1 050 km. The average height of these hills is of 300 m; it is thought that they were formed thanks to the accumulation of the remains generated by the erosion of the old mountains Aravalli. Geographically, they separate north from India of the south of the country. The Western limit of this solid mass is in the state of Gujarat, close to its border with the Madhya Pradesh, while in the east and north, the chain is prolonged until Gange with Mirzapur.

The Massif of Satpura is a range of hills in the center of the country. It extends from the east of Gujarat (close to the coast of the sea of Oman) towards the east through the Maharashtra, the Madhya Pradesh to finish in the state of Chhattisgarh. It measures 900 km on the whole, with many tops exceeding the 1 000 Mr. This solid mass with the form of an angle whose top would be with Ratnapuri while its two sides are parallel to the rivers Tapti and Narmada. The chain extends the massive parallel to from Vindhya, located more at north, and these two solid masses directed of is in west separate the indo-gangetic plain (northern of India) from the plate of Deccan southernmost. The Narmada river traverses towards the west the depression dug between the two solid masses, since the slopes north of Satpura towards the Mer of Oman.

The massive of Ârâvalli is oldest of India. It extends from the North-East towards south-west on approximately 500 km. The northern end of the solid mass continues in isolated hills and rock edges inside the Haryana, and leads close to Delhi. More the high summit is the Mont Abu which culminates with 1 722 m, close to the south-western end of the solid mass, beside the border of Gudjarat. The town of Ajmer and its lake are located on the southern slope of the solid mass, in the the Rajasthan. This solid mass results from the erosion of an old mountainous crumpling which was formerly much higher. The solid mass rose during the Precambrian era at the time of the Orogenèse Âravalli-Delhi. It connects two of the old segments which formed the Indian Craton: the Marwar in the North-West of the solid mass and the Bundelkhand in south-east.

The Western Ghâts or Sahyadri mountains extend along the western edge from the plate from Deccan, and separate this one from a narrow coastal plain which skirts the sea of Oman. The solid mass is born in the south from the river Tapti, close to the border between the Gujarat and the state of Maharashtra traversing 1600 roughly; km through the states of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu, almost with the southern point of the Indian peninsula. The average height is of approximately 1000m. One finds more the high summits in the northern part of Maharashtra. Two of the most eminent tops are the Kalsubai (1646 m) and the Mahabaleshwar (1438 m).

The Eastern Ghâts form a discontinuous solid mass which was eroded and cut out by the four large rivers of the south of India, the Godavari, the Mahanadi, the Krishna and the Kaveri. These mountains extend from the Western Bengal in north, until àu Tamil Nadu in the south, the Orissa and the Andhra Pradesh cross from there. They extend the Bay of Bengal parallel to and are less large than Gâths Western, although certain tops exceed 1000 Mr.

Gâths Eastern and Westerners meet in the Nilgiri, at the Tamil Nadu. The mount Anai Mudi (with 2695 m) in the mountains of Cardamome to the Kerala is more the high summit of Gâths Western (to which Nilgiris belong).

Indo-gangetic plain

Desert of Thar

Plates

The central area is made up of three principal plates - the plate of the Malwa in the West, the plate of the Deccan in the south (which recovers most of the Indian peninsula) and the plate Chota Nâgpur in the Jharkhand towards the east.

The plate of the Deccan (or Dekkan) is a broad triangular plate, surrounded by the massive of Vindhya in north and by the Eastern and Western Ghât S. Deccan covers an total surface area of 1,9 million km ² (735 000 thousand ²). It is mainly flat, with an altitude varying between 300 and 600 Mr.

The name of Deccan comes from the word Sanskrit dakshina which means the South . The plate is slightly tilted west towards the east and gives rise to many peninsular rivers such as the Godavari, the Krishna, the Kaveri and the Narmada. This area is mainly semi-arid since it is located between the windy parts of both Ghâts. Most of Deccan is covered of forests of thorn-bush strewn with small areas of forest of trees with sheets Caduque S. the climate is very hot in summer and soft the winter.

The plate of Chota Nagpur is a plate of the east of India, which recovers most of the Jharkhand as well as the adjacent parts of the Orissa, of the Bihar and the Chhattisgarh. The total surface area of the plate of Chota Nagpur is roughly of 65 000 km ² (25 000 thousand ²). It itself consists of three smaller plates: Ranchi, Hazaribagh and Kodarma. The plate of Ranchi is widest of the three, with an average altitude of 700 Mr. It is mainly covered by the forests with dry deciduous trees. This plate is famous for its important coal and ore reserves.

Beside the large Indian peninsula, the peninsula of Kathiawar located in the Gujarat is another important peninsula of the country.

Eastern coast

The Eastern coastal flat is a long ground extent located between the Eastern Ghâts and the Bay of Bengal. It stretches Tamil Nadu in the south, until the west of Bengal in north. The Delta S of several Indian rivers occupy a major part of these plains: the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Kaveri and the Krishna form the hydrographic network of the area. The area receives monsoon since the North-East and south-west with an annual rate of precipitation which oscillates on average between 1000 mm and 3000 Misters.

The width of these plains vary between 100 and 130 km. They are divided into seven areas: the delta of Mahanadi, southernmost plains Andhra Pradesh, deltas of the Krishna and the Godavari, the coast of Kanyakumari, the Coast of Coromandel and the littoral sandy.

Western coast

The Western coastal flat is a narrow strip of land wedged between the Western Ghâts and the Mer of Oman. It starts with the Gujarat in north and extends on the states from Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka and Kerala. The plains are narrow, and have a width ranging between 50 and 100 km.

Small rivers and ponds flood the area. The rivers, coming from the Western Ghâts, have a fort running and are for the majority present all the year, which causes rather the formation of Estuaire S than of deltas. The most important rivers lead to the sea: the Tapi, the Narmada, the Mandovi and the Zuari.

The east coast divided into three areas:

the septentrional coast (Maharashtra and Goa) is known under the name of Côte of Konkan.
the central area (Karnataka), more known under the name of Coast of Kanara
the southernmost coast of Kerala, also named the Malabar Coast

The Malabar Coast, who forms a écorégion with the wet climate, has a vegetation especially made up of Feuillu S.

Islands

India has two archipelagoes: the islands Laquedives and the islands Andaman and Nicobar. These two archipelagoes are managed by the federal government because they are federal territories.

The Laquedives islands are located in the sea of Oman, the closer island is with 220 km with broad of Kerala, most distant is with 440 km of the coast. They consist of twelve Atoll S coral, three coral reefs and five sand banks. Ten of these islands are uninhabited.

The archipelagoes of the islands Andaman and Nicobar are in the Bay of Bengal close to the coasts of the Burma. They are with 950 km of Calcutta and 193 km of Cape Negrais in Burma. The federal territory consists of two distinct groups of islands, the islands Andaman and the islands Nicobar. The Andaman islands are 204 and have an overall length of 352 km. The 32 Nicobar islands, located at the south of Andamans, have a total surface of 1841 km ². The culminating point is the Mont Thullier a height of 642 Mr. the Indira Not, the most southern place of India, is in the Nicobar islands, with 189 km in the North-West of the island Indonesia of Sumatra.

India counts other islands of sizeable size, among which Diu, an old Portuguese enclave , Majuli, the largest Asian island of Fresh water, the island Saicette, on which Bombay is and thus is populated of India, Elephanta, in the port of Bombay, and Sriharikota, a bar in Andhra Pradesh.

Hydrography

All the large Indian rivers are resulting from the one of the three principal catchment areas:

the Himalayas and the massive of Karakoram,
solid masses of the Vindhya and Satpura in the center of India,
the Western Ghâts or Sahyadri in the west of India.

The river system going down from the Himalayas is fed by water coming from the cast iron of the Neige S and thus has a continuous flood throughout the year. The two other basins depend on the Mousson and are transformed into brooks during the dry season.

Twelve of the Indian rivers are classified like principal. The entire surface of their basins exceeds 2 528 000 km ².

The Himalayan rivers or rivers of the north which run in direction of the west towards the Pakistan are the Indus, the Beas, the Chenab, the Ravi, the Sutlej and the Jhelum.

The basin Gange-Brahmapoutra-Meghana is largest (1 100 000 km ²). The Gange takes its source with the Glacier Gangotri in the Uttaranchal. It moves towards south-east and is thrown in the sea with the Bangladesh. The rivers Yamuna and Gomti result also from the west of the Himalayas and join the Gange in the plains. Brahmapoutra, an affluent of Gange originating in the Tibet enters to India at the Eastern end of the state of Arunachal Pradesh. It runs then towards the west and is linked in Gange with the Bangladesh.

The Chambal, another affluent of Gange, is originating in the catchment area Vindhya-Satpura . The river runs towards the east. Two rivers move towards the west: the Narmada (also called Berbudda) and the Tapti are thrown in the Mer of Oman in the state of Gujarat. The rivers running out of is in west constitute 10% of the total flow.

All the rivers of the Dekkan take their source in the Western Ghâts. The principal rivers of this plate are the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri which throw all in the Bay of Bengal. These rivers account for approximately 20% of the total flow of the Indian rivers.

Stretch of water

Principal the Golfe S is the Golfe of Cambay, the Golfe of Kutch and the Golfe of Mannar. The Détroit of Palk separates the India from the Sri Lanka, the Passage of the tenth parallel separates the islands Andaman from the islands Nicobar and the Passage of the eighth parallel separates the archipelago from Laquedives and Amindivi from the island Minicoy in the south. The most known courses are the course Comorin, the Point Indira (the point more in the south of India), the Pont of Adam and the Point Calimere. The smallest seas are the Mer of Laquedives and the Mer of Andaman. There are four coral reefs, respectively located in the islands Andaman and Nicobar, in the gulf of Mannar, the gulf of Kutch and with Lakshadweep.

The most important lakes are the Lac Chuilka (more the salted big lake of the country), the Lac Kolleru, the Lac Loktak, the Lac Dal, the Lac Sambhar and the Lac Sasthamkotta.

Wetlands

The ecosystem formed by the wetlands of India is largely separated from the cold and arid zones. One finds such zones in various areas of India, for example with the Ladakh in the state of the Jammu-and-Cashmere and in the Indian peninsula with the moist and wet climate. The majority of the wetlands directly or are indirectly attached to a river system. The Indian government identified a total of 22 wetlands to preserve. Among the protected areas the tropical forests of Mangrove in the Indian peninsula and the mud benches salted of Western India are.

The forests of mangrove extend all along the Indian littoral, in sheltered estuaries, muddy saline Marais and zones. The mangrove covers a space of 6740 km ² which accounts for 7% of the world surface of mangrove. The islands Andaman and Nicobar, the Sundarbans, the Gulf of Kutch, the deltas of Mahanadi, Godavari and Krishna thus of the parts of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Kerala have wide forests of mangrove.

The majority of the identified wetlands form part (or are contiguous to) sanctuaries or national parks and thus protected.

Sundarbans

Rann of Kutch

The Rann of Kutch is a marshy area located in the Gujarat, which borders the Sindh, an area of the Pakistan. The name Rann comes from an Hindi word ran which means marsh of salt . Rann occupies an total surface area of 27 900 km ² . The area belonged at the origin with the sea of Oman. But the geological forces, mainly the Seism S, created a stopping to the top of the area and thus transformed it into a Lagune of salt water. This zone filled little by little of vase, so that it became a seasonal salt marsh. During the period of monsoons, Rann of Kutch becomes a not very deep marsh (water arrives about at the level of the knees). After monsoons, the area is drained.

Climate

The Indian climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the desert of Thar. The solid mass of the Himalayas, just as the chain of the Hindū-Kūsh in Pakistan, constitute all two a natural barrier stopping the cold winds coming from Central Asia, thus maintaining within the Indian sub-continent of the temperatures higher than in the majority of the places located at the same latitudes. The desert of Thar attracts the winds of monsoon in charge of moisture which are responsible for most of precipitations in India.

It is difficult to state general information on the Indian climate. The extremely important surface of India explains the fact that the climatic conditions of the Cashmere have little to do with those of the extreme south of the sub-continent. In addition, the varied topography of the country makes that many areas have their clean Microclimat. The Indian climate varies from a tropical Climat in the south with a moderate Climat in north. Certain areas of the Himalayas have a polar Climat.

The meteorologists divide the year into four principal seasons for the majority of the country: monsoon, the summer, the winter and withdrawal of monsoon. The Indian areas located in the Himalayas live five seasons: spring, the summer, monsoon, the autumn and the winter. Constant snowfalls take place only in the areas located in altitude.

The summer lasts from March to June in most of India. The temperatures exceed 40 °C during the day. The coastal regions exceed the 30 °C with very high water contents. In the area of the desert of Thar, the temperatures can exceed 45 °C.

The summer is followed by the rains of Mousson coming from south-west, persons in charge of the majority of precipitations. The clouds carrying rain are attracted by the system of low pressures created by the desert of Thar. The official date of the arrival of monsoon is on June 1st, when monsoon crosses the coast of Kerala. Monsoon coming from south-west is divided into two arms, that of the Bay of Bengal and that of the Sea of Oman. The arm of the Bay of Bengal moves towards north, crossing the North-East of India at the beginning of June. It progresses then towards the east, reaching Delhi towards the June 29th. The arm of the sea of Oman moves towards north and pours the majority of its water on the slope exposed to the wind of Ghâts Western. At the beginning of June, most of India is under the rains of monsoon.

Monsoon starts to withdraw north of India about the month of August and of Kerala about the month of October. The short period after the withdrawal is called the withdrawal of monsoons and is characterized by a calm time. About the month of November, the winter starts to settle in the areas of north. Later, towards the end of the month of December, the winter gains the south.

The winters in the Indian peninsula give place to moderated, even hot days and at fresh nights. More in north, the temperatures are softer. In certain areas of the Indian plains, the temperatures go down sometimes in lower part from zero. During this season, the Brouillard extends on most of India from north.

The highest temperature recorded in India was 50.6 °C with Alwar in 1955. Lowest was −45 °C with the Cashmere. Recent statements of temperature reaching 55 °C with Orissa was accommodated with a certain skepticism by the Indian Weather Department, mainly because of the method of measurement of these data.

Geology

India has varied geological profiles which represent the whole spectrum of the geological era. These Indian geological elements are classified according to their era of formation.

The formations Précambrien born which created the Cudappah and the Vindhya are visible mainly in the east and the south of the country, although a small portion of these formations is in the center and the west.

At the Paleozoic era , the systems Cambrien, Ordovicien, Silurien and Dévonien formed the western part of the the Himalayas, the Cachemire and the Himachal Pradesh.

The Mesozoic era , period of formation of the Trapps of Deccan, left visible traces on most of the north of Deccan. The geologists think that the trapps of Deccan are the result of a subaerial volcanic activity. The ground of the trapps is indeed of black color and supports agriculture. The traces of the geological formations of the systems Carboniferous, Permian, Sorted and Jurassic can be observed in the west of the Himalayas. The Jurassic system also left traces to the the Rajasthan.

The traces of the tertiary era are found in certain parts of the Manipur, of the Nagaland, the Arunachal Pradesh and along the Himalayan belt. The system of the Crétacé is identifiable in the center of India, the Vindhya, and part of the plains indo-gangétiques ; The system of the Gondwana in the Narmadâ with the height of Vindhya and the Satpura ; the Eocene system in the Assam and the West of the Himalayas. The traces of the formations of the Oligocène are as for them in Assam and the Kutch.

The system Pléistocène left traces in all the central part of India. They are rich in minerals such as the lignite, the iron ore, manganese and aluminum. It is thought that the islands Andaman and Nicobar were formed at this era by an intense volcanic activity.

The Himalayas result from the Convergence and the deformation of the plates indo-Australian and Eurasian. This convergence is still detectable, it contributes indeed to an increase in the altitude of the Himalayas of one centimetre per annum.

Natural disasters

India is very exposed with the natural disasters which cause material and human heavy losses: the dryness, the Flood S brutal - just like massive and usual floods due to the rains of monsoon - cyclones and finally earthquakes.

The floods are the most frequent catastrophes. During monsoon, important precipitations cause Crue S, sometimes majeures ; the river Brahmapoutra is frequently prone to very long risings on this occasion. These floods make many victims and damage in many areas of the country, only some states being saved.

Agriculture is very dependant on monsoon for the irrigation. In certain areas, a too weak monsoon will generate a water deficit which will involve the loss of harvests. The affected regions by these regular drynesses are the south of the Maharashtra, the north of the Karnataka, the Andhra Pradesh, the Orissa, the Gujarat and the the Rajasthan. Some of them in the past were the theater large Famine S.

The slip of the tectonic plates which form the earth's crust is responsible for frequent earthquakes along the Himalayan chain and in the North-East of India. This area is classified in Zone V, which indicates a very high risk factor. Moreover, part of the west of the country, around the area of Kutch (Gujarat) and Koyna (Maharashtra) is classified in zone V (high risk). The remainder of the territory is subjected at the weak or moderated risk.

The Cyclone S, as for them, affect thousands of inhabitants on the Indian littoral. They can be intense, accompanied by important precipitations and disorganize the affected areas seriously.

The December 26th, 2004, a Tsunami caused by an earthquake struck the islands Andaman and Nicobar as well as the east coast of India, killing more than ten thousand people. Until now, one considered that India was relatively preserved of these phenomena. The history of the country shows cepedant that they had already occurred in the past.

India has a active Volcan, on the island of Barren. Its last eruption goes back to the month of May 2005. One also finds a volcano sleeping, called the Narcondum and a mud volcano to Baratang. All are on the islands Andaman.

The landslides frequent in the Low-Himalayas, are caused by rock formations young and thus unstable. Ghâts Eastern are partly touched by this phenomenon, but with a less intensity. Lastly, of the Avalanche S occur in the Cachemire, the Himachal Pradesh and in the Sikkim.

In the north of India, during the summer months, of the sandstorms cause considerable material damage. These storms involve great quantities of dust since the arid areas of the country.

Lastly, the Grêle is not rare in certain areas of India and can be devastator for harvests.

Natural resources

India is particularly well provided in natural resources. In addition to its 56% of arable lands, it has important layers of coal (the 4th world reserve), of ore of Fer, Manganèse, Mica, Bauxite, Titane, Chromite (oxide chromium-iron FeCr2O4 used in refractory materials), Natural gas, Diamant, Pétrole, Calcaire and Thorium (the most important world layer, located along the coasts of Kerala).

Oil is located off the coasts of Maharashtra, Gujarat and in Assam, but can provide only for 40% of the Indian request. Increasingly large quantities of natural gas are regularly discovered, in particular off the coasts of Andhra Pradesh. This area also shelters uranium the mines, gold being as for him drawn from the Kolar Gold Fields, second deeper gold mines of planet, located close to Kolar in the area of the Karnataka.

Conventions and international treaties

India is engaged by the various environmental and climatic agreements, most important étant :

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